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Occupational
Crime
Deterrence, Investigation, and
Reporting in Compliance with
Federal Guidelines
1377_frame_FM Page ii Tuesday, July 9, 2002 8:26 AM
“A well-written eye opener, the subject of which is very timely and definitely
needed in the current economic turmoil we are in. A ‘must read’ for all
business management and auditors.”
“The compelling insight [the author has] provided regarding the develop-
ment of a culture for ethical corporate behavior transcends various diverse
industries. I found this book to be an excellent resource for anyone who cares
about the conduct and survival of their business. [It] not only provided great
insight as to ‘why’ anyone in today’s business environment would need to
develop a meaningful corporate compliance program, but also a demystified
and commonsense ‘how to’ approach.”
Ernest C. Blount
CRC PR E S S
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
1377_frame_FM Page iv Tuesday, July 9, 2002 8:26 AM
iv Occupational Crime
Blount, Ernest C.
Occupational crime : deterrence, investigation, and reporting in compliance with federal
guidelines / Ernest C. Blount
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8493-1377-5 (alk. paper)
1. Employee crimes--United States--Prevention. 2. Industries--United States--Security
measures. 3. Criminal investigations--United States. 4. White collar crime
investigation--United States. 5. Criminal law--United States. I. Title.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or
retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for
creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC
for such copying.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.
Dedication
For Shirley Ann Brickell of Halifax, North Carolina
— My wife and best friend
1377_frame_FM Page vi Tuesday, July 9, 2002 8:26 AM
1377_frame_FM Page vii Tuesday, July 9, 2002 8:26 AM
Introduction
The central focus of this book is occupational crime: its prevention, detection,
reporting, and incident management. Its motivation originates not only with
management concerns about internal loss prevention, but also the conse-
quences in the event an employee is convicted of a federal crime and the
organization is subsequently charged. More on how these interests correlate
as you proceed.
Occupational crime is defined as those crimes committed by employees
on behalf of or against an organization — public or private — with or without
the express or implied consent, approval, or knowledge of management. The
purpose herein is to provide organizational management, their internal staffs,
and contract professionals who provide ancillary support services an infor-
mational resource that will aid in the prevention, detection, and reporting
of illegal behaviors occurring within an organization.
When occupational crime is prevented, deterred, or detected post com-
mission, with reported and effective remedial action initiated, many obvious
benefits accrue to the organization. Those benefits are explored herein. And
there is more. An additional incentive may not be so obvious and, under
certain circumstances, hold critical significance to a particular organization.
If you have not heard of the United States Sentencing Commission and, more
specifically, Chapter Eight, Sentencing of Organizations, of the United States
Sentencing Guidelines, perhaps it’s now time to learn.
The United States Sentencing Commission is an independent agency of
the federal judicial branch of government. The Commission was created by
Congress through provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act of the Compre-
hensive Crime Control Act of 1984. Congress was not pleased with the
perceived lack of certainty and disparity at the federal level in sentencing for
criminal behavior. Crime control issues had also gained its attention. Con-
gress wanted to rein in federal judicial sentencing discretion and add formal
structure where none had previously existed. It also wanted heavier penalties
imposed on white-collar criminals and on violent and repeat offenders in all
categories.
The Commission was to create, among other tasks, a national set of
sentencing guidelines to be used by federal criminal court trial judges in
vii
1377_frame_FM Page viii Tuesday, July 9, 2002 8:26 AM
making their sentencing decisions. The inaugural set of the United States
Sentencing Guidelines took effect November 1, 1987. They have, of course,
been amended over the years. The controversy generated by the Guidelines
continues to this day. Many question their constitutionality, which has been
tested for constitutionality in the U.S. Supreme Court. Challenges were ini-
tiated almost immediately and centered on the Sentencing Reform Act and
allegations of improper legislative delegation and violation of the separation-
of-powers doctrine. On January 18, 1989 the Court rejected the challenges,
upholding the Commission as a judicial-branch agency (see Mistretta v.
United States).
While the constitutional debate was ongoing, not much sympathy existed
for convicted individuals. In the years since the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision
upholding the Commission, there has been a continuing debate as to whether
the Guidelines unreasonably restrict judicial discretion and are, therefore,
unfairly harsh to some defendants. This debate continues and, in all proba-
bility, will never be resolved to everyone’s satisfaction.
In the period between November 1987 and the Court’s ruling on the
constitutionality of the Commission in January 1989, congressional interest
in controlling organizational crime did not abate. Thus, on November 1,
1991, Chapter Eight of the Commission’s Guidelines became effective,
expanding the Guidelines. Chapter Eight, entitled Sentencing of Organizations,
drew the attention of an entirely new set of the organization’s interests. The
provisions of Chapter Eight covered “corporations, partnerships, labor
unions, pension funds, trusts, nonprofit entities, and governmental units.”
Things had changed.
Federal sentencing guidelines were no longer limited to individual mis-
creants — they now covered organizations. Like individuals, organizations
can be indicted, criminally charged, prosecuted, and found guilty of criminal
conduct. Chapter Eight sets forth punishments for organizations convicted
of federal crimes, including felonies and Class A misdemeanors. It also offers
incentives that can mitigate sanctions. The enactment of Chapter Eight and
its provisions got the attention of organizational managers, at least those who
knew about it. The term, Compliance Program, took on a new meaning and
level of importance.
