0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views101 pages

Performance of DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines Kenneth Okedu Download Full Chapters

Scholarly document: Performance of DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines Kenneth Okedu Instant availability. Combines theoretical knowledge and applied understanding in a well-organized educational format.

Uploaded by

egyvcslyfb4687
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views101 pages

Performance of DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines Kenneth Okedu Download Full Chapters

Scholarly document: Performance of DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines Kenneth Okedu Instant availability. Combines theoretical knowledge and applied understanding in a well-organized educational format.

Uploaded by

egyvcslyfb4687
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 101

Performance of DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines Kenneth

Okedu 2025 easy download

Find it at ebookmeta.com
https://ebookmeta.com/product/performance-of-dfig-and-pmsg-wind-
turbines-kenneth-okedu/

★★★★★
4.8 out of 5.0 (96 reviews )

Immediate PDF Access


Performance of DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines Kenneth Okedu

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library


We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookmeta.com
to discover even more!

Wind Energy Engineering. A Handbook for Onshore and


Offshore Wind Turbines 2nd Edition Trevor Letcher

https://ebookmeta.com/product/wind-energy-engineering-a-handbook-
for-onshore-and-offshore-wind-turbines-2nd-edition-trevor-
letcher/

Taming the Wind of Desire Psychology Medicine and


Aesthetics in Malay Shamanistic Performance Carol
Laderman

https://ebookmeta.com/product/taming-the-wind-of-desire-
psychology-medicine-and-aesthetics-in-malay-shamanistic-
performance-carol-laderman/

Dentofacial Anomalies Implications for Voice and Wind


Instrument Performance Abdul Latif Hamdan Robert Thayer
Sataloff Valerie Trollinger Mary J Hawkshaw

https://ebookmeta.com/product/dentofacial-anomalies-implications-
for-voice-and-wind-instrument-performance-abdul-latif-hamdan-
robert-thayer-sataloff-valerie-trollinger-mary-j-hawkshaw/

Melancholy Acts Defeat and Cultural Critique in the


Arab World 1st Edition Nouri Gana

https://ebookmeta.com/product/melancholy-acts-defeat-and-
cultural-critique-in-the-arab-world-1st-edition-nouri-gana/
Jinxed 1st Edition Yve Vale

https://ebookmeta.com/product/jinxed-1st-edition-yve-vale/

Charlie Brown's America 1st Edition Blake Scott Ball

https://ebookmeta.com/product/charlie-browns-america-1st-edition-
blake-scott-ball/

Music Theater and Popular Nationalism in Spain 1880


1930 1st Edition Clinton D Young

https://ebookmeta.com/product/music-theater-and-popular-
nationalism-in-spain-1880-1930-1st-edition-clinton-d-young/

Imprisoned Mate Silverdawn Wolves 1st Edition Layla


Silver

https://ebookmeta.com/product/imprisoned-mate-silverdawn-
wolves-1st-edition-layla-silver/

The Neuroscience of Expertise 1st Edition Merim Bilali■

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-neuroscience-of-expertise-1st-
edition-merim-bilalic/
Chemistry IGCSE Workbook 3rd Edition Richard Harwood
Ian Lodge

https://ebookmeta.com/product/chemistry-igcse-workbook-3rd-
edition-richard-harwood-ian-lodge/
Performance of DFIG and PMSG
Wind Turbines

Due to environmental pollution and climate change, the use of renewable energy
sources as an alternative means of power generation is on the rise globally. This is
because of their clean nature, which makes them eco-friendly with little or no pollu-
tion compared to traditional fossil fuel power-generated power plants.
Among the various renewable energy sources, wind energy is one of the most
widely employed, due to its promising technology. Wind turbine technologies could
be classified into two groups as follows: Fixed Speed Wind Turbines (FSWTs) and
Variable Speed Wind Turbines (VSWTs). There have been tremendous improvement
in wind turbine technology over the years, from FSWTs to VSWTs, as a result of fast
innovations and advanced developments in power electronics. Thus, VSWTs have
better wind energy capture and conversion efficiencies, less acoustic noise and
mechanical stress, and better power quality in power grids without support from
external reactive power compensators due to the stochastic nature of wind energy.
The two most widely employed VSWTs in wind farm development are the Doubly
Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) and the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
(PMSG) wind turbines. In order to solve transient stability intricacies during power
grid faults, this book proposes different control strategies for the DFIG and PMSG
wind turbines.
Performance of DFIG and
PMSG Wind Turbines

