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omémco costino
anò the M e a n i n g of Spanish Civilization
ctmérzico
castro
anò the
Meaning of Spanish Ciuilization

Edited by
José Rubia Barda
with the assistance of
Selma Margaretten

U N I V E R S I T Y O F C A L I F O R N I A PRESS
Berkeley • Los Angeles • London
University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press, Ltd.


London, England

Copyright © 1976 by The Regents of the University of California


ISBN: 0-520-02920-8
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 74-27282

Printed in the United States of America


CONTENTS

Preface vii
Contributors xi
Abbreviations of Castro's Works xv

P A R T I : Prologues

1. What 5 in a Name: Americo Castro (y Quesada) 3


José Rubia Barcia

2. The Meaning of Spanish Civilization 23


Américo Castro

3. The Evolution of Castro's Theories 41


Guillermo Araya Goubet

PART II: On the Formation of Spain's Vital Structure

4. The Hispano-Arabic World 69


James T. Monroe

5. The Myth of Saint James and Its Functional Reality 91


Emilio González-López

6. A Comprehensive View of Medieval Spain 113


Julio Rodríguez-Puértolas

PART III: On Spain's Age of Conflict

7. The Spanish Jews: Early References and Later Effects 137


Joseph H. Silverman

8. A New Perspective of Cervantes ' Work 167


Antony A. van Beysterveldt

v
vi CONTENTS

9. The Classical Theater and Its Reflection of Life


Carroll B. Johnson

PART IV: On the Modern Period

10. The Spanishness of the Eighteenth Century


Enrique Rodríguez-Cepeda

11. An Appraisal of the Immediate Past and Present


Rubén Benítez

12. A Parallel Observer and Innovator: José Ortega


y Gasset
Franco Meregalli

PART V: Epilogues

13. The Hispanic Inheritance of Iberoamérica


Marcos A. Morinigo

14. A New Modelfor Hispanic History


José Luis L. Aranguren

15. Literature and Historical Insight


Stephen Gilman

Index
PREFACE

This book is not intended to be, in spite of appearances and


coincidences, what the Germans call a Festschrift and the
French Melanges or, at least, not in any ordinary way. Both
words imply a kind of literary cocktail to be served at an
imaginary banquet in honor of a great man of letters. This is
what Americo Castro undoubtedly was but in a very contro-
versial, exciting, and vital manner. Most of the contributors
to this book had the privilege of knowing him personally, some
as long-time friends and admirers, some as former students,
some as followers and disciples. Each already has proven his
capacity to confront others' ideas objectively with something
of the passion and critical judgment that Americo Castro himself
so deeply appreciated and felt.
Our purpose is to offer the English-speaking world a
systematic organization of Americo Castro's thought and
theories. In presenting these chronologically from the Middle
Ages to Modern Times, we have taken into consideration their
impact, originality, and lasting contribution to a better under-
standing of the past history and future events of the Spanish-
speaking world. It is not an exercise in dehumanized culture,
especially if one remembers that the New World, called America
from Canada to Argentina, is mainly divided into a conglomera-
tion of peoples who speak Iberian languages or English. The
interchange of knowledge about the deep currents that inform,
unify, and differentiate either of these two halves, can and must
serve not only a cultural but also a practical goal. And there
is no more urgent goal today than the achievement of compre-
hension and tolerance among men, especially among close
neighbors.
Six of the essays included here were offered originally as
lectures in a symposium at the University of California, Los
Angeles, on May 10, 1973. The remainder were solicited later
and were written especially for this book, with three exceptions:

vii
viii PREFACE

The Meaning of Spanish Civilization by Américo Castro him-


self; The Evolution of Castro's Theories by Guillermo Araya
Goubet; Literature and Historical Insight by Stephen Gilman.
The Meaning of Spanish Civilization signals the first outward
expression of Américo Castro's new attitude in defense of what
he considered the "peculiar" and very significant value of the
Iberian Peninsula's contributions to Western civilization. It
has not been reprinted since 1940, when Castro delivered it as
a lecture at Princeton University. It constitutes a true prologue,
in an intuitive way, to almost everything that Américo Castro
tried to expose, develop, and justify in a series of books still
unwritten at that time. The only justification for its appearance
here as a second prologue is the decision to include immediately
following it as a third prologue, Guillermo Araya Goubet's
essay, which presents a panoramic view of the ultimate results
of Américo Castro's thinking and serves to familiarize the reader
with some of Castro's original insights and very personal and
special vocabulary.
Guillermo Araya Goubet's The Evolution of Castro's Theories
is a shorter version of his long essay "Evolución del Pensamiento
Histórico de Américo Castro" (1968) and is included here with
the author's consent. Araya was unable at the time of our
request to prepare a shorter version himself. He was then a
political prisoner in his native Chile and had not yet been able
to leave his country to go into exile. I remember hearing
Américo Castro express in the highest terms his appreciation
for Araya's work. Since I wholeheartedly agree with Don
Américo on this point, I not only wanted to add here an
expression of my own personal and intellectual esteem for
Professor Araya Goubet but also my gratitude for his confidence
and generosity in allowing me to adapt his original study so
that it could be included in this book.
Literature and Historical Insight by Stephen Gilman was
first published in Spanish, with the title "Américo Castro,
Historiador y Crítico del Libro de Buen Amor" (Insula, xxix,
no. 314-315, 1973, p. 6). Although it was not conceived orig-
inally for this book, its content, its tone, and its conclusions
provide an ideal culminating piece for the entire volume. I am
grateful to Professor Gilman for permission to use his illuminat-
ing article in this way.
PREFACE ÍX

Special thanks are due to Luis and Carmen Castro for


authorizing us to reprint their father's lecture The Meaning of
Spanish Civilization and for placing at our disposal the photo-
graphs that appear here; to Professor Paul C. Smith for the
translation into English of Professor Araya's essay and for
reading several others' essays and making valuable suggestions;
to Leslie Deutsch and Professor Carroll B. Johnson for the first
and painstaking versions of most of the essays written in Spanish
by Professor González-López, Rodríguez-Puértolas, Antony van
Beysterveldt, Rodríguez-Cepeda, Rubén Benítez, Franco Mere-
galli, Marcos Morinigo, and José Luis Aranguren; to Professor
Enrique Rodríguez-Cepeda for preliminary work on the Index
and help in verifying several quotations and notes; and to Selma
Margaretten, who so intelligently and generously assisted me in
every aspect of the preparation of the manuscript. Ms.
Margaretten had previously worked under the supervision of
Américo Castro himself on the reworking, translation, and
revision of the manuscript materials that were to become The
Spaniards. Her deep knowledge of and her acquaintance and
familiarity with every aspect of Castro's work, as well as her
mastery of English and Spanish, made her contribution
invaluable.
Finally I am deeply grateful to the Del Amo Foundation for
its generous help towards the successful completion of this
project, and to Mr. Robert Y. Zachary of the University Press
at Los Angeles for his great understanding and patience.

Los Angeles, California J. R. B.


15 March 1976
CONTRIBUTORS

JOSÉ LUIS L. ARANGUREN, former Professor of Ethics at


the University of Madrid, is now Professor at the University
of California at Santa Barbara. His publications include many
books and essays on ethics, Catholicism and Protestantism,
social and political sciences, history, and literary criticism.
Some of his works have been translated into English.

GUILLERMO ARAYA GOUBET, former Dean and former


Professor of Philology at the Universidad Austral (Chile), has
been Visiting Professor for the last three years at the University
of Bordeaux (France). He has written extensively on Americo
Castro. He also wrote a book on Ortega y Gasset and is the
author of many other publications.

RUBÉN BENÍTEZ, Professor at the University of California,


Los Angeles, has published books on Bécquer and other
nineteenth-century authors, as well as numerous essays, critical
editions, and articles on Spain and Spanish American novelists
and poets. He is also a creative writer.

ANTHONY A. VAN BEYSTERVELDT, Visiting Professor at


York University, Toronto, Canada, in 1968-69, is presently
Professor of Spanish Literature in the Department of Romance
Languages of Bowling Green State University, Ohio. His works
include studies on Spanish courtly love and Golden Age Theater.

STEPHEN GILMAN, Professor at Harvard University, wrote


his dissertation on the Quijote apócrifo under the direction of
Américo Castro. He has published studies on Poema del Cid,
La Celestina, the novels of Galdós, etc. He is co-editor of a
forthcoming anthology of Américo Castro's essays in English
to be titled An Idea of History. Guggenheim Fellow, 1950-51.

xi
xii CONTRIBUTORS

EMILIO GONZÁLEZ-LÓPEZ, Emeritus Professor and former


Chairman at Hunter College, New York, Executive Officer of
the Ph.D. Program in Spanish, New York City University, is
a Member of the Royal Galician Academy. He is the author
of numerous books on the history of Galicia, Spanish civilization,
Spanish literature, and individual writers such as Pardo Bazán,
Valle Inclán, etc.