Judicial discretion in the sentencing of convicted organizations is now
statutorily defined and limited. Organizational entities cannot be sent to
prison — but they can be and are heavily fined, ordered to make restitution,
placed on probation, forced to forfeit property, suffer public and stakeholder
recriminations, and can be forced out of business. The rules of the game
changed with the post-November 1, 1991 implementation of Chapter Eight
— and fundamentally so. It is prudent for organizational management to be
familiar with and understand the implications of the new rules or suffer the
1377_frame_FM Page ix Tuesday, July 9, 2002 8:26 AM
Introduction ix
x Occupational Crime
These seven criteria establish the necessary basis for the evaluation of
and suitability for issuance of mitigation credits in federal criminal courts.
They define the core components of an effective compliance program but do
not provide precise details for their design and implementation. Each orga-
nization is, therefore, left with the flexibility and independence to design a
program that is responsive to its specific requirements and circumstances.
What is a “compliance program?” In the absence of industry-specific
regulatory requirements and definitions a compliance program may be
viewed as the totality of those actions taken by an organization to set the
legal and ethical tone of the organization and to prevent, detect, report, and
legally manage internal criminal behavior. Such a program will encompass
a broad spectrum of policies and procedures that includes ethics, integrity
components, employee education, incident investigation, disciplinary issues,
reporting requirements, and managerial and audit oversight. Program design
should incorporate Guidelines criteria as an integral part of its architecture
if mitigation credits are to be sought should the organization ever be con-
victed of a federal crime. In some industries like banking and securities, there
are specific statutorily defined compliance programs and oversight mandates
that must be met.
Congress has now emphasized the importance it places on organiza-
tional efforts for internal crime-control measures and the effectiveness
thereof. Allocation of any mitigating credit, however, is contingent upon
the miscreant meeting two basic requirements: (1) prompt reporting of a
violation to proper authorities and (2) no involvement of high-level per-
sonnel in the commission of the violation. That’s right, management must
not only report a crime, known or suspected, but also fully cooperate with
authorities in the investigation of itself — and the results of the investiga-
tion better not show high-level involvement.
If these two requirements are not met, mitigation of sanctions becomes
highly problematic. A management dilemma is thus created. Here are some
options: do nothing and take the risks, or put an eyewash program in place
and hope its transparency is not discovered, and then hope your attorney
effectively pleads ignorance or comes up with some creative defense upon
conviction. With both options there is no possibility of mitigating federal
sanctions, and the results could be disastrous. Conversely, management can
design and implement an effective compliance program and if ever prosecuted
1377_frame_FM Page xi Tuesday, July 9, 2002 8:26 AM
Introduction xi
Introduction xiii
Two points must be made prior to review and use of this book. First,
any discussion of abusive employee behavior has negative overtones and
implications that are inherent and unavoidable. Second, when management
is taken to task about an issue, the author is not indicting every current or
former business or institutional manager. The emphasis is on those issues,
attitudes, and practices that apply to or come under the auspices of manage-
ment. Keeping these two points in mind will assist you in keeping the purpose
of the book balanced and in proper perspective.
Furthermore, I would be negligent in my treatment of management if I
did not acknowledge the leaders — those ethical, highly competent, entre-
preneurial, imaginative, empathic, and concerned business and institutional
managers — who set the standard for managerial excellence in America and
throughout the world. It is those individuals who by their actions contribute
immeasurably to the richness of our daily lives and the American experience.
It is their commitment to excellence, entrepreneurial spirit, and determina-
tion that moves America. It is their character, integrity, and vision of the
future that will take us into many tomorrows.
The use of the pronouns “he” and him” throughout this text are used
generically and not intended to singularly imply the male gender. Thus, “he
and “him” are simply used in place of “he or she” and “him or her.” This
convention has been adopted to convey the point with an economy of words.
In closing, a word of caution about the use of the book. The author
provides some basic discussion and input on a few legal, accounting, and
personnel matters and references federal sentencing guidelines for organiza-
tions. However, such information is not a substitute for professional advice
in those areas. The author is neither a lawyer nor a certified public accoun-
tant; therefore, you are encouraged to seek and use the services of professional
advisors in all matters where such input is dictated.
xv
1377_frame_FM Page xvi Tuesday, July 9, 2002 8:26 AM
1377_frame_FM Page xvii Tuesday, July 9, 2002 8:26 AM
Acknowledgments
Anyone who has ever undertaken a research and writing project of the nature
contained herein soon finds many of his or her weaknesses exposed. During
the time it took to complete the project the support, encouragement, sug-
gestions, criticism, factual analysis, and other inputs from those persons who
took an interest in the project were very important to its completion. For
that help, I shall always be appreciative.
In saying thank you I acknowledge the many industrial security profes-
sionals who pioneered and contributed so much to the body of knowledge
now identified with professional security management, loss-prevention, and
employee security-awareness programs. Through the years I have drawn on
and grown with that knowledge. So much of what this manual contains
reflects what I have learned from others. I give credit, then, to those profes-
sionals who through their written or personal input have influenced my
professional life.
There are a few friends and professional colleagues who I wish to
acknowledge and thank as well: Jim Manor, Paul Duffy, Margaret Devine,
Mario Martinez, Paul Johnson, Jim Kirkland, and Ken McNabb. There were
others who added their two cents’ worth. Several senior executives took a
look at the manuscript and, while they squirmed at the criticism of manage-
ment, acknowledged the truth it contained. All recognized the problems
illustrated and the need for solutions.
Ernest C. Blount
xvii
1377_frame_FM Page xviii Tuesday, July 9, 2002 8:26 AM
1377_frame_FM Page xix Tuesday, July 9, 2002 8:26 AM
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