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 7

European Semiotics European Semiotics

Sémiotiques Européennes Sémiotiques Européennes
7

Music offers a new insight into human cognition. The musical play with sounds in Ole Kühl
time, in which we share feelings, gestures and narratives, has fascinated people
from all times and cultures.

Musical Semantics

Musical Semantics
The author studies this semiotic behavior in the light of research from a number of
sources. Being an analytical study, the volume combines evidence from
neurobiology, developmental psychology and cognitive science. It aims to bridge
the gap between music as an empirical object in the world and music as lived
experience. This is the semantic aspect of music: how can something like an
auditory stream of structured sound evoke such a strong reaction in the listener?
The book is in two parts. In the first part, the biological foundations of music and
their cognitive manifestations are considered in order to establish a groundwork
for speaking of music in generic, cross-cultural terms. The second part develops
the semantic aspect of music as an embodied, emotively grounded and
cognitively structured expression of human experience.

•
Ole Kühl

Peter Lang
Ole Kühl (b. 1950) has spent most of his life working as a musician-cum-composer
with improvised music like jazz, fusion and world music. Recently, he turned to the
academic field, where he has specialized in a semiotic approach to musicology.

ISBN 978-3-03911-282-1

UG Européenne Semiotics 7.p65 1 14.03.2007, 12:24

 7

European Semiotics European Semiotics

Sémiotiques Européennes Sémiotiques Européennes
7

Music offers a new insight into human cognition. The musical play with sounds in Ole Kühl
time, in which we share feelings, gestures and narratives, has fascinated people
from all times and cultures.

Musical Semantics

Musical Semantics
The author studies this semiotic behavior in the light of research from a number of
sources. Being an analytical study, the volume combines evidence from
neurobiology, developmental psychology and cognitive science. It aims to bridge
the gap between music as an empirical object in the world and music as lived
experience. This is the semantic aspect of music: how can something like an
auditory stream of structured sound evoke such a strong reaction in the listener?
The book is in two parts. In the first part, the biological foundations of music and
their cognitive manifestations are considered in order to establish a groundwork
for speaking of music in generic, cross-cultural terms. The second part develops
the semantic aspect of music as an embodied, emotively grounded and
cognitively structured expression of human experience.

•
Ole Kühl

Peter Lang
Ole Kühl (b. 1950) has spent most of his life working as a musician-cum-composer
with improvised music like jazz, fusion and world music. Recently, he turned to the
academic field, where he has specialized in a semiotic approach to musicology.

UG Européenne Semiotics 7.p65 1 14.03.2007, 12:24

Musical Semantics
European Semiotics: Language, Cognition, and Culture
Sémiotiques Européennes: langage, cognition et culture
Edited by / Série rédigée par
Per Aage Brandt (Aarhus), Wolfgang Wildgen (Bremen/Brême),
and/et Barend van Heusden (Groningen/Groningue)

Volume 7

PETER LANG
Bern • Berlin • Bruxelles • Frankfurt am Main • New York • Wien
 Ole Kühl

Musical Semantics

Translated by Franson Manjali

Jawaharlal Nehru University. [email protected]

PETER LANG
Bern • Berlin • Bruxelles • Frankfurt am Main • New York • Wien
Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek
Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;
detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at ‹http://dnb.ddb.de›.

British Library and Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data:

A catalogue record for this book is available from The British Library, Great Britain,
and from The Library of Congress, USA

Cover design: Philipp Kirchner, Peter Lang AG

ISSN 1423-5587
ISBN 978-3-0351-0271-0

© Peter Lang AG, European Academic Publishers, Bern 2007

Hochfeldstrasse 32, Postfach 746, CH-3000 Bern 9
[email protected], www.peterlang.com, www.peterlang.net

All rights reserved.

All parts of this publication are protected by copyright.
Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law,
without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution.
This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming,
and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems.

Printed in Germany
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ŗȱ —›˜žŒ’˜—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗśȱ
ŗǯŗȱ œœž–™’˜—œ ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŞȱ
ŗǯŘȱ ȱŽ—Ž›’Œȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•’¢ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŘŖȱ
ŗǯřȱ ›˜œœȬ’œŒ’™•’—Š›’¢ȱŠ—ȱ–Ž‘˜˜•˜¢ ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŘŞȱ
ŗǯŚȱ ŸŽ›Ÿ’Ž ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯřŗȱ

ȱDZȱ ȱȱȱ   ȱ  ȱ

Řȱ ˜–Žȱ™›Ž•’–’—Š›¢ȱŒ˜—œ’Ž›Š’˜—œȱ›ŽŠ›’—ȱ
Šȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱœŽ–Š—’Œœ ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯřśȱ
Řǯŗȱ ‘Žȱ•ž’’¢ȱ˜ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ–ŽŠ—’—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯřŝȱ
ŘǯŘȱ ‘ŽȱœŽ–Š—’Œȱœž‹“ŽŒ’ŸŽȦ˜‹“ŽŒ’ŸŽȱŠ¡’œǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯřşȱ
Řǯřȱ ‘ŽȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱ‘’‘Ž›Ȧ•˜ Ž›ȱŠ¡’œ ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŚŗȱ
ŘǯŚȱ ›˜–ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱŽ•Ž–Ž—ȱ˜ȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱ›Žœ™˜—œŽ ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŚřȱ
Řǯśȱ ˜Ž•’—ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱœŽ–Š—’ŒœǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŚŜȱ
ŘǯŜȱ ›ŽŸŽ›‹Š•ȱ–ŽŠ—’—ȱŒ˜—œ›žŒ’˜—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯśŖȱ
Řǯŝȱ ‘Š™Ž›ȱœž––Š›¢ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯśřȱ

řȱ —ȱ˜—˜Ž—Ž’Œȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ˜—ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱŒ˜—’’˜—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯśŝȱ
řǯŗȱ Š›ŠŸŽ›‹Š•ȱŒ˜—œŒ’˜žœ—ŽœœȱŠ—ȱŠŽŒ’ŸŽȱŒ˜—˜ž›ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯśşȱ
řǯŘȱ ‘Žȱ™›˜˜ȬŒ˜—ŒŽ™ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŜřȱ
řǯřȱ Š›•¢ȱ˜ž—Š’˜—œȱ˜ȱ–žœ’ŒǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŜŞȱ
řǯŚȱ ‘Š™Ž›ȱœž––Š›¢ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŝŘ

ŝȱ
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Śǯŗȱ ‘ŽȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱ›ŽŸ˜•ž’˜— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŝřȱ
ŚǯŘȱ –ŠŽȱœŒ‘Ž–Šœǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŝśȱ
Śǯřȱ –Š’—Š’˜—ȱŠ—ȱ–ŽŠ™‘˜›’ŒŠ•ȱ™›˜“ŽŒ’˜— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŝşȱ
ŚǯŚȱ ›˜˜¢™ŽœȱŠ—ȱŒŠŽ˜›’£Š’˜—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŞřȱ
Śǯśȱ ‘ŽȱŽ—Ž›’Œȱ•ŽŸŽ• ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŞŝȱ
ŚǯŜȱ ‘Š™Ž›ȱœž––Š›¢ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯşŗȱ

