Volume 10, Issue 9, September – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25sep024

Characteristic Properties of Pervious Concrete

Using Brands of Cement for Hydraulic Structure
Adeyokunnu, A.T.1*; Ajisafe J.T.2
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Oyo State.

Corresponding Author: Adeyokunnu, A.T.1*

Publication Date: 2025/09/26

Abstract: The study investigated the characteristics of brands of cement to produced pervious concrete. A Convectional
concrete was also produced to serve as control. The study involved the determination of compressive, flexural strength of
concrete, permeability, void ratio content and pervious concrete density produced with 0.35 water cement ratio. The
pervious concrete cubes with volume 150 x 150 x 150 mm3 and flexural specimen in a standard volume in mm3 were cured
for three specific period of (7, 21, and 28days) using 1:4 mixed ratio. The brands of cement used were Dangote falcon 32.5,
Dangote 3x grade 42.5, elephant Supaset 42.5 and elephant Lafarge 32.5 N/mm. The slump test carried out and shows that
elephant supaset has the least slump values. Compressive strength was determined after 28days of curing and it was carefully
observed with Dangote falcon had the highest strength of 16.99N/mm2, Elephant supaset was second highest with 14.54
N/mm2, Elephant Lafarge with 14.14N/mm2 and Dangote 3x having 14.14N/mm2. Elephant supaset (grade 42.5) had highest
density with the value 2120.08 kg/m3, the water absorption showed that Dangote 3x (42.5) has affinity for water. It is
concluded that elephant supaset is the most workable amongst the grades of concrete and Dangote 3x is the most suitable
for plastering rather than casting of concrete. It can also be used as hydraulic structures to cheek floods.

Keywords: Pervious Concrete, Properties, Cement, Brands of Cement and Hydraulic Structure.

How to Cite: Adeyokunnu, A.T.; Ajisafe J.T. (2025) Characteristic Properties of Pervious Concrete Using Brands of Cement for
Hydraulic Structure. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 10(9), 1583-1588.
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25sep024

I. INTRODUCTION Thus, the sources aggregate influence the properties of

concrete produced thereof (Brook and Neville, 2012).
Concrete has brittleness capacity and generally used for
its properties in structural element in the construction sector. Pervious concrete has high porosity in formation, it
The propose of lightweight concrete has been the focus; and minimizes runoff from a site and result to ground water.
the study has been a challenges to the scientists and engineers. (Atoyebiet al., 2018). Pervious concrete is formed with an
(Chandra et al., 2011). Lightweight concrete constraint has aggregate, cementitious paste to bind the coarse aggregate
impact on its density in which strength it is a major priority particles and maintaining the voids against fast draining. It is
and not affecting the cost. Density of concrete can be lowered important to the residential streets, parking lot, pedestrian
by adding another aggregates into the mix design. Ordinary walkways, and greenhouses (Sadiq and Atoyebi, 2015. The
concrete is produced by mixture of four components such as proper use of pervious is to provide storm-water management
cement, sand, granite and water. A lightweight aggregates are pollution control recognized by the United States
commonly used in replacement of granite and sand. environmental protection agency (Osuolaleet al., 2019).
(Akinwumi, 2016).
The pervious concrete has an advantage over normal
Lightweight aggregates are prominent materials in cement concrete, it plays a vital role in the treatment of water
concrete in which represent about 60-80% of total concrete for pollution removal, curbs and storm sewers, slide
constituent (Adesanya and Ejeh, 2014). The most effective resistance in pavements, discharge to local aquifers
properties of aggregate helps in concrete properties which (Mujeduet al., 2014). Pervious concrete is a compound
works against environmental effects, static and dynamic formed by coarse aggregate, Portland cement and water. The
loads on concrete by its own capacity. The workability, absence of fine aggregate makes it different from the
durability, strength, fire resistance and shrinkage are convectional concrete, its aggregates are binded together with
determined by the significant impact of composition, shape, cement paste (Adesanya and Ejeh, 2014), which resulted into
characteristics, size of aggregate and source of aggregate. a concrete with highly interconnected voids which enhance