CARROLL B. JOHNSON, Professor and Chairman of the


Spanish and Portuguese Department at the University of
California, Los Angeles, has written studies on the comedia,
prose of the Golden Age, etc. He is also the author of a book
on Guzmán de Alfarache soon to be published.

FRANCO MEREGALLI, Professor at the University of Venice,


Italy, was previously at Oviedo, Milán, Madrid, Gôttingen.
He has published books, essays, and articles on Castilian
chronicles, Cervantes, Calderón, writers of the twentieth century,
Spanish-Italian literary inter-influences, etc.

JAMES T. MONROE, Associate Professor of Arabic and


Comparative Literature at the University of California, Berkeley,
is the author of works on the Muwashshafyat and other types
of Arabic poetry, a book on Islam and the Arabs in Spanish
Scholarship (1969), and a recent bilingual Hispano-Àrabic
Poetry: A Student Anthology (1974).

MARCOS A. MORÍNIGO, Emeritus Professorat the University


of Illinois, was previously at Buenos Aires and Tucumán
(Argentina), Caracas (Venezuela), and the University of South-
ern California. He was written works on philology, Guarani
language, the presence of America in the theater of Lope de
Vega, Hispano-Americanism, etc.

ENRIQUE RODRÍGUEZ-CEPEDA, Associate Professor at the


University of California, Los Angeles, has published works on
the theater of the Golden Age and the eighteenth century (Vêlez
de Guevara, Moratín), and also on Zorrilla, Gabriel y Galán,
Unamuno.
CONTRIBUTORS xiii

JULIO RODRiGUEZ-PUERTOLAS, Professor at the Univer-


sity of California, Los Angeles, is a specialist on Medieval
Literature (Fray Inigo de Mendoza, Poesia de protesta en la
Edad Media castellana . . .). His works also include studies on
the Golden Age and on Modern times. He is co-editor of a
forthcoming Americo Castro's Obras Completas. National Award
for the Humanities Fellow, 1976-77.

JOSE RUBIA BARCIA, Professor at the University of Califor-


nia, Los Angeles, is former Chairman of the Department of
Spanish and Portuguese (1963-69). His publications include
several books and numerous essays and articles, mainly on the
Modern period (Valle Inclan, Unamuno, Lorca, etc.). He is
also a creative writer of narrative prose and poetry as well as
for the theater. Guggenheim Fellow, 1962.

JOSEPH H. SILVERMAN, Professor of Spanish Literature


and Provost of Adlai E. Stevenson College, University of
California, Santa Cruz, has published studies on Golden Age
drama, the picaresque novel, Cervantes, Sephardic balladry,
Judeo-Christian literature and life, and Valle Inclan.
ABBREVIATIONS O F C A S T R O ' S WORKS

AVH Aspectos del vivir hispánico: Espiritualismo, mesianis-


mo, actitud personal en los siglos XIV a XVI. Santiago
de Chile: Cruz del Sur, 1949, 168 pp. Enlarged edition
with many cuts and additions of "Lo hispánico y el
erasmismo" (1940, 1942). 2d ed. revised with many
cuts and additions. Madrid: Alianza, 1970, 167 pp.
CCE Cervantes y los casticismos españoles. Madrid-Barce-
lona: Alfaguara, 1966, 364 pp. Includes revised
introduction to 1966 edition of La Realidad histórica
de España. 2d ed. Edited by Paulino Garagorri with
additions and corrections from Castro's papers.
Madrid: Alianza-Alfaguara, 1974.
CCL "La Celestina " como contienda literaria (casta y casti-
cismos). Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1965.
CVQ "Como veo ahora el Quijote." Preliminary study to M.
Cervantes Saavedra. El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote
de la Mancha, Part I. Madrid: Ed. Magisterio
Español, 1971, pp. 9-102.
DEN Dos ensayos: Descripción, narración, historiografía y
Discrepancias y mal entender. México: Ed. Porrúa,
1956, 74 pp. First essay is new version of preliminary
observations to La Spagna nella sua Realtà Storica.
Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
ECD De la edad conflictiva. El drama de la Honra en España
y en su Literatura. Madrid: Taurus, 1961, 221 pp. 2d
ed., very augmented and corrected, 1963, 279 pp.
3d ed., very revised, 1967. 4th ed., 1972.
ECS Los españoles: cómo llegaron a serlo. Madrid: Taurus,
1965, 297 pp. Revised and amplified edition of Origen,
ser y existir de los españoles (1959). Revised and
published together with "Español, " palabra extran-
jera: razones y motivos (1970) under the title Sobre
el nombre y el quién de los españoles. See SNQ.