śȱ Žž›˜–žœ’Œ˜•˜¢ȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ–’—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯşřȱ
śǯŗȱ ›˜–ȱœ˜ž—œȱ˜ȱ–žœ’ŒDZȱ‘ŽȱŠž’˜›¢ȱ™Š‘ Š¢ ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯşŞȱ
śǯŘȱ •ŠŒŽœȱŠ—ȱ—Ž ˜›”œDZȱ‘ŽȱŠ›Œ‘’ŽŒž›Žȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹›Š’— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŖŗȱ
śǯřȱ ›Š’—ȱ’–Ž ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŖřȱ
śǯŚȱ ˜–Žȱ‹’˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŒ˜—œ›Š’—œȱ˜—ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŗřȱ

Ŝȱ –˜’˜—ȱŠ—ȱ–žœ’Œ ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŗŝȱ
Ŝǯŗȱ ‘Žȱ—Žž›˜‹’˜•˜¢ȱ˜ȱŽ–˜’˜— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŗşȱ
ŜǯŘȱ —Ž›œž‹“ŽŒ’Ÿ’¢ǰȱŠž—Ž–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱŒ˜–™ŽŽ—ŒŽǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŘŚȱ
Ŝǯřȱ ŠŽǰȱ›Žœ™˜—œŽǰȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ–˜’˜—ȱ•˜˜™ ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŘŜȱ
ŜǯŚȱ ›Ž’Œ’˜—ǰȱŽ¡™ŽŒŠ’˜—ȱŠ—ȱŽ–˜’˜—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗřŗȱ

ȱDZȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ

ŝȱ ‘ŽȱŒ˜—œ›žŒ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ–ŽŠ—’—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗřşȱ
ŝǯŗȱ ˜–Žȱ™›˜‹•Ž–œȱ’—ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŚŘȱ
ŝǯŘȱ ž’˜›¢ȱœŒ‘Ž–ŠœȱŠ—ȱŒž•ž›Š•ȱŽ—›Š’—–Ž— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŚŚȱ
ŝǯřȱ ‘ŽȱŽ–Ž›Ž—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ–ŽŠ—’—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗśŖȱ
ŝǯŚȱ ‘Žȱ‹•ŠŒ”ȱ‹˜¡ ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗśŚȱ
ŝǯśȱ ȁ•Ž—’—Ȃȱ˜›ȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™žŠ•ȱ’—Ž›Š’˜—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗśŜȱ

Şȱ ˜–Žȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱŽ•Ž–Ž—œȱŠ—ȱ‘Ž’›ȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱ›Žœ™˜—œŽœ ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŜśȱ
Şǯŗȱ ‘›ŠœŽȱŠ—ȱŽœž›Ž ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŜŜȱ
ŞǯŘȱ ‘¢‘–ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŝŗȱ
Şǯřȱ ’Œ›˜œ›žŒž›Ž ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗŝŜ

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Şǯśȱ ‘›ŽŽȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱ•ŽŸŽ•œȱ˜ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ˜›Š—’£Š’˜—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŗşŞȱ

şȱ ‘ŽȱŽ–‹˜’–Ž—ȱ˜ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ˜›–ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŘŖŗȱ
şǯŗȱ ‘Žȱœ›Š’’ŒŠ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ’–Ž ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŘŖřȱ
şǯŘȱ ‘Žȱœ˜— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŘŖŝȱ
şǯřȱ Š››Š’Ÿ’¢ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŘŗŖȱ
şǯŚȱ ‘Žȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱœž‹“ŽŒǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŘŗŜȱ
şǯśȱ ‘ŽȱŠ—Š•¢œ’œȱ˜ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ˜›– ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŘŘŗȱ

ŗŖȱ ’—’’ŒŠ’˜—ȱ’—ȱ–žœ’Œ ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŘŘŝȱ

ŗŖǯŗȱ ‘Žȱœ’— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŘřŖȱ
ŗŖǯŘȱ ‘Žȱœ’—ȱŒŠœŒŠŽ ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŘřŚȱ
ŗŖǯřȱ Ž—Œ¢ǰȱ—Š››Š’ŸŽȱŠ—ȱŸ’œžŠ•’£Š’˜— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŘřŝȱ
ŗŖǯŚȱ •˜œž›Ž ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯŘřşȱ

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’ž›ŽȱŞȬŗřDZȱ ‘Š›•’ŽȱŠ›”Ž›ǰ •˜˜–’˜ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŗşŖȱ
’ž›ŽȱŞȬŗŚDZȱ ‘Žȱ™‘›ŠœŽȱœ›žŒž›Žȱ˜ȱ•˜˜–’˜ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŗşŖȱ
’ž›ŽȱŞȬŗśDZȱ ‘Žȱ‘’Ž›Š›Œ‘¢ȱ˜ȱŠȱ–Š“˜›ȱœŒŠ•Žǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŗşŜȱ
’ž›ŽȱŞȬŗŜDZȱ ‘Žȱ‘’Ž›Š›Œ‘¢ȱ˜ȱ›ŠŠ ‘’ŸŠȱ‘Š’›ŠŸŠǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŗşŝȱ
’ž›ŽȱşȬŗDZȱ ›ŽŠ–’— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŘŖŝȱ
’ž›ŽȱşȬŘDZȱ Ž–™˜›Š•ȱ’—Ž›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱŽœž›Žœǰ Š–‹˜ž›’—ŽȱŠ— ǯǯ ŘŖŞȱ
’ž›ŽȱşȬřDZȱ Ž–™˜›Š•ȱ’—Ž›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱŽœž›Žœǰ •˜˜–’˜ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŘŖş

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’ž›ŽȱşȬŚDZȱ ȱŒ˜–™Š›’œ˜—ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ‘ŽȱœŽ–’˜’ŒȱœšžŠ›ŽȱǻŠ‹˜ŸŽǼȱ
Š—ȱ›Š—Ȃœȱ‹Š››’Ž›ȱ–˜Ž•ȱǻ‹Ž•˜ Ǽǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ Řŗřȱ
’ž›ŽȱşȬśDZȱ Š››Š’ŸŽȱ™Š‘ Š¢ǰ •˜˜–’˜ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ Řŗśȱ
’ž›ŽȱşȬŜDZȱ ‘Žȱœ›žŒž›Žȱ˜ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱŒ˜—’’˜—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ Řŗşȱ
’ž›ŽȱşȬŝDZȱ ‘ŽȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™žŠ•ȱ’—Ž›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ˜›– ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŘŘŖȱ
’ž›ŽȱşȬŞDZȱ ǯȱǯȱ˜£Š›ǰ ••Šȱž›ŒŠǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŘŘřȱ
’ž›ŽȱşȬş DZȱ Š–’ŽȱŠ•Ž›œǰ ˜•ȱ— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŘŘŚȱ
’ž›ŽȱŗŖȬŗDZȱ ‘ŽȱŠžœœž›ŽŠ—ȱœ’—ž—Œ’˜—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŘřŖȱ
’ž›ŽȱŗŖȬŘDZȱ ‘ŽȱŠžœœŽ›ŽŠ—ȱœ’— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŘřŘȱ
’ž›ŽȱŗŖȬřDZȱ ‘Žȱ‹Šœ’Œȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱœ’—ž—Œ’˜— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ Řřřȱ
’ž›ŽȱŗŖȬŚDZȱ ‘Žȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱœ’—ȱŒŠœŒŠŽǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŘřŜȱ