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Volume 10, Issue 9, September – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25sep024

rapid percolation of water through it; in its function state. It different of the slump from the center of the slumped concrete
voids ratio based on its uses is ranging from 15 to 40%. It has was measured and recorded.
a less unit weight, high permeability and less compressive
strength compared to conventional concrete (Akinwumi,  Compacting Factor Test
2016). Compacting apparatus plays a vital role in carrying out
a compacting factor test. The upper hopper was filled with
Raining is a nature which people in the world have concrete and then released for the next bottom hopper to be
experienced with unbearable consequence resulted from filled, the bottom hopper was released so that the concrete
increased rainfall and reduced permeability in urban regions. would drop to the lower hopper. The lower hopper was
An environmental problem can be solved with different released after been filled for the concrete to fill the cylinder;
approach around the region. Therefore, to overcome these excess concrete was cut off by two floats slide, across the top
difficulties; production of pervious concrete is considered the of the mould. The net weight is then known and the volume
best management practice because of its capability to reduce of the cylinder was determined.
excessive storm-water runoff (Adewoleet al., 2014). At
present, no attention is paid on production of pervious Compacting factor was measured by ratio of the weight
concrete using different coarse aggregates, this calls for of partially compacted concrete to the weight of the fully
concerted effort to investigate properties of pervious concrete compacted concrete.
using different coarse aggregates.
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 𝐶. 𝐹 =
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

 Materials  Density Test

The constituents used were granite and brands of Pervious concrete specimens were taken out from
cement: such as Dangote falcon 32.5, Elephant Lafarge 32.5, storage for density test after 28days of curing, according to
Elephant Superset 42.5 and Dangote 3 42.5. The granite was ASTM C 642. The moisture present on the surface of the
obtained from quarry sites at Ona Ara Local Government cured concrete was dried and turned to Saturated Surface Dry
Area, Ibadan, Oyo state. Fine aggregate and water was (SSD) condition. The weight of samples in air (C) at SSD was
obtained locally in Ibadan land. The concrete mix ratio used measured and recorded. The specimens were placed in the
was 1:4. The volume of the cube produced was measured in oven at a temperature of 100 to 1100C for 24 hours. The
150mm x 150mm x 150mm and were tested for compressive specimen was measured after oven dry, weight of samples in
strength, density of concrete and the 150 x 150 x 450 mm3 of air (A). The specimens were inside bucket placed under
Flexural Specimens were tested in accordance with BS 1881: water, weight under water (D) was obtained. Temperature of
part 116:1970 and BS 1881: part 117:1983. water at test day (T) was also recorded and water density (p)
was calculated for that temperature. In conclusion the density
 Moisture Content of concrete was determined:
This test on granite was done by oven dry method, the
containers were cleaned, and weighed before filling of 𝐴𝑝
sample. Samples of granite were placed inside the containers 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦), 𝑔1 =
(𝐶 − 𝐷)
and the weight before oven dry was recorded. The container
with the sample was placed in the oven for 24 hours at a Where:
temperature of 1050C to 1100C and after cooling the samples
were weighed and recorded. A = Mass of oven-dried sample in air (g)
(𝑊2 − 𝑊3 ) C = Mass of saturated surface-dry sample in air (g)
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 (%) = × 100
𝑊3 − 𝑊1
D = Mass of sample in water after immersion (g)
W1 = Weight of container (g)
P = Density of water (kg/m3)
W2 = Weight of container and wet granite (g)
 Compressive Strength Test
W3 = Weight of container and dry granite (g) The sample of pervious concrete was set for
compressive strength test at required duration in accordance
 Slump Test to ASTM C 39. The diameters of the cylinders and cross-
A cone height of 300mm was used in carrying the slump sectional areas were determined in accordance to ASTM C
test. A smooth horizontal surface was prepared on which the 39. A load was exerted on the sample at a required loading by
cone with smaller opening at the top was placed. The concrete the universal testing machine. The cylinder was placed within
was poured in three layers inside the cone; each layer was the bearing blocks, the centroid axis of the specimens were
tamped 25 times with a rod 16-mm diameter standard aligned properly and compression was applied. The
tamping steel. The top surface was strike off by using tamping compressive strength of the specimen was derived by the ratio
rod in a sideways movement until it a flat surface is achieved.
The cone was lifted immediately filling and the height