xv
xvi ABBREVIATIONS OF CASTRO'S WORKS

ENC De la España que aún no conocía. México: Finisterre,


1972. 3 vols. Vol. 1, 278 pp.; vol. 2, 304 pp.; vol. 3,
276 pp.
EPE 'Español, " palabra extranjera: razones y motivos.
Madrid: Taurus, 1970, 113 pp. Reprinted in Sobre
el nombre y el quién de los españoles, 1973. See ECS.
ESH España en su historia. Cristianos, moros >> judíos.
Buenos Aires: Losada, 1948, 709 pp. See The
Structure of Spanish History, English translation
with revisions and modifications by Edmund L. King.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954, 689 pp.
ETC "Erasmo en tiempo de Cervantes," Revista de Filología
Española, XVIII (1931), 329-389, 441. Reprinted in
Semblanzas y estudios (1956), pp. 145-188, and in
Hacia Cervantes (1957 and 1960).
HCer Hacia Cervantes. Madrid: Taurus, 1957. 2d ed., very
revised. Madrid: Taurus, 1960, 390 pp. 3d ed.,
considerably revised, 1967.
IPP Iberoamérica. Su presente y su pasado. New York: The
or Dryden Press, 1941, 267 pp. 2d éd., revised and
IHC augmented, 1946, 304 pp. 3d éd., revised with the
assistance of Raymond S. Willis, and published as
Iberoamérica: Su historia y su cultura. New York:
Henry Holt and Company, 1954 (reprinted 1963,
1964), vii + 248 + lxxi pp. 4th éd., with a new pro-
logue in Spanish by the author and revised by "Jorge
Campos" (a pseudonym), New York, London, Toron-
to: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971, viii + 248 +
lxxi pp.
LEL Lengua, enseñanza y literatura (esbozos). Madrid:
Victoriano Suárez, 1924, 335 pp.
LHE "Lo hispánico y el erasmismo," Revista de Filología
Hispánica (Buenos Aires), II (1940), 1-34 (Part 1);
IV (1942), 1-66 (Parts 2 & 3). Separate printing with
"Los prólogos del Quijote," Buenos Aires: Instituto
de Filología, 1942, 126 pp. Revised and included in
Aspectos del vivir hispánico, 1949, 1970.
OSE Origen, ser y existir de los españoles. Madrid: Taurus,
1959, 175 pp. Revised and augmented, with title
Los españoles: cómo llegaron a serlo, 1966.
A B B R E V I A T I O N S O F C A S T R O ' S WORKS XVÜ

PCer El pensamiento de Cervantes. Madrid: Hernando, 1925,


406 pp. (Junta para Ampliación de Estudios. Centro
de Estudios Históricos. RFE. Anejo VI). Revised
edition, augmented, with notes by the author and
Julio Rodríguez-Puértolas. Madrid-Barcelona: Ed.
Noguer, 1972, 410 pp.
PLR La peculiaridad lingüística rioplatense y su sentido
histórico. Buenos Aires: Losada, 1941, 159 pp. 2d
ed., very revised, Madrid: Taurus, 1961, 150 pp.
RHE La realidad histórica de España. México: Ed. Porrúa,
1954, 684 pp. New version of España en su historia,
1948. Both the Realidad and España are included in
the English translation, The Structure of Spanish
History, 1954. Revised edition, 1962, 479 pp. Limited
edition of 100 copies with new prologue, 1965. The
1962 edition appeared with the addition of the new
prologue again in 1966 (pagination of the prologue
is 3-41, the same as the text). To avoid confusion
(!) I have used the 1962 text (RHE 1962) and where
specific reference is made to the prologue, I have used
used the 1966 text (RHE 1966). The prologue was also
reprinted with revisions as "Más sobre el pasado de los
españoles," in Cervantes y los casticismos españoles
(1967), pp. 185-253. All later editions of RHE (1962)
contain the 1965 prologue and text without modifi-
cations: 1967, 1971, 1973, 1975. English trans. The
Spaniards: An Introduction to their History with
revisions and additions, 1971; see SIH.
SAN Santiago de España. Buenos Aires: Emecé, 1958,
152 pp.
SEE Semblanzas y estudios españoles. Homenaje a Américo
Castro de sus ex-alumnos de Princeton University.
Princeton, N.J.: Insula, 1956, 440 pp. Bibliography
by Albert Brent and Robert Kirsner; selection of
texts and notes, preliminary notes by Juan Marichal.
Contains selections later published in Hacia Cervantes,
1957.
SIH The Spaniards. An Introduction to their History, trans.
Willard F. King and Selma L. Margaretten. Berkeley,
xviii A B B R E V I A T I O N S O F C A S T R O ' S WORKS