Š‹•ŽȱŘȬŗDZȱ ˜–ŽȱŽ•Ž–Ž—œȱ’—ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ Śśȱ

Š‹•ŽȱśȬŗDZȱ Ž–™˜›Š•ȱŒ˜—œ›Š’—œȱ˜—ȱŠž’˜›¢ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŗŖŚȱ
Š‹•ŽȱşȬŗDZȱ ‘Žȱ‹Šœ’Œȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ’—ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱŒ˜—’’˜— ǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯ ŘŖś

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˜›Ž ˜›ȱ

˜’—ȱ‘›˜ž‘ȱ‘’œȱ–Š—žœŒ›’™ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ•ŠœȱœŠŽœȱ˜ȱ’œȱ™›Ž™Š›Š’˜—ǰȱ ȱ
›ŽŠ•’£Žȱ“žœȱ‘˜ ȱ•˜—ȱ‘’œȱ‹˜˜”ȱ‘Šœȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ–Š”’—ǯȱ˜–Žȱ˜ȱ’œȱ
‹Šœ’Œȱ’ŽŠœȱŠŽȱ‹ŠŒ”ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ•ŠŽȱŗşŜŖœǰȱ ‘Ž—ȱ ȱŽ–Ž›ŽȱŠœȱŠȱ¢˜ž—ȱ
œŠ¡˜™‘˜—Žȱ ™•Š¢Ž›ȱ˜—ȱ Šȱ ¢—Š–’Œȱ –žœ’Œȱ œŒŽ—Žȱ ’—ȱ ˜™Ž—‘ŠŽ—ǯȱ ȱ Š–ȱ
—˜ȱœ˜ȱ –žŒ‘ȱ œ™ŽŠ”’—ȱ Š‹˜žȱ ŸŠ•žŽœȱ Š—ȱ ’Ž˜•˜’Žœǰȱ Š•‘˜ž‘ȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ
‘ŠŸŽȱŒ‘Š—ŽȱŒ˜—œ’Ž›Š‹•¢ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ’—Ž›ŸŽ—’—ȱřŖȱ˜ȱŚŖȱ¢ŽŠ›œǯȱŠ‘Ž›ǰȱ
’ȱ ’œȱ Š‹˜žȱ ‘Žȱ Œ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›ȱ ˜ȱ –¢ȱ Ž¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ –Š”’—ǰȱ œ‘Š›’—ǰȱ Š—ȱ
Ž—“˜¢’—ȱ–žœ’Œǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ‘ŠœȱŠ• Š¢œȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ—Šž›Š•ȱŠ—ȱŽŸ’Ž—ȱ˜ȱ–Žȱȭȱ
Š—ǰȱŠœȱŠ›ȱŠœȱ ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱŠ‹•Žȱ˜ȱŠ‘Ž›ǰȱ˜ȱ–Š—¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ–žœ’Œ’Š—œȱ ȱ
‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ˜›ž—ŠŽȱŽ—˜ž‘ȱ˜ȱ™•Š¢ȱ ’‘ǯȱ ȱ’œȱŠ‹˜žȱ ‘Šȱ–žœ’Œȱ’œǰȱ
‘˜ ȱ Žȱœ‘Š›Žȱ’ǰȱŠ—ȱ ‘Šȱ˜Žœȱ˜—ȱ’—œ’Žȱ˜ž›œŽ•ŸŽœǰȱ ‘Ž—ȱ ŽȱŽ—“˜¢ȱ
’ǯȱ
ȱ‘Žȱ›Ž•Š’ŸŽ•¢ȱ•ŠŽȱŠŽȱ˜ȱŚśǰȱ ȱ Šœȱ’—›˜žŒŽȱ˜ȱ–žœ’Œ˜•˜¢ȱ
Š—ȱ œ˜˜—ȱ ‹ŽŒŠ–Žȱ ›Š’’Žȱ ‹¢ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜™™˜›ž—’¢ȱ ‘Šȱ ™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ’œŽ•ȱ
‘›˜ž‘ȱ Šȱ œŒ’Ž—’’Œȱ Š™™›˜ŠŒ‘ȱ ˜ȱ –žœ’Œȱ ˜›ȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜—Ž–™•Š’˜—ȱ Š—ȱ
ŸŽ›‹Š•’£Š’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Šǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ Šœȱ œ˜ȱ ŽŠ›ȱ ˜ȱ –Žǯȱ ˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ ȱ Š•œ˜ȱ
‹ŽŒŠ–Žȱ œ˜–Ž ‘Šȱ ›žœ›ŠŽȱ’—ȱ ›ŽŠ•’£’—ȱ ‘Šȱ Š›ŽŠœȱ˜ȱ –žœ’Œȱ ‘Šȱ ȱ
Œ˜—œ’Ž›ŽȱŸ’Š•ȱ Ž›Žȱ–˜›Žȱ˜›ȱ•Žœœȱ’—˜›Žȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŠ—’œ‘ȱŸŽ›œ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ
‘’œȱœŒ’Ž—’’Œȱ’œŒ’™•’—Žǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱŠ’•Žȱ˜ȱŽ–‹›ŠŒŽȱ‘Žȱœž‹Ȭ’œŒ’™•’—Žœȱ
˜ȱ–žœ’Œȱ™œ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱŠ—ȱ—Žž›˜–žœ’Œ˜•˜¢ǰȱ—˜ȱ˜ȱ–Ž—’˜—ȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱ
–žœ’Œ˜•˜¢ǯȱ —˜›Š—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ŠŒȱ ‘Šȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ œž‹Ȭ’œŒ’™•’—Žœȱ Ž›Žȱ
›˜ ’—ȱ –Š—¢ȱ ™•ŠŒŽœȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜›•ǰȱ ȱ ”Ž™ȱ œŽŠ›Œ‘’—ȱ ˜›ȱ ŠŽšžŠŽȱ
Š¢œȱ˜ȱŽœŒ›’™’˜—ȱ Š—ȱ Š—Š•¢œ’œǰȱž—’•ȱ ȱ’—Š••¢ȱ–Žȱ ’‘ȱ ™›˜Žœœ˜›ȱ
Ž›ȱ ŠŽȱ ›Š—ȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž—Ž›ȱ ˜ȱ Ž–’˜’Œœȱ Šȱ ‘Žȱ —’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ ˜ȱ
Š›‘žœǯȱ Žȱ’—›˜žŒŽȱ–Žȱ˜ȱœŽ–’˜’ŒȱŠ—Š•¢œ’œǰȱ˜ȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱœŒ’Ž—ŒŽǰȱ
—Žž›˜‹’˜•˜¢ǰȱ Š—ȱ Œ˜—œŒ’˜žœ—Žœœȱ œž’Žœǰȱ Š—ȱ ›ŠžŠ••¢ȱ’ȱ Š —Žȱ
ž™˜—ȱ–Žȱ‘Šȱ‘Ž›Žȱ ŠœȱŠȱ Š¢ȱ˜ȱŠŒ‘’ŽŸŽȱ ‘Šȱ ȱ Š—Žǯȱ
ȱ ™’•˜ȱ™›˜“ŽŒȱŽ–Ž›’—ȱ›˜–ȱ‘’œȱŒ˜••Š‹˜›Š’˜—ȱ Šœȱ•Šž—Œ‘Žȱ
’—ȱŘŖŖŗȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ˜›–ȱ˜ȱ–¢ȱ–ŠœŽ›Ȃœȱ‘Žœ’œȱ –™›˜Ÿ’œŠ’˜—ȱ˜ȱŠ—”Žȱǻȁ‘Žȱ
–™›˜Ÿ’œ’—ȱ ’—ȂǼǰȱ ’—ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ Š—ȱ œŽ–’˜’Œȱ Š—Š•¢œ’œȱ Šœȱ
Š™™•’Žȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ ‘Š›•’Žȱ Š›”Ž›Ȭœ˜•˜ǯȱ ’—Š••¢ǰȱ ȱ Šœȱ •žŒ”¢ȱ Ž—˜ž‘ȱ ˜ȱ
›ŽŒŽ’ŸŽȱŠȱ›Š—ȱ›˜–ȱ‘ŽȱŠ—’œ‘ȱ’—’œ›¢ȱ˜ȱž•ž›Žǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱŠ••˜ Žȱ
–Žȱ‘Žȱ˜™™˜›ž—’¢ȱ˜ȱœ™Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ¢ŽŠ›œȱ’—ȱœŽŒ•žœ’ŸŽȱœž¢ȱ˜ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ
Œ˜—’’˜—ǯȱ‘’œȱŸ˜•ž–Žȱ’œȱ‘Žȱ‘ž–‹•Žȱ›Žœž•ǯ