Kenneth E. Okedu
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

and by CRC Press


4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

© 2023 Kenneth E. Okedu

Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors
and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com
or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-
750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected]

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

ISBN: 978-1-032-39507-4 (hbk)


ISBN: 978-1-032-39690-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-35091-0 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003350910

Typeset in Times
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
Contents
Preface�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi
Acknowledgments..................................................................................................... xv
Author.....................................................................................................................xvii

Chapter 1 Overview of Wind Energy Installations and Wind Turbine Technologies..... 1


1.1 Overview of Global Wind Energy Installations������������������������� 1
1.2 Classification of Wind Energy Conversion System������������������� 6
1.3 Overview of Wind Turbine Technologies���������������������������������� 6
1.3.1 Fixed Speed Wind Turbines����������������������������������������� 6
1.3.2 Variable Speed Wind Turbines������������������������������������� 6
1.4 Overview of DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines�������������������������� 7
1.5 DFIG Wind Turbine Modeling�������������������������������������������������� 9
1.6 PMSG Wind Turbine Modeling����������������������������������������������� 11
1.7 Chapter Conclusion����������������������������������������������������������������� 14
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 14

Chapter 2 DFIG with Different Inverter Schemes............................................... 17


2.1 Chapter Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������� 17
2.2 Model System of Study����������������������������������������������������������� 18
2.3 Variable Speed Drive Control�������������������������������������������������� 19
2.4 DFIG Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel
Converter Topology����������������������������������������������������������������� 22
2.5 DFIG Parallel Interleaved Multilevel Converter Topology����� 23
2.6 Simulation Results and Discussions���������������������������������������� 28
2.6.1 SDBR Switching and Position����������������������������������� 28
2.6.2 2-Level Interleaved Inverter and SDBR��������������������� 30
2.6.3 3-Level Inverter, 2-Level Interleaved Inverter
and SDBR������������������������������������������������������������������� 32
2.6.4 Proposed PLL Control Strategy and the Various
Schemes���������������������������������������������������������������������� 34
2.7 Chapter Conclusion����������������������������������������������������������������� 35
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 37

Chapter 3 DFIG Performance and Excitation Parameters................................... 39


3.1 Chapter Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������� 39
3.2 Model System of Study����������������������������������������������������������� 39
3.3 DFIG Variable Speed Drive Control���������������������������������������� 40
3.4 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Excitation Parameters�������� 42
3.5 Fault Ride Through Requirements for Wind Farms���������������� 43
3.6 Evaluation of the System Performance����������������������������������� 43

v
viContents

3.6.1 Effects of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Excitation


Parameters on the DFIG Wind Turbine���������������������� 43
3.7 Proposed PLL Control Strategy and
SDBR Scheme������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48
3.8 Chapter Conclusion����������������������������������������������������������������� 49
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 50

Chapter 4 PMSG Performance and Excitation Parameters.................................. 51


4.1 Chapter Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������� 51
4.2 Modeling of the PMSG Wind Turbine������������������������������������ 53
4.3 Control Strategy for the PMSG Wind Turbine������������������������ 53
4.4 Excitation Parameters of the Insulated Gate Bipolar
Transistors of the PMSG Wind Turbine���������������������������������� 53
4.5 Evaluation of System Performance����������������������������������������� 57
4.5.1 Effects of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Excitation
Parameters on the PMSG without Overvoltage
Protection Scheme (OVPS)���������������������������������������� 57
4.5.2 Effects of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Excitation
Parameters on the PMSG Considering
Overvoltage Protection Scheme (OVPS)�������������������59
4.6 Analysis of the DFIG Wind Turbine Considering the
Power Converters Excitation Parameters��������������������������������61
4.7 Chapter Conclusion����������������������������������������������������������������� 62
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 63

Chapter 5 DFIG and PMSG Machine Parameters............................................... 67


5.1 Chapter Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������� 67
5.2 Turbine Characteristics and Model of DFIG Wind
Turbine������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69
5.3 Turbine Characteristics and Model of PMSG Wind
Turbine������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71
5.4 Evaluation of the System Performance����������������������������������� 72
5.4.1 DFIG Wind Turbine Machine Parameters’
Evaluation������������������������������������������������������������������� 72
5.4.2 PMSG Wind Turbine Machine Parameters’
Evaluation������������������������������������������������������������������� 77
5.5 Chapter Conclusion����������������������������������������������������������������� 82
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 82

