(Ebook) Cardiac Catheterization and Percutaenous Interventions by Patrick Kay, Manel Sabate, Marco A. Costa ISBN 9780203494837, 9781841842301, 0203494830, 1841842303 No Waiting Time
(Ebook) Cardiac Catheterization and Percutaenous Interventions by Patrick Kay, Manel Sabate, Marco A. Costa ISBN 9780203494837, 9781841842301, 0203494830, 1841842303 No Waiting Time
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(Ebook) Cardiac Catheterization and Percutaenous
Interventions by Patrick Kay, Manel Sabate, Marco A. Costa
ISBN 9780203494837, 9781841842301, 0203494830, 1841842303
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Cardiac Catheterization and Percutaneous
Interventions
Cardiac Catheterization and
Percutaneous Interventions
Edited by
Interventional Cardiologist
Cardiology Department
Dunedin Hospital
Dunedin ,New Zealand
Index 740
Contributors
Fernando Alfonso MD PhD FESC
Consultant Cardiologist
Interventional Cardiology
Cardiovascular Institute
San Carlos University Hospital
Madrid
Spain
Dominick J Angiolillo MD
International Cardiology Unit
Cardiovascular Unit
San Carlos University Hospital
Madrid
Spain
Deepak L Bhatt MD
Interventional Cardiology
Director, Interventional Cardiology Fellowship
Associate Director, Cardiovascular Fellowship
The Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Cleveland, OH, USA
Antonio Colombo MD
EMO Centro Cuore Columbus
Milan, Italy
Marco A Costa MD PhD FSCAI
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Director of Research & Cardiovascular
Imaging Core Laboratories
Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Shands Jacksonville
Jacksonville, FL, USA
Arthur W Crossman MD
The Cardiovascular Center at Shands
Jacksonville, FL, USA
Giuseppe De Luca MD
Interventional Cardiologist
Department of Cardiology
Isaka Kliniken
De Weezenlanden Hospital
Zwolle, The Netherlands
Paul S Gilmore MD
The Cardiovascular Center at Shands
Jacksonville, FL, USA
Sriram S Iyer MD
Director of Endovascular Therapy
Lenox Hill Hospital
New York NY, USA
Ken Kozuma MD
Division of Cardiology
Department of Internal Medicine,
Teikyo University School of Medicine
Tokyo, Japan
Pedro A Lemos MD
Thoraxcenter
Department of Cardiology
Erasmus Medical Center
Rotterdam
The Netherlands
Giuseppe M Sangiorgi MD
Interventional Cardiology
Emo Centro Cuore Columbus
Milan
Italy
Brett M Sasseen MD
Assistant Professor, Associate Director
Cardiovascular Disease Fellowship
Program and Associate Director,
Interventional Cardiology Fellowship Program
Johannes Schaar MD
Erasmus MC
Thoraxcenter
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Goran Stankovic MD
Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases
Clinical Center of Serbia
Belgrade
Serbia and Montenegro
“The results of coronary angioplasty in patients with single vessel disease are sufficiently
good to make the procedure acceptable for prospective randomised trials.” So wrote
Andreas Gruntzig in 1979, reporting the results of the first 50 patients treated with
angioplasty. This paper represented the birth of one the major medical techniques of the
20th century.
Andreas Gruntzig pioneered and championed the new science of interventional
cardiology. Since his time there has been a spiralling increase in technology and
information. The transformation into an invasive or interventional cardiologist must
account for these new technologies in a tactile and cognitive sense.
Drs Kay, Sabaté and Costa have created a book with both practical and scientific
application, that will greatly assist the cardiologist. Chapters have been written by leading
authors in their field and rising stars.
I congratulate the editors on their execution of their assignment. At last we have a text
that is truly useful to the growth of the interventionalist.
Patrick W Serruys,
February 2004
Preface
Few fields of medicine have advanced at a more rapid rate than that of percutaneous
intervention. Training and experience is the foundation on which an accomplished
interventionalist stands. No text can profess to supplant this foundation, but in Cardiac
Catheterization and Percutaneous Interventions we have created a practical text that will
allay the fears of these early encounters and create confidence in performing
percutaneous coronary and peripheral intervention.