ŗřȱ
 •ŽŠ›•¢ǰȱ ‘’œȱ ˜›”ȱ Œ˜ž•ȱ —ŽŸŽ›ȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ œžŒŒŽŽŽȱ ’‘˜žȱ ‘Žȱ
ž—’›’—ȱœž™™˜›ȱŠ—ȱ’—œ™’›Š’˜—ȱ›˜–ȱŽ›ȱŠŽȱ›Š—ǰȱ˜ȱ ‘˜–ȱ ȱ
Š–ȱ ŽŽ™•¢ȱ ›ŠŽž•ǯȱ Žȱ ’œȱ —˜ ȱ Šȱ ™›˜Žœœ˜›ȱ Šȱ ‘Žȱ ŠœŽȱ ŽœŽ›—ȱ
ŽœŽ›ŸŽȱ —’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ ’—ȱ •ŽŸŽ•Š—ǰȱ Š—ȱ ȱ ŒŠ—ȱ ˜—•¢ȱ Ž—Œ˜ž›ŠŽȱ ‘’œȱ
œžŽ—œȱ Š—ȱ Œ˜Ȭ ˜›”Ž›œȱ ˜ȱ –Š”Žȱ ‘Žȱ ‹Žœȱ ˜ȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ ˜™™˜›ž—’¢ǯȱ ȱ
œ‘˜ž•ȱ ‹Žȱ –Ž—’˜—Žȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ ‘Šȱ ‹Žœ’Žœȱ ‹Ž’—ȱ Šȱ ™‘’•˜œ˜™‘Ž›ǰȱ Šȱ
œŽ–’˜’Œ’Š—ǰȱ Š—ȱ Šȱ •’—ž’œǰȱ ›Š—ȱ ’œȱ Š•œ˜ȱ Š—ȱ Ž¡ŒŽ••Ž—ȱ “Š££ȱ ™’Š—˜ȱ
™•Š¢Ž›ǰȱŠ—ȱŠ—ȱŠŒŒ•Š’–Žȱ™˜Žǯȱ
ȱ ž›‘Ž›ȱ ’œ‘ȱ ˜ȱ Ž¡™›Žœœȱ –¢ȱ ›Š’žŽȱ ˜ȱ ™›˜Žœœ˜›ȱ ˜• ¢—ȱ
›ŽŸŠ›‘Ž—ȱ›˜–ȱ’—‹ž›‘ȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱ’—Ž›Žœȱ‘Žȱ‘ŠœȱŠ”Ž—ȱ
’—ȱ–¢ȱ ˜›”ǰȱ˜›ȱ‘ŽȱœžŽœ’˜—œȱ‘Žȱ‘Šœȱ–ŠŽǰȱŠ—ȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱ’–Žȱ ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ
œ™Ž—ȱ’—ȱ‘’œȱŒ˜–™Š—¢ǯȱ ȱ’—ȱ ‘’œȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ˜ȱ‹ŽȱŠȱŒ˜—œŠ—ȱœ˜ž›ŒŽȱ˜ȱ
’—œ™’›Š’˜—ǰȱ Š—ȱ ŒŠ—ȱ œ›˜—•¢ȱ ›ŽŒ˜––Ž—ȱ ŽŸŽ›¢‹˜¢ȱ ’—Ž›ŽœŽȱ ’—ȱ
‘ž–Š—ȱŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ˜ȱŠ”ŽȱŠȱ˜˜ȱ•˜˜”ȱŠȱ’ǯȱ
Š—¢ȱ ™Ž˜™•Žȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ œ›˜—ȱ ˜™’—’˜—œȱ Š‹˜žȱ –žœ’Œǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ ˜—•¢ȱ
˜Žœȱ ˜ȱ œ‘˜ ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž–˜’˜—Š•ȱ ’—ŸŽœ–Ž—ȱ Žȱ –Š”Žȱ ’—ȱ ’ǯȱ ȱ ’œ‘ȱ ˜ȱ
‘Š—”ȱ™›˜Žœœ˜›ȱŽ›•’—ȱ˜—Š•ȱŠ—ȱ™›˜Žœœ˜›ȱŠ›”ȱž›—Ž›ǰȱ‹˜‘ȱ˜ȱ
ŠœŽȱŽœŽ›—ȱŽœŽ›ŸŽȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ǰȱ˜›ȱŠȱ‘ŽŠŽȱ’œŒžœœ’˜—ȱŠȱ Š¢—ȱ
Š••ȱ˜—ȱŠ—ȱŽŠ›•¢ȱœ™›’—ȱŠ¢ȱ’—ȱŘŖŖŜǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ›ŽŠ•¢ȱ’—•žŽ—ŒŽȱœ˜–Žȱ
˜ȱ‘Žȱ–Š“˜›ȱŽŒ’œ’˜—œȱ ȱ‘Šȱ˜ȱ–Š”ŽȱŠȱŠȱ•ŠŽ›ȱ“ž—Œž›Žǯȱ
Žȱ–Žȱž›‘Ž›ȱŽ¡™›Žœœȱ–¢ȱ›Š’žŽȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠ—’œ‘ȱ’—’œ›¢ȱ˜ȱ
ž•ž›Žȱ˜›ȱ‘Ž’›ȱŽ—Ž›˜žœȱ›Š—ȱ‘Šȱ‘ŠœȱŠ••˜ Žȱ–Žȱ˜ȱŒ˜—ŒŽ—›ŠŽȱ
ž••¢ȱ˜—ȱ‘’œȱ™›˜“ŽŒȱ˜›ȱ ˜ȱ¢ŽŠ›œǯȱ—ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱœŠȱŠ—ȱœžŽ—œȱ˜ȱ
‘Žȱ Ž—Ž›ȱ ˜ȱ Ž–’˜’Œœǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ ‘Šœȱ ‘˜žœŽȱ ‘Žȱ ™›˜“ŽŒǰȱ ˜›ȱ Š–™•Žȱ
˜™™˜›ž—’’Žœȱ˜›ȱ’—œ™’›Žȱ’œŒžœœ’˜—ǰȱ’Š•˜žŽǰȱŠ—ȱŒ›’’Œ’œ–ǯȱ
‘’œȱ ˜›”ȱ ›˜ œȱ˜žȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ œ˜Œ’Š•ȱŠŒȱ˜ȱ ™•Š¢’—ȱ –žœ’Œǰȱ Š—ȱ ’ȱ
œ‘˜ž•ȱ—˜ȱ‹Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ ’‘˜žȱŠȱ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ Ž‹ȱ ȱ˜ Žȱ˜ȱ
‘Žȱ ȱ –Š—¢ȱ –žœ’Œ’Š—œȱ ȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ ™•Š¢Žȱ ’‘ȱ Š—ȱ •ŽŠ›—ȱ ›˜–ȱ ˜ŸŽ›ȱ ‘Žȱ
¢ŽŠ›œǯȱ ȱŽœ™ŽŒ’Š••¢ȱ ’œ‘ȱ˜ȱ‘Š—”ȱ‘Žȱ•ŠŽȱŽ¡Ž›ȱ ˜›˜—ȱ˜›ȱŽŠŒ‘’—ȱ
–Žȱ˜ȱȁœ’—ȂȱŠ—ȱ ˜‘—ȱŒ‘’ŒŠ’ȱ˜›ȱŽŠŒ‘’—ȱ–Žȱ˜ȱȁ•’œŽ—Ȃǯȱ—ȱ ȱ ’œ‘ȱ
˜ȱ ‘Š—”ȱ ȱ ˜—Žœǰȱ Ž’ȱ Š•”ǰȱ ˜ž•ȱ ‘•Ž›œǰȱ ‘˜–Šœȱ •ŠžœŽ—ǰȱ Š•ȱ
Š•›˜—ǰȱŽȱž›œ˜—ǰȱ Š•ȱ˜œ˜—ǰȱ›’•˜”ȱ ž›žǰȱ‘–Šžȱ Š››ǰȱȱ
‘’™Ž—ǰȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Ž››¢ǰȱ ˜—Šœǰȱ œœ’ǰȱ Žœ™Ž›ǰȱ Š—ȱ –Š—¢ǰȱ –Š—¢ȱ ˜‘Ž›œȱ
˜›ȱ‘Žȱ–žœ’Œȱ Žȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ–ŠŽȱ˜Ž‘Ž›ǯȱ
˜œȱ’–™˜›Š—•¢ǰȱ–¢ȱŠ–’•¢ȱ‘Šœȱ‹˜›—ȱ ‘Žȱ ‘ŽŠŸ’Žœȱ™Š›ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ
‹ž›Ž—ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ ˜›”ǯȱ‘Ž›Žȱ’œȱ—˜ȱ Š¢ȱ ȱŒŠ—ȱŽ¡™›Žœœȱ–¢ȱ›Š’žŽȱ˜ȱ
–¢ȱ ’Žȱ˜›ȱ‘Ž›ȱœ˜ž—ȱŠŸ’ŒŽȱŠ—ȱž—Šž—Žȱœž™™˜›ǯ