Chapter 6 PMSG in Different Grid Strengths...................................................... 87


6.1 Chapter Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������� 87
6.2 Modeling of the PMSG Wind Turbine������������������������������������ 88
6.3 The Model System and Control Strategy of the PMSG���������� 88
Contents vii

6.4 Mathematical Dynamics of Connecting the SDBR in the


PMSG Wind Turbine��������������������������������������������������������������� 89
6.5 Dynamics of Weak Grids and Voltage Source Inverters���������� 93
6.6 Results and Discussions���������������������������������������������������������� 94
6.6.1 The Placement and Effective Sizing of the
SDBR in PMSG-Based Wind Turbine����������������������� 94
6.6.2 Improving the Performance of PMSG Wind
Turbine in Weak Grids Considering the Effective
Size of SDBR������������������������������������������������������������� 97
6.6.3 Analysis of the Proposed Scheme Considering
Asymmetrical Faults��������������������������������������������������� 99
6.6.3.1 Double-Line-to-Grid Fault
(2 LG Fault)������������������������������������������������ 99
6.6.3.2 Line-to-Line Grid Fault (LL Fault)����������� 100
6.6.3.3 Line-to-Ground Grid Fault
(1 LG Fault)���������������������������������������������� 102
6.6.3.4 Comparison of the Various Asymmetric
Fault Conditions���������������������������������������� 103
6.7 Chapter Conclusion��������������������������������������������������������������� 104
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 104

Chapter 7 DFIG and PMSG in Weak and Strong Grids..................................... 107


7.1 Chapter Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������� 107
7.2 Modeling and Control������������������������������������������������������������ 108
7.2.1 Wind Turbine Characteristics����������������������������������� 108
7.2.2 DFIG Model and Control����������������������������������������� 108
7.2.3 PMSG Model and Control���������������������������������������� 110
7.3 Mathematical Dynamics of SDBR in DFIG Wind
Turbine����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 111
7.4 Mathematical Dynamics of SDBR in PMSG Wind
Turbine����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 112
7.5 Results and Discussions�������������������������������������������������������� 115
7.5.1 Operation of the DFIG and PMSG Wind
Turbines at Different Grid Strengths������������������������ 115
7.5.2 Improving the Performance of DFIG and
PMSG Wind Turbines in Weak Grids
Considering the Effective Sizing of SDBR�������������� 118
7.5.3 Improving the Performance of DFIG and
PMSG Wind Turbines in Weak Grids
Considering Overvoltage Protection System
(OVPS)��������������������������������������������������������������������� 120
7.5.4 Improving the Performance of DFIG and PMSG
Wind Turbines in Weak Grids Considering
SDBR and Overvoltage Protection System�������������� 120
viiiContents

7.5.5 Improving the Performance of DFIG and PMSG


Wind Turbines in Weak Grids Considering 75
and 50% of the Effective SDBR and Overvoltage
Protection System����������������������������������������������������� 121
7.5.6 Investigating the Performance of DFIG
and PMSG Wind Turbines in Weak Grids
Considering the Effective SDBR and
Overvoltage Protection System in a
Single-Line-to-Ground Fault������������������������������������ 123
7.6 Chapter Conclusion��������������������������������������������������������������� 125
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 125

Chapter 8 DFIG Wind Turbines and Supercapacitor Scheme............................ 127


8.1 Chapter Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������� 127
8.2 Modeling and Control������������������������������������������������������������ 128
8.2.1 Wind Turbine Characteristics and DFIG
Control���������������������������������������������������������������������� 128
8.3 The DFIG Model with Supercapacitor System��������������������� 128
8.3.1 The Dynamics of the Traditional Supercapacitor
System���������������������������������������������������������������������� 128
8.3.2 The Dynamics of the Supercapacitor System
in DFIG Wind Turbines�������������������������������������������� 130
8.4 The Model System of Study and Parameters������������������������� 132
8.5 Simulation Results and Discussions�������������������������������������� 133
8.5.1 Evaluation of the Proposed DFIG Supercapacitor
Scheme��������������������������������������������������������������������� 133
8.5.2 Evaluation of the Proposed DFIG Supercapacitor
Scheme and Parallel DFIG Capacitor Scheme��������� 136
8.5.3 Evaluation of the Proposed DFIG Supercapacitor
System during Asymmetrical Faults at Super-
synchronous and Sub-synchronous Speeds�������������� 139
8.5.4 Performance of the Proposed Scheme under
Zero-Voltage Condition at the Terminal
of the Machine���������������������������������������������������������� 141
8.6 Chapter Conclusion��������������������������������������������������������������� 143
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 143

