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Atlas of Radiologic-
Cytopathologic
Correlations
Armanda Tatsas, MD Salina Tsai, MD
Assistant Professor of Pathology Instructor of Radiology
The Johns Hopkins Hospital The Johns Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland Baltimore, Maryland

Syed Z. Ali, MD Sheila Sheth, MD


Professor of Pathology and Radiology Associate Professor of Radiology
The Johns Hopkins Hospital The Johns Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland Baltimore, Maryland

Justin A. Bishop, MD Anil V. Parwani, MD, PhD


Assistant Professor of Pathology Associate Professor of Pathology
The Johns Hopkins Hospital Director, Pathology Informatics
Baltimore, Maryland University of Pittsburgh Medical
Center-Shadyside Hospital
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Atlas of Radiologic-
Cytopathologic
Correlations
Visit our website at www.demosmedpub.com

ISBN: 9781936287697
e-book ISBN: 9781617051265

Acquisitions Editor: Rich Winters


Compositor: Techset

# 2012 Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.
Medicine is an ever-changing science. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our understanding of
proper treatment and drug therapy. The authors, editors, and publisher have made every effort to ensure that all information in this book is in
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12 13 14 15 / 5 4 3 2 1
Contents

Preface vii

1. Head and Neck 1

2. Thoracic 25

3. Abdomen 57

4. Pelvis 113

5. Lymph Nodes 153

6. Bone and Soft Tissues 171

Index 201

v
Preface

Cytopathology, one of the most clinically oriented fields images of the corresponding radiology, cytopathology, and,
within the discipline of Pathology, relies heavily on a multi- if available, surgical pathology. Herein we share many of
disciplinary approach since it uses small tissue samples pro- the most challenging, interesting, and illustrative cases we
cured through minimally invasive techniques in order to have collected from the conference over the years, encom-
arrive at a diagnosis. As such, cytopathologists frequently passing a wide variety of organ systems and body sites.
depend on the clinical and radiographic impression to align We hope that this volume will serve as a reference to a
with the cytomorphologic findings in order to arrive at an wide range of providers who have an interest in under-
accurate diagnosis, needed for timely patient management. standing the radiographic correlates to cytopathologic diag-
Furthermore, correlation of a cytopathologic interpretation noses and that it will promote understanding of how
with a follow-up surgical specimen when available is essen- critical radiologic-cytopathologic correlation is for an accu-
tial to reinforcing features seen in these small cytologic rate interpretation of a pathologic process. We also hope
samples. Therefore, close collaboration of cytopathologists that the detailed descriptions of numerous entities will aid
with radiologists and surgical pathologists is pivotal to accu- in diagnosis of some of the most challenging cases seen in
rate interpretation leading to optimal patient care. cytopathology.
For this reason, we at The Johns Hopkins Hospital
arranged a unique “Radiology-Pathology Correlation Con- Armanda Tatsas
ference” jointly between the Departments of Pathology and Syed Z. Ali
Radiology, held since 1997. The educational impact of the Justin A. Bishop
conference has been huge and enormously rewarding for Salina Tsai
both departments involved. In each conference, diagnosti- Sheila Sheth
cally challenging cytology cases performed via fine-needle Anil V. Parwani
aspiration are presented followed by an extensive academic
and clinical discussion using high-resolution digitized Baltimore, Maryland

vii
Head
and
Neck
1
1
2 Atlas of Radiologic-Cytopathologic Correlations

Figure 1.1 — Thyroid, Papillary Carcinoma. Sonographic image


demonstrates a diffusely heterogeneous thyroid containing areas of Figure 1.2 — Thyroid, Papillary Carcinoma. This nodule
ill-defined hypoechogenicity compatible with Hashimoto demonstrates marked internal vascularity with color Doppler
thyroiditis. There is also a dominant hypoechoic nodule in the which can be seen with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
right lobe of the thyroid (arrows).