ŗŚȱ
ŗȱ —›˜žŒ’˜—ȱ

žœ’Œȱ’œȱ–Ž—Š•ȱ™•Š¢ǯȱ
Š–ȱ‘Š—›Šŗȱȱ

‘’œȱ‹˜˜”ȱ’—ŸŽœ’ŠŽœȱ–žœ’ŒȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ Š¢ȱ–žœ’ŒȱŠŽŒœȱ˜ž›ȱ•’ŸŽœǯȱ ȱ
ž—Ž›Š”Žœȱ ˜ȱ ‹›’Žȱ ‘Žȱ Š™ȱ ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ –žœ’Œȱ Šœȱ Š—ȱ ŠŽœ‘Ž’Œȱ
™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜—ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ˜—Žȱ‘Š—ȱŠ—ȱ–žœ’ŒȱŠœȱŠȱ‹’˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ȱ˜—ȱ
‘Žȱ˜‘Ž›ǯȱȱ’œȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱœŠŽǰȱ‘Žȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ‘Ž›Žȱ˜ž•’—ŽœȱŠȱ
’›ŽŒ’˜—ȱ ‘Šȱ ’••ȱ ‹›’—ȱ –žœ’Œ˜•˜¢ǰȱ Šœȱ Šȱ Œž•ž›Š•ȱ ˜›ȱ ‘ž–Š—’œ’Œȱ
œž¢ǰȱ ’—ȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ›ȱ ’‘ȱ ŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ ›˜–ȱ ˜‘Ž›ȱ œŒ’Ž—’’Œȱ ’Ž•œȱ
Œ˜—ŒŽ›—Žȱ ’‘ȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ Œ˜—’’˜—ǯȱ ȱ ’œȱ ‹ŠœŽȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ‹Ž•’Žȱ ‘Šȱ Šȱ
œŒ’Ž—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ –žœ’Œȱ œ‘˜ž•ȱ Ž’—Žȱ ’œȱ ˜‹“ŽŒȱ ˜ȱ ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ Šœȱ ‹Ž’—ȱ
œ›žŒž›Š••¢ȱ ›Ž•ŠŽȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Š¢ȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ ‹Ž’—œȱ ‘’—”ǰȱ ŽŽ•ȱ Š—ȱ
Ž¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽȱ‘Žȱ ˜›•ȱŠ—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ Š¢ȱ ŽȱŽ¡™›Žœœȱ‘’œȱŽ¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽǯȱ —ȱ
‘Žȱ ˜›œȱ˜ȱ’›Ž’••ŽȱŽœœ˜— Š—ȱŠ—’Ž•ŽȱŒ‘ã—ǯȱ
’Ž›Ž—ȱ –žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ œ¢•Žœȱ œ‘˜ž•ȱ ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žȱ ‹Žȱ Œ˜—œ’Ž›Žȱ —˜ȱ Šœȱ ȁœ˜—’Œȱ ˜‹“ŽŒȂȱ
‹žȱŠœȱ‘ž–Š—•¢ȱ˜›Š—’£Žȱœ˜ž—ȱ ‘˜œŽȱ™ŠŽ›—œȱŠ›Žȱ›Ž•ŠŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱŠ—ȱ
Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ™›˜ŒŽœœŽœȱ˜ȱŠȱ™Š›’Œž•Š›ȱœ˜Œ’Ž¢ȱŠ—ȱŒž•ž›ŽȱǻŘŖŖŗǰȱ™ǯȱŘřŚǼǯȱ

ŽŒŽ—ȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—œȱ ’—ȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ œŒ’Ž—ŒŽȱ Š—ȱ —Žž›˜œŒ’Ž—ŒŽȱ