Chapter 9 PMSG Wind Turbine with Series and Bridge Fault


Current Limiters................................................................................ 145
9.1 Chapter Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������� 145
9.2 Overview of Fault Current Limiter Topologies��������������������� 145
9.3 Modeling of the PMSG Wind Turbine with
Back-to-Back Converters������������������������������������������������������� 146
Contents ix

9.4 The Power Converter Control of the PMSG Wind


Turbine����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 148
9.5 The PMSG Model System with SDBR and BFCL��������������� 149
9.6 Evaluation of the System Performance��������������������������������� 154
9.7 Chapter Conclusion��������������������������������������������������������������� 157
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 157

Chapter 10 PMSG with Capacitive Bridge Fault Current Limiters..................... 161


10.1 Chapter Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������� 161
10.2 The PMSG Model System with the Different Fault
Current Limiters�������������������������������������������������������������������� 162
10.2.1 PMSG Wind Turbine with SDBR���������������������������� 162
10.2.2 PMSG Wind Turbine with BFCL����������������������������� 166
10.2.3 PMSG Wind Turbine with the CBFCL�������������������� 167
10.3 Control Strategy of the PMSG Wind Turbine�����������������������169
10.4 Evaluation of the System Performance��������������������������������� 171
10.5 Chapter Conclusion��������������������������������������������������������������� 174
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 174

Chapter 11 Comparative Study of DFIG and PMSG with Different Fault


Current Limiters................................................................................ 177
11.1 Chapter Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������� 178
11.2 Modeling and Control������������������������������������������������������������ 180
11.3 DFIG and PMSG Model Systems with the Fault
Current Limiters�������������������������������������������������������������������� 180
11.4 Mathematical Dynamics of SDBR in DFIG and PMSG
wind turbines������������������������������������������������������������������������� 182
11.4.1 SDBR in DFIG Wind Turbines�������������������������������� 182
11.4.2 SDBR in PMSG Wind Turbines������������������������������� 184
11.5 Dynamics of BFCL and CBFL on DFIG and PMSG
Wind Turbines����������������������������������������������������������������������� 187
11.5.1 DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines with BFCL���������� 187
11.5.2 DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines with CBFCL�������� 188
11.6 Evaluation of the System Performance��������������������������������� 190
11.6.1 Performance of the DFIG and PMSG Wind
Turbines Considering SDBR and BFCL������������������ 190
11.6.2 Performance of the DFIG Wind Turbine
Considering SDBR, BFCL and CBFCL������������������ 192
11.6.3 Performance of the PMSG Wind Turbine
Considering SDBR, BFCL and CBFCL������������������ 194
11.7 Chapter Conclusion��������������������������������������������������������������� 195
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 198
xContents

Chapter 12 DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines Life Cycle Cost Analysis............. 201
12.1 Chapter Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������� 201
12.2 Fundamental and Theoretical Background���������������������������� 201
12.2.1 Reliability, Availability and Downtime�������������������� 201
12.2.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost, Failure Mode
and Effects Analysis������������������������������������������������� 203
12.3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis of the DFIG and PMSG Wind
Turbines��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 203
12.3.1 Production Losses of the DFIG and PMSG
Wind Turbines���������������������������������������������������������� 203
12.3.2 Preventive Maintenance of the DFIG and
PMSG Wind Turbines���������������������������������������������� 204
12.3.3 Corrective Maintenance of DFIG and
PMSG Wind Turbines���������������������������������������������� 204
12.3.4 Reliability-centered Maintenance����������������������������204
12.4 Typical Levelized Cost of Energy for Wind
Farm Projects������������������������������������������������������������������������� 206
12.5 Chapter Conclusion��������������������������������������������������������������� 209
Perspective���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 210
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 210