Figure 1.3 — Thyroid, Papillary Carcinoma. Sonographic


image in a different patient shows an irregular, hypoechoic right Figure 1.4 — Thyroid, Papillary Carcinoma. There is only
thyroid nodule. Hypoechoic appearance, irregular borders, and the minimal vascularity in this nodule with color Doppler. Although
presence of microcalcifications in the mass are suggestive of papillary thyroid carcinoma can be markedly vascular, the gray scale
papillary thyroid carcinoma. appearance is highly suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Chapter 1: Head and Neck 3

Figure 1.5 — Thyroid, Papillary Carcinoma. Aspirates from Figure 1.6 — Thyroid, Papillary Carcinoma. Numerous small flat
papillary thyroid carcinoma are typically hypercellular, consisting sheets of malignant follicular cells are present. Thick, dense
of numerous monolayer sheets of malignant epithelial cells. so-called “bubble-gum” colloid (arrows) is characteristic of papillary
Fragments with papillary architecture and true fibrovascular cores thyroid carcinoma. Multinucleated giant cells (arrowhead) are
may be encountered, but are not required for the cytologic often encountered, but are not a specific finding for this tumor.
diagnosis. (Papanicolaou stain, low power) (Diff Quik stain, low power)

Figure 1.8 — Thyroid, Papillary Carcinoma. Characteristic nuclear


features of papillary thyroid carcinoma are typically best
demonstrated on Papanicolaou stained material. A flat sheet of
malignant cells with ample cytoplasm and oval-shaped nuclei with
Figure 1.7 — Thyroid, Papillary Carcinoma. A densely cellular pale, powdery chromatin is shown. Sharply defined intranuclear
aspirate smear shows flat monolayer sheets composed of tumor cells pseudoinclusions (arrows), representing cytoplasmic invagination
with enlarged, oval-shaped nuclei. A small amount of dense colloid into the nucleus, are evident along with longitudinal nuclear
is present. (Diff Quik stain, medium power) grooves. (Papanicolaou stain, high power)
4 Atlas of Radiologic-Cytopathologic Correlations

Figure 1.9 — Thyroid, Papillary Carcinoma. Oval-shaped nuclei Figure 1.10 — Thyroid, Papillary Carcinoma. A psammoma body
show irregular nuclear contours and pale chromatin with very (PB) is present surrounded by malignant epithelial cells of papillary
small, peripherally-placed “marginal” nucleoli. Intranuclear thyroid carcinoma. PBs are round calcifications that demonstrate
pseudoinclusions (arrows) match the color of the cytoplasm and are laminated appearance and often appear radially cracked when
round with sharply defined edges. Intranuclear pseudoinclusions are present on aspirate smears. PBs are not specific for papillary thyroid
not entirely specific for papillary thyroid carcinoma, as they may be carcinoma, but their presence should prompt careful examination
seen in medullary thyroid carcinoma, hyalinizing trabecular of the remaining aspirate material and consideration of papillary
adenoma, and rarely in non-neoplastic settings (e.g., Hashimoto thyroid carcinoma. (Papanicolaou stain, high power)
thyroiditis). (Papanicolaou stain, high power)

Figure 1.12 — Thyroid, Papillary Carcinoma (Histology). This


case shows features of the tall cell variant of papillary carcinoma,
with many tumor cells displaying a height greater than two times
Figure 1.11 — Thyroid, Papillary Carcinoma (Histology). The their width with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Overlapping
tumor consists of papillae with fibrovascular cores lined by vesicular nuclei with characteristic nuclear clearing or an
elongated nuclei that are disordered and overlapping. Note the “Orphan Annie eye” appearance are evident. Nuclear grooves
characteristic ground-glass appearance of nuclei with nuclear and pseudoinclusions (arrows) are present. An intrafollicular
grooves. Mitoses are not a usual finding in papillary thyroid multinucleated giant cell is seen in the top left portion of the
carcinoma. (Hematoxylin and eosin stain, high power) image. (Hematoxylin and eosin stain, high power)
Chapter 1: Head and Neck 5

Figure 1.13 — Thyroid, Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma.


Axial contrast-enhanced CT image of the neck shows a mass in the
left lobe of the thyroid (arrow) containing a focal coarse calcification.
The mass deviates the trachea to the right. There is loss of the fat
plane between the mass and the trachea and esophagus, suggestive of
tumor invasion.