‘ŠŸŽȱ –ŠŽȱ’ȱŽŠœ’‹•Žȱ ˜ȱ ‹ž’•ȱ Šȱ ŽœŒ›’™’ŸŽȱ Š›Œ‘’ŽŒž›Žȱ˜ȱ –žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ
Œ˜—’’˜—ȱ ‘Šȱ Œ˜ŸŽ›œȱ ‘Žȱ œ™Š—ȱ ›˜–ȱ ›Š’’˜—Š•ȱ –žœ’Œ˜•˜¢ǰȱ Ÿ’Šȱ
Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ œŒ’Ž—ŒŽȱ Š—ȱ –žœ’Œȱ ™œ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ǰȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ ŠŠȱ
™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ ‹¢ȱ —Žž›˜‹’˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǯȱ —ȱ ŠŒǰȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—œȱ
Ž–™‘Šœ’£Žȱ‘Žȱž›Ž—ȱ—ŽŽȱ˜ȱ›Ž‘’—”ȱ–žœ’Œ˜•˜¢ȱ’—ȱ˜›Ž› ˜ȱ‹›’—ȱ’ȱ
Šȱ™Š›ȱ ’‘ȱ‘ŽȱŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—ȱ’—ȱ›Ž•ŠŽȱ’Ž•œȱ˜ȱœž¢DZȱ‘Ž›Žȱ’œȱ—˜ ȱŠȱ
Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ•’—ž’œ’ŒœǰȱŠȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱ™˜Ž’ŒœȱŠ—ȱŠȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱŠ™™›˜ŠŒ‘ȱ˜ȱ
‘Žȱ Ÿ’œžŠ•ȱ Š›œȱ ’œȱ ž—Ž›ȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—ǯȱ ‘¢ȱ —˜ȱ Šȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ
–žœ’Œ˜•˜¢ǵȱ Š—ŠŒŽȱ ›˜ Ž›ȱ ‘Šœȱ œŠŽȱ ’ȱ ‘žœDZȱ ȁ¢ȱ ‹›’—’—ȱ ˜ž›ȱ
–Ž‘˜œȱ ˜ȱ Š—Š•¢œ’œȱ ’—ȱ Œ•˜œŽ›ȱ ŠŒŒ˜›ȱ ’‘ȱ ‘Žȱ ™›’—Œ’™•Žœȱ ˜ȱ

ŗȱ ›’ȱŠ–ȱ‘Š—›Šȱ›˜–ȱ‘Š‘“Š‘Š—™ž›ǰȱǯǯȱŽ›œ˜—Š•ȱŒ˜––ž—’ŒŠ’˜—ǯ

ŗśȱ
™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ǰȱ ˜ž›ȱ Š—Š•¢’ŒŠ•ȱ “ž–Ž—ȱ ŒŠ—ȱ ˜—•¢ȱ ‹ŽŒ˜–Žȱ –˜›Žȱ ŠŒžŽȂȱ
ǻŗşşřǰȱ™ǯȱřŚǼǯȱ
œȱ‘Žȱ›ŽŠŽ›ȱ ’••ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽǰȱ‘’œȱ’œȱ—˜ȱŠȱ–žœ’Œ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱœž¢ȱ™Ž›ȱ
œŽǯȱ’••ǰȱ‹Ž’—ȱŠȱ–žœ’Œ’Š—ȱŠ—ȱŠȱ–žœ’Œ˜•˜’œǰȱ ȱ‘˜™Žȱ˜ȱ‹ŽȱœŽ›Ÿ’—ȱŠȱ
–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ ŒŠžœŽȱ ’—ȱ ™›ŽœŽ—’—ȱ ’ȱ Šœȱ Šȱ –ŽŠȬ‘Ž˜›Ž’ŒŠ•ȱ œž¢ǯȱ ›˜–ȱ Šȱ
–žœ’Œ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ™˜’—ȱ˜ȱŸ’Ž ǰȱ‘Ž—ǰȱ‘Žȱ™›’–Š›¢ȱŠ’–ȱ˜ȱŠȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽ•¢ȱ
‹ŠœŽȱ –žœ’Œ˜•˜¢ȱ ’••ȱ —˜ȱ ‹Žȱ ˜ȱ ž™›˜˜ȱ Š—ȱ Œ›’’Œ’£Žȱ ‘Žȱ ŸŠ›’˜žœȱ
›Š’’˜—œȱ ˜™Ž›Š’—ȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ’Ž•Dzȱ —˜›ȱ ˜ȱ ’—›˜žŒŽȱ —Ž ȱ ›ŽŸ˜Ȭȱ
•ž’˜—’£’—ȱ –Ž‘˜œǰȱ Ž—Ž›Š•ȱ ˜›ȱ ™Š›’Œž•Š›ǰȱ ‘Šȱ ’••ȱ ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ ›Š—ȱ
‘Ž˜›’Žœȱ Š—ȱ œ˜•ž’˜—œǯȱ ‘Žȱ –˜œȱ ’–™˜›Š—ȱ Œ˜—›’‹ž’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ
Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ –žœ’Œ˜•˜¢ȱ ’••ȱ ‹Žȱ ˜ȱ ›˜ž—ȱ ‘Žȱ œž¢ȱ ˜ȱ –žœ’Œȱ ’—ȱ Šȱ
Œ˜–™›Ž‘Ž—œ’ŸŽȱ Š—ȱ Ž—Ž›Š•’£Žȱ ›Š–Ž ˜›”ǰȱ ‘Ž›Ž‹¢ȱ ŠŒ’•’Š’—ȱ
Œ˜–™Š›Š’ŸŽȱ œž’Žœȱ ŠŒ›˜œœȱ ‘Žȱ ‹˜ž—Š›’Žœȱ ˜ȱ ŠŽœ‘Ž’Œȱ Ž—›Žȱ Š—ȱ
–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱœ¢•ŽǯȱŘȱ ž›Ž•¢ǰȱ–žœ’Œȱ’œȱ—˜ȱŠȱ’œŒ›ŽŽȱ™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜—ȱ ’‘˜žȱ
Œ˜——ŽŒ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ˜‘Ž›ȱ ˜›–œȱ ˜ȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ Ž—ŽŠŸ˜›ǯȱ Žȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ –žœ’Œȱ
‘›˜ž‘ȱ ‘Žȱ œŠ–Žȱ œŽ—œŽœDzȱ Žȱ ™›˜ŒŽœœȱ ˜ž›ȱ –žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ȱ ’‘ȱ
‘Žȱ œŠ–Žȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ ž—Œ’˜—œDzȱ Žȱ Ž¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽȱ –žœ’Œȱ ’‘ȱ ‘Žȱ œŠ–Žȱ
ŽŽ•’—œDzȱ Žȱ ‘’—”ȱ Š‹˜žȱ –žœ’Œȱ ’‘ȱ ‘Žȱ œŠ–Žȱ –’—Dzȱ Š—ȱ Žȱ
Š›’Œž•ŠŽȱ ˜ž›ȱ ‘˜ž‘œȱ Š—ȱ Ž¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽœȱ žœ’—ȱ –Š—¢ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ œŠ–Žȱ
ŠŒž•’ŽœȱŠœȱ’—ȱŠ—¢ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ǯȱ
ŒŒ˜›’—•¢ǰȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ œ›žŒž›Žȱ ’—Ÿ˜•ŸŽȱ ’—ȱ –žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ
ŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ȱ –žœǰȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ ›ŽŠȱ Ž¡Ž—ǰȱ ˜ŸŽ›•Š™ȱ Šȱ –˜›Žȱ Ž—Ž›Š•ȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ
œ›žŒž›Žǰȱ Š—ȱ ˜—•¢ȱ Šȱ ™Š›ȱ ˜ȱ ‘’œȱ œ›žŒž›Žȱ ’••ȱ ‹Žȱ œ™ŽŒ’Š•’£Žȱ ˜›ȱ
–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ Šœ”œǯȱ ȱ ŒŠ—ȱ ‹Žȱ Šœœž–Žǰȱ ˜›ȱ ’—œŠ—ŒŽǰȱ ‘Šȱ Šȱ –žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ
Œ˜—’’˜—ȱ ’••ȱ›Š ȱ˜—ȱ–Š—¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›Žœ˜ž›ŒŽœȱ’—Ÿ˜•ŸŽȱ’—ȱ•’—ž’œ’Œȱ
Œ˜—’’˜—ǯȱ Žȱ Š›Žǰȱ ŠŽ›ȱ Š••ǰȱ ŽŠ•’—ȱ ’‘ȱ –ŽŠ—’—ȱ Š—ȱ –ŽŠ—’—Ȭȱ
ž•—Žœœǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ ȱ œ‘Š••ȱ ™›Žœž–Žȱ Šœȱ ‹Ž•˜—’—ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ ™›ŽŸŽ›‹Š•ȱ ˜›ȱ
Š–˜Š•ȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ˜ȱŒ˜—œŒ’˜žœ—Žœœȱ‘Šȱ •’ŽœȱŽŽ™Ž›ȱ‘Š—ȱ •Š—žŠŽȱ’œŽ•ǯȱ
—Žȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ •ŽŠ’—ȱ ’ž›Žœȱ ’—ȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ œŽ–Š—’Œœǰȱ ‘Žȱ ™‘’•˜œ˜™‘Ž›ȱ
Š›”ȱ ˜‘—œ˜—ǰȱŒ˜—œ’Ž›œȱȁ•’—ž’œ’Œȱ–ŽŠ—’—ȱŠœȱŠȱœ™ŽŒ’Š•ȱŒŠœŽȱ ’‘’—ȱ