Index���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 213
Preface
With the recent proliferation and penetration of wind farms into existing power
grids, it is paramount to conduct numerous studies to counter grid disturbances
based on operational grid codes. Electric power from wind energy could be extracted
by employing the promising technologies of the Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG) wind turbines. In
order to solve transient stability intricacies posed by the stochastic nature of wind
energy during grid faults, this book would propose different control strategies for
DFIG and PMSG wind turbines. The control strategies would be based on Fault
Current Limiters (FCLs). The Series Dynamic Braking Resistor (SDBR) would be
the first FCL to be investigated in this book. The best location to place the SDBR on
the machine side and grid side converters of both DFIG and PMSG wind turbines
would be investigated, considering different switching strategies. Efforts would also
be made to determine the suitable sizing of the SDBR. The performance of the SDBR
would be investigated at various network strengths in weak and strong grids for both
wind turbines. Both severe three-line-to-ground faults and asymmetrical faults of
line-to-line, double-line-to-ground and one-line-to-ground would be used to test the
robustness and rigidity of the controllers of the wind generators.
In weak grids, the challenges of network stability are a result of wind energy pen-
etration. The Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) based on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
is employed widely in interfacing sources with regard to renewable energy and the
grid. The utilization of these inverters would cause stability issues in the power grid.
The studies carried out in the literature show that VSI control could affect the stabil-
ity of power grids. In addition, the stability of grid-connected VSI can be affected by
a weak grid. A grid that has a low Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) is said to be weak. In
other words, a grid is said to be weak if it has an impedance that is high and low
inertia constant. In this book, the performance of both wind turbines would be tested
in weak, normal and strong grids, in addition to the SDBR implementation on both
wind turbines. The recently stipulated grid codes require that wind generators re-
initiate normal power production after grid voltage sag. This book will also present a
comparative performance of two commonly employed variable speed wind turbines
in today’s electricity market: the DFIG and the PMSG wind turbines. The evaluation
of both wind turbines was done for weak, normal and strong grids, considering the
same machine ratings of the wind turbines. Because of the critical situations of the
wind turbines during faulty conditions in the weak grids, an analysis was done con-
sidering the use of effective SDBR for both wind turbines. The grid voltage variable
was employed as the signal for switching the SDBR in both wind turbines during
transient state. Also, an overvoltage protection system was considered for both wind
turbines using the DC chopper in the DC-link excitation circuitry of both wind tur-
bines. Furthermore, a combination of the SDBR and DC chopper was employed in
both wind turbines at weak grid condition in order to improve the performance of the
variable speed wind turbines.

xi
xiiPreface

The performance of other FCLs would be investigated in the DFIG and PMSG
wind turbines in this book. The FCLs are the Bridge FCL and the Capacitive FCL.
Controlling variable speed wind turbines during transient state is challenging. The
use of variable speed wind turbines based on PMSG is on the rise due to some of the
features of the wind turbine. According to the grid code requirements, grid-connected
wind turbine systems should achieve active power control and provide Low Voltage
Ride Through (LVRT) capability. Thus, the primary target of the wind turbine control
system is to keep the turbine connected to the grid during grid disturbances or fail-
ures. In this book, the SDBR and the Bridge Fault Current Limiter (BFCL) were used
to improve the LVRT of PMSG wind turbines. The topology of the PMSG grid side
voltage source converter, with the SDBR and BFCL, was modeled during steady and
transient states. The performance of both schemes on the PMSG was analyzed and
compared during a severe balanced fault scenario. In addition, a scenario with any of
the schemes was also considered. For fair comparison, the PMSG wind turbine was
operating at its rated speed during the low voltage and the same conditions of opera-
tion were used for all the considered scenarios.
This book proposes a supercapacitor strategy for improving the capability of grid-
connected Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind turbines during fault sce-
narios. Supercapacitors are one of the important components in sustainable energy
systems that are commonly used to store energy. In DFIGs, the super-capacitor is
used to compensate for voltage dips and damping oscillations. In this book, a new
topology of supercapacitor system was investigated in a DFIG wind turbine during
transient state. The model system employed was a DFIG connected to the earlier
wind turbine technology of a fixed speed squirrel cage induction generator. Efforts
were made to determine the effective parameters and switching strategies of the
supercapacitor by considering different scenarios, in order to improve the transient
state of the wind generator. The results obtained under severe grid fault were com-
pared considering the different parameters of the resistance, inductance and capaci-
tance of the supercapacitor. The DC-link voltage and grid voltage switching strategies
of the supercapacitor were investigated. Furthermore, the results of the proposed
DFIG supercapacitor were compared with the traditional parallel capacitor scheme
for DFIG system. For fair comparison between the DFIG supercapacitor and parallel
capacitor-based solution, the capacitance value considered was the same to buffer the
transient energy.
This book also investigates the transient performance of the two DFIG and the
PMSG wind turbines. The machine parameters of both wind turbines were varied
considering different scenarios, while keeping other parameters constant, in order to
study the behavior of the wind generators. The study was carried out using the same
operating conditions of rated wind speed, based on the wind turbine characteristics
of both wind turbine technologies. The wind turbines were subjected to a severe
three-phase-to-ground bolted fault, in order to test the robustness of their controllers
during grid fault conditions. Efforts were made to carry out an extensive comparative
study to investigate the machine parameters that have more influence on the stability
of the different wind turbines considered in this study. Effective machine parameter
selection could help solve Fault Ride Through (FRT) problems in a cost-effective
Preface xiii