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Volume 10, Issue 9, September – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25sep024

of maximum load acquired during compression test to the cured for 28 days. The mass of each specimen were recorded
cross-sectional area of the specimen. after completely saturated and then samples were placed in a
dryer with hot air circulation Pol-Eko SLW 400, at
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) =
𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑁) 105℃±5℃. In the dryer, the samples were dried to constant
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 (𝑚𝑚2 ) weight and the result was recorded again. Daily weight
measurement of the samples was observed, with an accuracy
 Flexural Strength Test on Pervious Concrete of 1.0 g which shows the full cycle of testing the absorption
For pervious concrete, this test was used to evaluate the of water by concrete. After this stage, determination of the
strength of concrete in a slab and to test the ability of mass water absorption levels in all materials was started.
concrete slab to withstand failure in bending, (Raheem, Calculations of water absorption were carried out according
2012). The specimens was prepared by filling the mould with to the provisions of standard, i.e. EN 13369 [134] i.e. the
pervious a concrete and were tamped with 35 blows in three standard relating to concrete precast elements.
layers. The specimen mould 150 x 150 x 450 mm. it will be
demoulded after 24 hours and tested at 21, 28 and 56 curing Thus, the water absorption of concrete specimens was
age respectively. Continuous load was applied on specimen calculated according to Eq.
without stoppage till it gets to a point of failure. The flexural
strength of pervious concrete was determined using equation. 𝑀1 −𝑀0
𝑊𝑎 = × 100%
𝑀0
𝑃𝐿
𝐹𝑟 = Where: 𝑊𝑎 = Water absorption
𝑏𝑑2

Where: M0 = Mass of the sample saturated with water

b = Width of the specimen (mm) M1 = Mass of the dried sample

d = Failure point, height of the specimen (mm) III. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

L = Length of the Specimen (mm)  Workability of Pervious Concrete

The results of the slump test carried out is shown in fig
P = Maximum force applied (N) 1 which indicates that the slump value of Dangote falcon
(Grade 32.5) is higher than that of Elephant Lafarge (Grade
 Water Absorption and Abrasion Test 32.5), while Dangote 3X (grade 42.5) is higher than the slump
Water absorption test was carried out on cubic value of Elephant superset (grade 42.5).
specimens with a side of 150 mm, completely immersed and

Fig 1 Plots of Workability against Brands of Cements

 Compressive Strength of Concrete brands of cement at 14 days curing period with 12.0/ N/mm2
The compressive strength test was carried out on followed by Supaset (grade 42.5) to Elephant Lafarge (grade
previous concrete at 14, 21 and 28days curing period. The 32.5) Dangote 3X (grade 42.5) been the least of all At 21 days
result derived from the test is presented in figure 2. It was curing period, it was observed that Dangote falcon (grade
observed that Dangote Falcon (grade 32.5) leads the other 32.5) had the highest strength value 14.80N/mm2 followed by

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Volume 10, Issue 9, September – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25sep024

Elephant supaset with 13.59 N/mm2, Elephant Lafarge (grade Lafarge of 14.14N/mm2 and Dangote 3X having13.79
42.5) with 13.18 N/mm2, and Dangote 3X (grade 42.5) with N/mm2.
12.94 N/mm2.
At this point, it was discovered that Dangote falcon
At 28 days of curing, the final strength test was carried (grade 32.5) produced the highest strength after 28 days
out on the brands of cement with Dangote falcon (grade 32.5) curing period. Generally, strength increases as curing period
having the highest compressive strength 16.99N/mm2 increases.
followed by Elephant supaset of 14.54 N/mm2 , Elephant