Řȱ  ˜ȱ Ž¡Š–™•Žœȱ ˜ȱ ˜›”œȱ ‘Šȱ œžŒŒŽœœž••¢ȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ œž’Žȱ ‘Žȱ ˜ž—Š’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ
–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱŠ—Š•¢œ’œǰȱ‘žœȱŽ—•Š›’—ȱ’œȱœŒ˜™ŽǰȱŠ›ŽDZ ¢—Š–’šžŽȱžȱŽ—œǰȱ‘Žȱ˜Œ˜›Š•ȱ
’œœŽ›Š’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ Ž›ȱ ŠŽȱ ›Š—ǰȱ ’—ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜ž—Š’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ ˜—Š•’¢ȱ Š›Žȱ
œž’Žȱ’—ȱŠȱ–˜›™‘˜¢—Š–’Œȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽDzȱŠ—ȱ˜›–Š•’£Š’˜—ȱŠ—ȱ™’œŽ–˜•˜¢ǰȱ
‘Žȱ˜Œ˜›Š•ȱ’œœŽ›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ˜•ȱ —Žȱ ˜è¢ǰȱ ‘Ž›ŽȱŒ˜—’’˜—œȱ˜›ȱŠŒšž’›’—ȱ
”—˜ •ŽŽȱŠ‹˜žȱŠȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ˜‹“ŽŒȱ‘›˜ž‘ȱ–˜Ž•’£Š’˜—ȱ’œȱŽ¡Š–’—Žȱ’—ȱ›ŽŠȱ
ŽŠ’•ȱǻ›Š—ȱŗşşŚDzȱ ˜è¢ȱŗşşŝǼǯ

ŗŜȱ
‘Žȱ ‹›˜ŠŽ›ȱ —˜’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ –ŽŠ—’—ž•—Žœœȱ ’—ȱ Ž—Ž›Š•Ȃȱ ǻŗşŞŝǰȱ ™ǯȱ ŗŞǼǯȱ
¡™•’ŒŠ’—ȱ ‘’œȱ Ÿ’Ž ǰȱ ‘Žȱ ‘Šœȱ ž›‘Ž›ȱ œŠŽȱ ‘Šȱ ȁdzȱ ‘ž–Š—œȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ
Ž—Ž›Š•ȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ –ŽŒ‘Š—’œ–œȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ ŒŠ—ȱ ‹Žȱ œ™ŽŒ’’Žȱ ˜ȱ ™Š›’Œž•Š›ȱ
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Šȱ–˜›Žȱ•˜‹Š•ȱ—Šž›Žǰȱ’ǯŽǯȱŽœž›ŽǰȱœŽ–Š—’ŒœǰȱŠ—ȱ—Š››Š’Ÿ’¢ǰȱ˜™’Œœȱ
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‘Žȱ Ÿ’œžŠ•ȱ Š›œǰȱ •’Ž›Šž›Žǰȱ ›Š–Šǰȱ ŽŒǯȱ —ǰȱ ˜—ȱ Šȱ –˜›Žȱ œ™ŽŒ’’ŒŠ••¢ȱ
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‘Š—ȱǻ™’Œ‘Dzȱ’–ŽȬ”ŽŽ™’—ǼǰȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱœ›žŒž›Žȱ‘Šȱ‘Šœȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ
ŽŸŽ•˜™Žȱ Š—ȱ œ™ŽŒ’Š•’£Žȱ ’—ȱ ˜›Ž›ȱ ˜ȱ œŽ›ŸŽȱ Šȱ œ™ŽŒ’’Œȱ –žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ
Œž•ž›Žȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜‘Ž›ȱ ǻœ’‘Ȭ›ŽŠ’—Dzȱ ž—Œ’˜—Š•ȱ ‘Š›–˜—¢Ǽǯȱ ȱ Žȱ
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Šȱ ’œŒ’™•’—Žȱ Ž–‹ŽŽȱ’—ȱ Šȱ ‹›˜ŠŽ›ȱ œž¢ȱ˜ȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ Œ˜—’’˜—ȱ Š—ȱ
Œž•ž›Žǯȱ

řȱ Ž›•Ž’Œ‘Ž—Žȱ žœ’” ’œœŽ—œŒ‘Šȱ Šœȱ ˜—Žȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜ž›ȱ œž‹’Ÿ’œ’˜—œȱ ’—ȱ ž’˜ȱ
•Ž›Ȃœȱ œ¢œŽ–Š’Œȱ –žœ’Œ˜•˜¢ȱ ›˜–ȱ ŗŞŞśǯȱ ȱ Šœȱ •ŠŽ›ȱ ›Ž—Š–Žȱ Šœȱ Ž‘—˜Ȭȱ
–žœ’Œ˜•˜¢ǯȱǻŽŽȱ’ŒŽǰȱž—ŠŽǼǯ