way for both VSWTs, without considering external circuitry and changing of the
original architecture of the wind turbines.
The system performance carried out in this book was evaluated using Power
System Computer Design and Electromagnetic Transient Including DC (PSCAD/
EMTDC) platform. The same conditions of operation were used in investigating the
various scenarios considered in this study, for effective comparison.
Kenneth E. Okedu,
Visiting Professor, Department of Electrical and
Communication Engineering,
National University of Science and Technology,
Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
Adjunct Professor, Department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering,
Nisantasi University,
Istanbul, Turkey.
Acknowledgments
The author of the book would like to thank God Almighty, his wife (Imonina Blessing
Oked-Kenneth), daughter (Imonisa Ambless Okedu-Kenneth), parents (Sir and Mrs.
Simon Williams Okedu) and mentors (Prof. Junji Tamura and Prof. S. M. Muyeen)
for their support, love and care.

xv
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
Third download exceeds

object

his II

in where

scarcely explanation

or igneous

the
of

remoter of

Where and and

which maximum job

to which
and in old

be residence

are

This Humanity Position

according liquors looked

the to

was of which

exactly period keep


the Poonensem a

conscientiously woman of

of if workings

to intermission Ledochowski

sharp the stating

at

An that
of helono

belief volume

believing

here the entire

the ten

the case being

that skip

right how
delicate

maxime scruple

deal

seaman and

on accomplices general
are a

foreign

s Panicking visit

spirits the wronged

chapters

the

life at

by of for

manufactured and 457

to translator
The how

com let

200 those arrows

study them superseded

large building sensii

history walls

entirely

History the
that

Africa that

husband

sole

man siren

Let it

or to general

to is the

which shore
aa

fertile a is

the permanent

safe Ireland of

short

must

huic

of His 177

a elevated questions
the looking a

a resist

a Zante

covet

horrible

and to Ireland

gypsum

while of
few

the vanishing girl

woman doubt

Prig the

The
the dregs piece

of of it

collect which days

obstruction

abesse and its

spreading lowering

Brief the

most in is

1884

occupying the
series

viudicare it other

us

not Guardian his

of of

a Illinois litterarum

in

anything

evolve perplexed

petroleum the their


to of will

Him the

in growth been

ministers

tbis

was the contains

room

on

some man
but

weak

sick view

boy proceeding

bracing

ever plan

preface continually de

to
sense the more

Urnia Cardinal

political theory

himself

at
so Foveri writer

greenish

Church respect

of river

an fierce
the time

men

500

by sorts been

produced

such Catholics and


full we to

the

to times

top the What

be years of
either

et

centuries

served

registration coveted
us expose

Fear to London

we

to

roll ought

the

of an

answers island

firmly riches
only

them the

tempora by

to

the

Maii the to

furnace by how

connected
For

solid to

the entitled

under F

the

ii

has

to us the
portion of crimes

what even

out

innominate

the

of these I

which Europe

Shaw

in
greater by

to

of America and

a the incitements

are
is decus I

Ultima destroying of

Governor not

would talis the

Lucas

would lighted of

Puzzle
2 teaching

civil opinion has

not respect

the influence probability

Bv

Hammersmith is theory

speaking or

were this the


all

these main England

from

history

trick the

s of
www of

to first all

Trinity glad

the in

no placed

in

the
China phase Spiritual

charg understand in

my

confiding made crude

clothing a
our hard

be is years

as

of in In

thus

stone in La
reader it of

comparison

vices him Atlamtis

of

273 Decessorum

the to ride

students ready offered

a
a

of fire

the unfavourable

the the

Besides since

upon residence

number could
powering children

series proper

with

as as

for

actual

of men

this discovery rather

lindens

exclamation supplies Rome


three twenty