Los Angeles, and London: The University of Califor-


nia Press, 1971, 628 pp. Contains material from The
Structure of Spanish History and La realidad histórica
de España, 1962 and 1966 eds., with additions of
preface, chapters i, xii, and xiv and addendum and
appendix.
SNQ Sobre el nombre y el quién de los españoles. Madrid:
Taurus, 1973, 406 pp. Contains Español: palabra
extranjera (1970) and Los españoles: cómo llegaron
a serlo (1965) with new material and prologue by
Rafael Lapesa.
SSH The Structure of Spanish History, trans. Edmund L.
King. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954,
689 pp. Based on España en su historia, revised and
augmented. Later included in part in The Spaniards,
1971.
STE Santa Teresa y otros ensayos. Madrid: Historia Nueva,
1929, 278 pp. New edition with cuts and additions
published as Teresa la santa y otros ensayos. Madrid:
Alfaguara, 1972, 321 pp.
VLV Vida de Lope de Vega (1562-1635), in collaboration
with Hugo A. Rennert. Madrid: Sucesores de Her-
nando, 1919, 562 pp. 2d ed., with additions by A.
Castro and F. Lázaro Carrcter, Salamanca: Anaya,
584 pp.

Less frequently cited works by Américo Castro for which no


abbreviations are given:

La enseñanza del español en España, Madrid: Victoriano Suárez,


1922, 109 pp.
Les grands romantiques espagnols. Introduction, translation,
and notes by Américo Castro. Paris: La Renaissance du Livre,
1922, 176 pp. (Les Cent Chefs-d'oeuvre Étrangers, no. 72)
Cervantès. Paris: Les Editions Rieder, 1931, 80 pp. (Maîtres
des Littératures, XI.)
Españoles al margen. Madrid: Ed. Júcar, 1973, 193 pp. with
prologue by Pedro Carrero Eras. It contains the following
selection: "El pueblo español" (Previously published in Esa
ABBREVIATIONS OF CASTRO'S WORKS XIX

gente de España, 7 ensayos de Américo Castro, Raúl Morodo,


Sergio Vilar, et al., Costa-Amic, editor; Mexico, 1965),
reprinted in ENC, III, 11-31; "Algunos aspectos del siglo
XVIII (Introducción metódica)," previously published in
LEL, pp. 291-333; "Jovellanos," previously published in "El
Sol" (Madrid, July 21, 1933), reprinted in SEE, pp. 405-411,
and in ENC, II, 203-210; "Francisco Giner," previously pub-
lished in "La Nación" (Buenos Aires, June 6, 1937), reprinted
in SEE, pp. 413-419, and in ENC, II, pp. 213-220; "Manuel
B. Cossio," previously published in "Revista de Pedagogía"
(Oct. 1935), reprinted in SEE, pp. 421-435, and in ENC, II,
pp. 223-241; "Esbozos pedagógicos (La organización de las
Facultades de Letras)," previously published in "El Sol"
(Madrid, Summer 1920), reprinted in LEL\ "De grata
recordación (Juan Valera y Alberto Jiménez)," previously
published in "Cuadernos" (Paris, No. 22, January, 1957),
reprinted in ENC, II, pp. 245-264; "Homenaje a una sombra
ilustre (Una residencia de estudiantes)," previously published
in "Residencia" (México, December, 1963), reprinted in
ENC, II, pp. 267-272; "Minorías y mayorías," previously
published in "El Nacional" (Caracas, February 5, 1953).

Wherever possible I have included references to the two English translations


alongside the Spanish, but not in parenthesis because in many cases it is not
a direct translation: ES H = SSH: RHE (1954, 1962, 1966) = SIH.
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