Figure 1.14 — Thyroid, Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma.


Transverse sonographic image of the left lobe of the thyroid confirms
a heterogeneous mass in the left lobe of the thyroid (T¼ trachea,
C ¼ common carotid artery). Aggressive local invasion is common
with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and lymphoma.
6 Atlas of Radiologic-Cytopathologic Correlations

Figure 1.15 — Thyroid, Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma.


Axial contrast-enhanced CT image of the neck in a different patient
shows a large heterogeneous mass in the left lobe of the thyroid with
central necrosis and scattered coarse calcifications. The mass deviates
the trachea to the right.

Figure 1.16 — Thyroid, Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma.


Sonographic image confirms a large, heterogeneous left thyroid
nodule containing coarse calcifications. Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas
are rare, representing less than 5% of thyroid cancers.
Chapter 1: Head and Neck 7

Figure 1.17 — Thyroid, Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma. Figure 1.18 — Thyroid, Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma.
A cellular fragment demonstrating a disrupted, haphazard Markedly pleomorphic cells show nuclear enlargement,
architecture is evident. Malignant epithelial cells with marked hyperchromasia and variably sized nucleoli. Scattered neutrophils
anisonucleosis are admixed with neutrophils. The background is embedded in the epithelial fragment are characteristic of anaplastic
granular or “grungy” due to necrosis, which is characteristic of thyroid carcinoma. A classical clinical history of patient age over 60
anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. (Papanicolaou stain, medium power) years and a rapidly enlarging large thyroid mass supports the
diagnosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. (Papanicolaou stain,
medium power)

Figure 1.19 — Thyroid, Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma. Figure 1.20 — Thyroid, Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma.
A small fragment of malignant epithelial cells shows marked The neoplastic cells comprising this fragment show both spindled
anisonucleosis beyond what is expected from any other primary and epithelioid morphology. The cells are cohesive, but show no
thyroid malignancy. Neutrophils are prominent in and around the architectural organization. Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas most likely
epithelial fragment. Occasionally acute inflammation is so arise from a pre-existing papillary, follicular or Hürthle-cell
prominent that scant malignant epithelial cells may be overlooked carcinoma, thus elements of a better differentiated thyroid
and the aspirate mistaken for an abscess or other inflammatory malignancy may be present in aspirate smears (not shown). (Diff
process. (Papanicolaou stain, high power) Quik stain, medium power)
8 Atlas of Radiologic-Cytopathologic Correlations

Figure 1.21 — Thyroid, Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma.


Nuclei show nuclear hyperchromasia, marked anisonucleosis and
prominent nucleoli. Prior to rendering a diagnosis of anaplastic Figure 1.22 — Thyroid, Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma
thyroid carcinoma, a metastatic carcinoma, or a sarcoma (primary (Histology). Histologically, the three main variants of anaplastic
or metastatic) should be considered. If sufficient sample is obtained thyroid carcinoma are squamoid, spindle cell, and
for cell block, immunostains may be useful, but anaplastic thyroid pleomorphic-giant cell. The current case demonstrates the
carcinomas often lose immunoreactivity for the thyroid-specific squamoid variant. (Hematoxylin and eosin stain, low power)
markers TTF-1 and thyroglobulin. PAX-8 immunoreactivity, on
the other hand, is often retained and can be useful in confirming a
thyroid follicular origin. (Diff Quik stain, high power)

Figure 1.24 — Thyroid, Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma


Figure 1.23 — Thyroid, Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma (Histology). This anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, pleomorphic/giant
(Histology). A spindled appearance of anaplastic carcinoma is cell type, shows large, bizarre nuclei. Necrosis and an abundance of
demonstrated. Note the high mitotic activity and pleomorphic neutrophils are also evident. Mitotic activity is very high in these
nuclei. The carcinoma does not show thyroid follicular tumors. Although these tumors are undifferentiated at the light
differentiation at the light microscopic level, and a true soft tissue microscopic level, they are often (but not always) positive for
sarcoma could be considered in the differential diagnosis. low-molecular-weight cytokeratins and PAX-8. (Hematoxylin and
(Hematoxylin and eosin stain, high power) eosin stain, high power)
Chapter 1: Head and Neck 9