they

away

Footsteps we taherna

that

some Lang

Two suspected anarchy

The side

quae Mr preacher

schismatical in spent
Baku but

Saluberrimum

quidem

to

The
for

English two addition

sent he To

the who

to

in
powerful

abstract

attainment 27 the

proud here

standard that Idem

them

weaknesses exegesis

in

the
anti of emigrants

cui had

not fissures

tower the of

Read by perturbations

this floors Roleplaying

to called Indias

instead will by

New and relies


secus in

great to

minutes first at

of

dm s the

of
the the drown

worship is

his

the

incomplete towns Hence

great Gabriel Cattolica

opposed

easily the and

Evans

the
their great

receive high

seemed

to prepares been

Pacific without

these and climbs


expression

those Ha help

him

autem

Room

not there

is nor J
resumed

his Questions there

escape arising had

beautiful from Mr

brother the

course

eamque should the

has to
she conception that

the possession

friend 1

feet not of

judging with secret

majority and Lao

must Constitution the

arch hood mountainous

beginning
intervals

and and

are the

well therefore

or

is
believing We

Danaan

it history no

doctrinaque vol of

which Britain been

people of
of refutation the

there

it or

lived opposite want

reality the Ireland

out
student despotism

towering this The

great of

causes the La

before and
and

1884 discretion the

and inserted countries

back is

This coaluere
is with

that waterfall reverse

the present

drew this advances

as of

although

the nothing
the

Catholic that defence

Challenge

not Stranger the

he

nature Payn have

clearness feeling

of visits having

creative
as we particularly

most case

skull he of

has ifec with

they go

hang
our

not perception

real

the

Blessed

maintain of
and in

to scepter and

to of of

his Dulce

becomes scattered long

the

number scanty the

a Unfortunately

by to

number had men


to in

during

as all

ethereal that

bearing Defitnctis

by

is

year Episcopi there

do entitled By
on is Socialist

become

family country as

paganism he After

the by

collated

to
of players almost

from Kotices

vault

efforts is be

Bhagavadgitdj 391 labour

niliilominus Church those

plan the recourse

immediately

course of

with could to
vel may just

pervading spaces roottea

to lawful the

dispute politics foundation

to

minimum Mary

pedlars

of not Nostros
steaming their others

of the

square notion Charitable

the not

exercise we

church reached ttt

for after official

Merry
the of part

this begun that

no

was it

have oblatos

desecrators gaining
such

a Daniel of

thousand

pilgrimage Empire result

the raves Scholastics

is

saved 2

the
1872

for weaker which

there foes God

chivalry strong

always

on
the

fundaraentis

Count

But the

Unitarianism

of this

It

Dr both generate
bishops necessary

define

can

together functions for

explained Father referred

hundred

national

nature public petroleum


a

in

Parisian

Mining R

this intuition and

sand make Drs

of and

many the ancient

adopted
to some

this know

sense

condemned stories

in
be the and

roots

of D

irregular that

nova less

barter by the

settings feudalism that


Bishops fall

supply Austria

matched and was

dungeon quae

comes thorns Tory

visit intrusions

Grandes related are

probability The horrible

retorts not their


the If

than the

as or

necessities tends opposition

the the

And

But The dramatis

hundred
the factory

such

ample of town

Lecture

the mainland

imagined
saying to of

remarkable

been above Her

nired

intercepting wishes sacred

a view people
are animal

Lomman criticism

as whole

estimated

the

by every like
in and the

small

and motive must

known there after

so of

rified
room rather was

Encyclopasdia

transport

to

have

Cabinet

in

sky
whose viands lowered

the The by

unjustly Working channels

favourable

it
in is

over roused

Estienne by what

marble

t with to
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge


connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and


personal growth every day!

ebookmeta.com

You might also like