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Performance of DFIG and PMSG
Wind Turbines
Due to environmental pollution and climate change, the use of renewable energy
sources as an alternative means of power generation is on the rise globally. This is
because of their clean nature, which makes them eco-friendly with little or no pollu-
tion compared to traditional fossil fuel power-generated power plants.
Among the various renewable energy sources, wind energy is one of the most
widely employed, due to its promising technology. Wind turbine technologies could
be classified into two groups as follows: Fixed Speed Wind Turbines (FSWTs) and
Variable Speed Wind Turbines (VSWTs). There have been tremendous improvement
in wind turbine technology over the years, from FSWTs to VSWTs, as a result of fast
innovations and advanced developments in power electronics. Thus, VSWTs have
better wind energy capture and conversion efficiencies, less acoustic noise and
mechanical stress, and better power quality in power grids without support from
external reactive power compensators due to the stochastic nature of wind energy.
The two most widely employed VSWTs in wind farm development are the Doubly
Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) and the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
(PMSG) wind turbines. In order to solve transient stability intricacies during power
grid faults, this book proposes different control strategies for the DFIG and PMSG
wind turbines.
Performance of DFIG and
PMSG Wind Turbines
Kenneth E. Okedu
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors
and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com
or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-
750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
DOI: 10.1201/9781003350910
Typeset in Times
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
Contents
Preface�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi
Acknowledgments..................................................................................................... xv
Author.....................................................................................................................xvii
v
viContents
Chapter 12 DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines Life Cycle Cost Analysis............. 201
12.1 Chapter Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������� 201
12.2 Fundamental and Theoretical Background���������������������������� 201
12.2.1 Reliability, Availability and Downtime�������������������� 201
12.2.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost, Failure Mode
and Effects Analysis������������������������������������������������� 203
12.3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis of the DFIG and PMSG Wind
Turbines��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 203
12.3.1 Production Losses of the DFIG and PMSG
Wind Turbines���������������������������������������������������������� 203
12.3.2 Preventive Maintenance of the DFIG and
PMSG Wind Turbines���������������������������������������������� 204
12.3.3 Corrective Maintenance of DFIG and
PMSG Wind Turbines���������������������������������������������� 204
12.3.4 Reliability-centered Maintenance����������������������������204
12.4 Typical Levelized Cost of Energy for Wind
Farm Projects������������������������������������������������������������������������� 206
12.5 Chapter Conclusion��������������������������������������������������������������� 209
Perspective���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 210
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 210
Index���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 213
Preface
With the recent proliferation and penetration of wind farms into existing power
grids, it is paramount to conduct numerous studies to counter grid disturbances
based on operational grid codes. Electric power from wind energy could be extracted
by employing the promising technologies of the Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG) wind turbines. In
order to solve transient stability intricacies posed by the stochastic nature of wind
energy during grid faults, this book would propose different control strategies for
DFIG and PMSG wind turbines. The control strategies would be based on Fault
Current Limiters (FCLs). The Series Dynamic Braking Resistor (SDBR) would be
the first FCL to be investigated in this book. The best location to place the SDBR on
the machine side and grid side converters of both DFIG and PMSG wind turbines
would be investigated, considering different switching strategies. Efforts would also
be made to determine the suitable sizing of the SDBR. The performance of the SDBR
would be investigated at various network strengths in weak and strong grids for both
wind turbines. Both severe three-line-to-ground faults and asymmetrical faults of
line-to-line, double-line-to-ground and one-line-to-ground would be used to test the
robustness and rigidity of the controllers of the wind generators.
In weak grids, the challenges of network stability are a result of wind energy pen-
etration. The Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) based on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
is employed widely in interfacing sources with regard to renewable energy and the
grid. The utilization of these inverters would cause stability issues in the power grid.
The studies carried out in the literature show that VSI control could affect the stabil-
ity of power grids. In addition, the stability of grid-connected VSI can be affected by
a weak grid. A grid that has a low Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) is said to be weak. In
other words, a grid is said to be weak if it has an impedance that is high and low
inertia constant. In this book, the performance of both wind turbines would be tested
in weak, normal and strong grids, in addition to the SDBR implementation on both
wind turbines. The recently stipulated grid codes require that wind generators re-
initiate normal power production after grid voltage sag. This book will also present a
comparative performance of two commonly employed variable speed wind turbines
in today’s electricity market: the DFIG and the PMSG wind turbines. The evaluation
of both wind turbines was done for weak, normal and strong grids, considering the
same machine ratings of the wind turbines. Because of the critical situations of the
wind turbines during faulty conditions in the weak grids, an analysis was done con-
sidering the use of effective SDBR for both wind turbines. The grid voltage variable
was employed as the signal for switching the SDBR in both wind turbines during
transient state. Also, an overvoltage protection system was considered for both wind
turbines using the DC chopper in the DC-link excitation circuitry of both wind tur-
bines. Furthermore, a combination of the SDBR and DC chopper was employed in
both wind turbines at weak grid condition in order to improve the performance of the
variable speed wind turbines.