We have created novel and exciting chapters addressing the basics (the things you
wouldn’t dare to ask), the pitfalls (the problems to avoid before you start), the proven
approaches (the facts you are expected to know) and the new innovations (the techniques
you will want to be first to perfect).
We would like to thank the contributors, all great practitioners and teachers who
responded so willingly to our quest to create a current, practical and challenging text.
Special thanks should go to Alan Burgess and Abigail Griffin from Martin Dunitz
Publishers whose expert guidance at critical moments allowed Cardiac Catheterization
and Percutaneous Interventions to come to fruition.
I Patrick Kay, Manel Sabaté, Marco A Costa
1
Who should not go to the cathlab?
I Patrick Kay, Robert J Walker
General
Cardiac issues
The following would constitute relative contraindications to catheterization:
• Uncontrolled ventricular irritability. Patients with ventricular arrythmia commonly
require coronary angiography to rule out an ischemically mediated process. Indeed,
coronary angiography with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be the only
way to control a persistent malignant arrythmia under such circumstances.
• Severe electrolyte imbalance (potassium, sodium and calcium). These derangements
should be treated prior to presentation to the catheterization laboratory.
• Uncontrolled hypertension. Vigorous attempts should be made to control blood pressure
prior to presentation to the catheterization laboratory. Poor control may lead to groin
complications, increased coronary ischemia and stroke. The risk of stroke will also be
increased should aggressive antiplatelet therapy be required in this context.
• Uncontrolled left ventricular failure. Unless left ventricular failure has been induced by
an ischemically mediated event, in particular myocardial infarction with cardiogenic
shock, the case should be deferred. In cases with ischemically mediated cardiogenic
shock, intraaortic balloon pump insertion with angioplasty should be contemplated.
Cardiac catheterization and percutaneous interventions 2
• Drug toxicity (digitalis or overdose with other agents). This situation may lead to or
may be secondary to renal failure. Attempts should be made to decrease drug levels
and provide cardiac support prior to coronary angiography. Cardiac pacing may be
required.
Febrile illness
Cardiac catheterization is not absolutely contraindicated in patients with fever or
infections. It would be wise, however, to contemplate the source of the infection, as
substantial comorbidity could be associated even with a simple procedure such as
angiography. A typical example is renal tract infection (see later in this chapter). The
final decision will be placed in the hands of the physician, who will need to weigh up the
risk of cardiac disease against that of the infection and its source.
Hematopoietic
Not infrequently, the physician will be confronted with marked abnormalities in
hematological parameters. The most notable is likely to be thrombocytopenia. Most
operators would be ill advised to consider cardiac catheterization on individuals with
platelet counts less than 80 000. One would be even more reluctant to proceed if PCI
were contemplated, given that antiplatelet therapy is still likely to be prescribed. A
minimum platelet count of 100 000 is advised in those contemplating PCI. Similarly,
severe neutropenia in patients (neutrophil count < 0.5) would be considered an absolute
contraindication to either catheterization or PCI.
Severe anemia (Hb <80 g/l) may also be a contraindication to cardiac catheterization,
particularly if PCI is contemplated. Appropriate transfusion of blood and gastrointestinal
(GI) or bone marrow investigation should be contemplated. If urgent catheterization is
required, then this can be performed with increased risk. Polycythemia, thrombophilia,
and the leukemias are not absolute contraindications to cardiac catheterization. Instead,
the medication used in the control of these illnesses may interact with those used at the
time of catheterization/ PCI. Due consultation with a hematologist is advisable.
The final and of course most common cause of abnormal hematological finding is
iatrogenic in origin – abnormal coagulation profiles secondary to the therapeutic
ingestion of coumadin derivatives, or adverse reactions to other drugs. Generally
speaking, this does not pose a major problem, as patients can be deferred until the
international normalized ratio (INR) falls to lower levels (INR < 2.0). During this time,
subcutaneous or intravenous heparin can be substituted if necessary. Alternatively, the
femoral artery can be avoided and the radial approach used in preference if urgent
therapy is necessary.
Gastrointestinal
Active gastrointestinal bleeding is generally a contraindication to cardiac catheterization
and PCI. In individuals who develop GI bleeding prior to planned catheterization, the
procedure should be deferred until appropriate upper or lower GI investigation has been
completed. Urgent catheterization is only rarely required in those with active GI bleeding.
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