Fig 2 Illustration of Compressive Strength against Cement Brands

 Bulk Density of Previous Concrete Dangote 3X (grade 42.5) with value 1760.19 kg/m3 at 14
The result of bulk density for the brands concrete is days curing period.
produced in fig.3. The density for the Dangote falcon (grade
32.5) ranges from (176.21 - 2090.30), Elephant Classic At 21days of curing period, Elephant supaset (grade
(grade 32.5) ranges from (1763.14 - 2068.14), Elephant 42.5) had highest while Elephant Lafarge (grade 32.5) had
supaset (grade 42.5) ranges from (1787.00 - 2120.08), and lowest density value. At 28days of curing period, Elephant
Dangote 3X (grade 42.5) varied from (1760.19 - 2075.41) supaset (grade 42.5) had highest density with the value
kg/m3. The density of the previous concrete increases as 2120.08 kg/m3, followed by Dangote Falcon (grade 32.5)
curing period is increases. Elephant supaset (grade 42.5) had with 2090.30 kg/m3 and Elephant Lafarge (grade 42.5) with
highest density followed by Dangote falcon (grade 32.5) with the density of 2068.14 kg/m3.
value 1765.21 kg/m3, Elephant Lafarge (grade 32.5), and

Fig 3 Illustration of Density against Brands of Cements

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Volume 10, Issue 9, September – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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 Water Absorption of Pervious Concrete the value 3.26% the Dangote falcon (grade 32.5) with the
The result obtained from the absorption test on concrete value of 2.06% and Elephant supaset has the lowest water
cubes are presented in fig.4. The result indicated that Dangote absorption. It shows that the pervious concrete becomes more
3X (grade 42.5) had the highest water absorption with the workable as the water absorptivity value is lesser than 3% as
value 3.43%, followed by Elephant Lafarge (grade 32.5) with recommended by British standard specification values.

Fig 4 Plots of Water Absorption against Brands of Cements

It was observed that Dangote 3x has high affinity for abrasion value 0.31 kg/m3, followed by Elephant Lafarge
water, there is recommended for usage of plastering and with the value of 0.25 kg/m3, the Elephant supaset with the
rendering rather than concrete casting. abrasion value of 0.19 and Dangote falcon with the abrasion
value of 0.12 kg/m3. These results suggest that the Dangote
 Abrasion Resistant Test falcon (grade 32.5) has least resistance to abrasion, which is
The result of the abrasion resistance test of brands of an indication of lowest shrinkage and cracking. This type of
cement is presented in figure 5. It shows that the pervious cement is best recommended for plastering and rendering.
concrete produced with Dangote 3x (grade 42.5) has the

Fig 5 Abrasion Resistance of Concrete against Brands of Cement

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Volume 10, Issue 9, September – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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IV. CONCLUSIONS [11]. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM
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which is most workable [13]. Davis, C.Y. (2009). Concrete Technology: Theory and
 Dangote falcon (grade 32.5) had the highest compressive Practice S. Chand and Company Ltd. New Delhi,
strength value at every designed curing period. India.
 The Elephant supaset (grade 42.5) cement had the highest [14]. Jackson, R. (2016). Performance Characteristics of
bulk density High Volume Class E Ely Ash Concrete, Cement and
 The rate of water absorption for Dangote falcon (grade Concrete Research, 34(3):487-493.
32.5) and the Lafarge Elephant supaset (grade 42.5) [15]. Manasseh, R. (2014). Influence of Mineral
cement does not exceed 3% recommended by British Admixtures on Thermal Conductivity and
standard. Compressive Strength of Mortar.Energy Building.
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abrasion value, which made it more reliable [16]. Rached, A.F. (2016). Properties of Concrete.
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