xi
xiiPreface
The performance of other FCLs would be investigated in the DFIG and PMSG
wind turbines in this book. The FCLs are the Bridge FCL and the Capacitive FCL.
Controlling variable speed wind turbines during transient state is challenging. The
use of variable speed wind turbines based on PMSG is on the rise due to some of the
features of the wind turbine. According to the grid code requirements, grid-connected
wind turbine systems should achieve active power control and provide Low Voltage
Ride Through (LVRT) capability. Thus, the primary target of the wind turbine control
system is to keep the turbine connected to the grid during grid disturbances or fail-
ures. In this book, the SDBR and the Bridge Fault Current Limiter (BFCL) were used
to improve the LVRT of PMSG wind turbines. The topology of the PMSG grid side
voltage source converter, with the SDBR and BFCL, was modeled during steady and
transient states. The performance of both schemes on the PMSG was analyzed and
compared during a severe balanced fault scenario. In addition, a scenario with any of
the schemes was also considered. For fair comparison, the PMSG wind turbine was
operating at its rated speed during the low voltage and the same conditions of opera-
tion were used for all the considered scenarios.
This book proposes a supercapacitor strategy for improving the capability of grid-
connected Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind turbines during fault sce-
narios. Supercapacitors are one of the important components in sustainable energy
systems that are commonly used to store energy. In DFIGs, the super-capacitor is
used to compensate for voltage dips and damping oscillations. In this book, a new
topology of supercapacitor system was investigated in a DFIG wind turbine during
transient state. The model system employed was a DFIG connected to the earlier
wind turbine technology of a fixed speed squirrel cage induction generator. Efforts
were made to determine the effective parameters and switching strategies of the
supercapacitor by considering different scenarios, in order to improve the transient
state of the wind generator. The results obtained under severe grid fault were com-
pared considering the different parameters of the resistance, inductance and capaci-
tance of the supercapacitor. The DC-link voltage and grid voltage switching strategies
of the supercapacitor were investigated. Furthermore, the results of the proposed
DFIG supercapacitor were compared with the traditional parallel capacitor scheme
for DFIG system. For fair comparison between the DFIG supercapacitor and parallel
capacitor-based solution, the capacitance value considered was the same to buffer the
transient energy.
This book also investigates the transient performance of the two DFIG and the
PMSG wind turbines. The machine parameters of both wind turbines were varied
considering different scenarios, while keeping other parameters constant, in order to
study the behavior of the wind generators. The study was carried out using the same
operating conditions of rated wind speed, based on the wind turbine characteristics
of both wind turbine technologies. The wind turbines were subjected to a severe
three-phase-to-ground bolted fault, in order to test the robustness of their controllers
during grid fault conditions. Efforts were made to carry out an extensive comparative
study to investigate the machine parameters that have more influence on the stability
of the different wind turbines considered in this study. Effective machine parameter
selection could help solve Fault Ride Through (FRT) problems in a cost-effective
Preface xiii
way for both VSWTs, without considering external circuitry and changing of the
original architecture of the wind turbines.
The system performance carried out in this book was evaluated using Power
System Computer Design and Electromagnetic Transient Including DC (PSCAD/
EMTDC) platform. The same conditions of operation were used in investigating the
various scenarios considered in this study, for effective comparison.
Kenneth E. Okedu,
Visiting Professor, Department of Electrical and
Communication Engineering,
National University of Science and Technology,
Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
Adjunct Professor, Department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering,
Nisantasi University,
Istanbul, Turkey.
Acknowledgments
The author of the book would like to thank God Almighty, his wife (Imonina Blessing
Oked-Kenneth), daughter (Imonisa Ambless Okedu-Kenneth), parents (Sir and Mrs.
Simon Williams Okedu) and mentors (Prof. Junji Tamura and Prof. S. M. Muyeen)
for their support, love and care.
xv
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