ŗŝȱ
ŗǯŗȱœœž–™’˜—œȱ

ȱ ‘Ž˜›Ž’ŒŠ•ȱ œž¢ȱ •’”Žȱ ‘’œȱ ’œȱ ‹¢ȱ —ŽŒŽœœ’¢ȱ ‹ŠœŽȱ ˜—ȱ Šȱ —ž–‹Ž›ȱ ˜ȱ
Šœœž–™’˜—œǰȱœ˜–Žȱ˜ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱŽ¡™•’Œ’ȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ‹Ž’——’—ǰȱ
‘’•Žȱ˜‘Ž›œȱ‘ŠŸŽȱŽ–Ž›Žȱž›’—ȱ‘Žȱ’—ŸŽœ’Š’˜—ǯȱ ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱŠ•›ŽŠ¢ȱ
’œŒžœœŽȱ˜—Žȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠœœž–™’˜—œǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ’œȱ‘Šȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ’œȱ
œŽŽ—ȱ Šœȱ Ž–‹ŽŽȱ ’‘’—ȱ Šȱ Ž—Ž›Š•ȱ Œ˜—’’˜—ǯȱ ȱ œ‘Š••ȱ ŒŠ••ȱ ’ȱ ‘Žȱ
Ž—Ž›Š•’¢ȱ Šœœž–™’˜—ǯȱ —˜‘Ž›ȱ ’–™˜›Š—ȱ Šœœž–™’˜—ȱ ’œȱ ‘Žȱ œŽ–’Ȭȱ
˜’Œȱ Šœœž–™’˜—ǯȱ ȱ œ‘Š••ȱ˜›–ž•ŠŽȱ’ȱ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜••˜ ’—ȱ Š¢DZȱ ‘ž–Š—œȱ
Š›Žȱ œŽ–’˜’Œȱ ‹Ž’—œǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ –ŽŠ—œȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Ž¢ȱ Š›Žȱ ŠŒ’ŸŽ•¢ȱ ›¢’—ȱ ˜ȱ
–Š”ŽȱœŽ—œŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ ˜›•ǯȱŽȱ–ŽȱŽ•Š‹˜›ŠŽȱ˜—ȱ‘’œǯȱ
ȱ ’œȱ ™Š›ȱ˜ȱ ˜ž›ȱ —Šž›Žǰȱ Šœȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ ‹Ž’—œǰȱ ˜ȱ ŠŽ–™ȱ ˜ȱ Œ›ŽŠŽȱ
˜›Ž›ȱ’—ȱ Š—ȱœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ˜›ȱ–ŽŠ—’—ȱ˜ȱ˜ž›ȱŽ¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽȱ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜›•ǯȱ —ȱ
˜‘Ž›ȱ ˜›œǰȱ Šȱ ‹Šœ’Œȱ œŽ–’˜œ’œŚȱȱ ’œȱ œŽŽ—ȱ Šœȱ Š—ȱ ’—‘Ž›Ž—ȱ ™›˜™Ž›¢ȱ ˜ȱ
‘ž–Š—ȱ•’ŽǰȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ‘Š••Ž—ŽȱŠŒ’—ȱ‘ŽȱœŽ–’˜’Œ’Š—ȱ’œȱ˜ȱœž¢ȱœžŒ‘ȱ
Šȱ ™›˜ŒŽœœǯȱ Ž–’˜’Œœȱ ˜Ž›œȱ Šȱ —ž–‹Ž›ȱ˜ȱ Š—Š•¢’ŒŠ•ȱ ˜˜•œȱ ‘Šȱ ŒŠ—ȱ ‹Žȱ
Š™™•’ŽȱŠŒ›˜œœȱ’œŒ’™•’—Š›¢ȱ‹˜ž—Š›’Žœǰȱ–Š”’—ȱ’ȱŠȱ‘’‘•¢ȱŸŠ•žŠ‹•Žȱ
ŠœœŽȱ ’—ȱ Šȱ Œ›˜œœȬ’œŒ’™•’—Š›¢ȱ œž¢ǯȱ —ȱ ˜‘Ž›ȱ ˜›œǰȱ œŽ–’˜’Œœȱ ™›˜Ȭȱ
Ÿ’Žœȱ ‘Žȱ Š—Š•¢’ŒŠ•ȱ ŒŠ™ŠŒ’¢ȱ ˜ȱ ’Žȱ ŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ ›˜–ȱ —Žž›˜‹’˜•˜¢ǰȱ
ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—Š•ȱ™œ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ǰȱŠ—ȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱœŒ’Ž—ŒŽȱ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ˜—Žȱ ‘Š—ǰȱ
’‘ȱ –žœ’Œ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ ‘Ž˜›¢ȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜‘Ž›ǯȱ ȱ –ŽŠ—œȱ ‘Šȱ ȱ œ‘Š••ȱ ‹Žȱ
ŽŸŽ•˜™’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ’ŽŠȱ ‘Šȱ ‘ž–Š—œȱ ’—‘Š‹’ȱ Šȱ œŽ–’˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ ›ŽŠ•–ȱ ˜ȱ
œ‘Š›Žȱ ŠŽ—’˜—ǰȱ ’—ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ œ’—œȱ Š›Žȱ ‘Žȱ ŠŽ Š¢œȱ ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ ’—’Ȭȱ
Ÿ’žŠ•ȱŒ˜—’’˜—ȱŠ—ȱŒž•ž›Žǯȱśȱ
šžŠ•ȱ’—ȱ’–™˜›Š—ŒŽȱ’œȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱŠœœž–™’˜—ǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱœ’–™•¢ȱ
œŠŽœȱ‘ŠȱŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ’œȱŽ–‹˜’ŽǯȱœȱŠ—ȱ Š¡’˜–ȱ˜ȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱœŽ–Š—Ȭȱ
’ŒœȱǻœŽŽȱŒ‘Š™Ž›ȱŚǼǰȱœ’—’¢’—ȱŠȱŒ˜—›Š’Œ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ Š›Žœ’Š—ȱœ™•’ȱ
‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ ‹˜¢ȱ Š—ȱ –’—ǰȱ ‘’œȱ Œ•Š’–ȱ ‘Šœȱ ‘Šȱ  ˜ȱ Š›Ȭ›ŽŠŒ‘’—ȱ
Œ˜—œŽšžŽ—ŒŽœǯȱ ˜›ȱ˜—Žȱ ‘’—ǰȱ ‘Žȱ ›˜ž—’—ȱ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ –’—ȱ’—ȱ
‘Žȱ ™‘¢œ’ŒŠ•’¢ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ‹›Š’—ȱ Š—ȱ —Ž›Ÿ˜žœȱ œ¢œŽ–ȱ ‘Šœȱ ’—›˜žŒŽȱ
—Žž›˜œŒ’Ž—ŒŽȱ’—˜ȱ‘Žȱ–’œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‘ž–Š—’’Žœǰȱœ˜–Ž‘’—ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ’œȱŠȱ

Śȱ ‘›˜ž‘˜žȱ‘’œȱ ˜›”ǰȱœŽ–’˜œ’œȱœŠ—œȱ˜›ȱȁ–ŽŠ—’—ȱ™›˜žŒ’˜—Ȃǯȱ
śȱ ‘’œȱŽ’—’’˜—ȱ˜ȱœŽ–’˜’Œœȱ–Š¢ȱ‹Žȱœž›™›’œ’—ȱ˜ȱœ˜–Žǰȱ ‘˜ȱœŽŽȱœŽ–’˜’Œœȱ˜ȱ
‹Žȱ Š‹˜žȱ œ’—œǯȱ ȱ œ‘Š••ȱ ™˜œ™˜—Žȱ Šȱ –˜›Žȱ ŽŠ’•Žȱ ’œŒžœœ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ œŽ–’˜’Œœȱ ’—ȱ
–žœ’Œȱ˜ȱŒ‘Š™Ž›ȱŗŖǯ

ŗŞȱ
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