Figure 1.25 — Thyroid, Hürthle Cell Neoplasm. Sonographic


image shows a large heterogeneous nodule in the right lobe of
the thyroid.
Figure 1.26 — Thyroid, Hürthle Cell Neoplasm. Marked internal
vascularity is seen with color Doppler. This nodule did not contain
calcifications. The appearance is nonspecific, however Hürthle cell
carcinomas can be large, heterogeneous, and lack calcifications as
seen in this case.

Figure 1.27 — Thyroid, Hürthle Cell Neoplasm. Sonographic


image in a different patient demonstrates a large heterogeneous Figure 1.28 — Thyroid, Hürthle Cell Neoplasm. The mass shows
mass in the right lobe of the thyroid. marked internal vascularity with color Doppler.
10 Atlas of Radiologic-Cytopathologic Correlations

Figure 1.30 — Thyroid, Hürthle Cell Neoplasm. The cells in


Figure 1.29 — Thyroid, Hürthle Cell Neoplasm. Hürthle-type Hürthle cell neoplasms are frequently dispersed singly or in small
cells (oncocytes) represent a metaplastic change of follicular clusters and may show bi- or multi-nucleation. Anisonucleosis is
epithelium and are characterized by abundant granular cytoplasm characteristic of Hürthle cells in general, and does not indicate a
with round, centrally-placed nuclei with prominent nucleoli. neoplastic process. The distinction between Hürthle cell adenoma
Hürthle cells may be encountered in benign adenomatoid nodules, and carcinoma cannot be made on cytologic preparations as the
in the setting of lymphocytic (Hashimoto) thyroiditis, or in a pure diagnosis of carcinoma relies on histologic criteria including
Hürthle cell neoplasm (adenoma or carcinoma). Aspirates from capsular and vascular invasion. (Diff Quik stain, high power)
Hürthle cell neoplasms are typically highly cellular, as seen here,
and show scant to absent colloid. (Diff Quik stain, medium power)

Figure 1.31 — Thyroid, Hürthle Cell Neoplasm. The abundant


granular cytoplasm of Hürthle cells is evident on Papanicolaou Figure 1.32 — Thyroid, Hürthle Cell Neoplasm. Neoplastic
stained preparations. These neoplastic cells show frequent Hürthle cells are present singly and in loose clusters. Abundant
binucleation. The dyshesive appearance of neoplastic Hürthle cells granular cytoplasm and round nuclei with prominent nucleoli
is likened to “fried eggs in a pan,” as seen here. (Papanicolaou stain, characteristic of Hürthle cells are evident at high power. Note lack
high power) of any background lymphocytes. (Papanicolaou stain, high power)
Chapter 1: Head and Neck 11

Figure 1.33 — Thyroid, Hürthle Cell Carcinoma (Histology). Figure 1.34 — Thyroid, Hürthle Cell Carcinoma (Histology).
The cells in Hürthle cell neoplasms have an abundance of Hürthle cells with abundant granular cytoplasm and a central,
mitochondria resulting in a characteristic pink and granular round nucleus with a prominent nucleolus are shown. There is
cytoplasm. The nucleus is centrally located and round. some pleomorphism, with degenerative, “endocrine-type” atypia
(Hematoxylin and eosin stain, medium power) seen at the center of the image. This atypia is of no prognostic
significance, and the diagnosis of Hürthle cell carcinoma depends
on identifying invasive tumor growth. (Hematoxylin and eosin
stain, high power)

Figure 1.35 — Thyroid, Hürthle Cell Carcinoma (Histology). Figure 1.36 — Thyroid, Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Axial
The diagnosis of Hürthle cell carcinoma rests on the demonstration fused PET/CT shows a FDG-avid right thyroid nodule in a patient
of vascular invasion, capsular invasion, and/or distant metastasis. with a history of Merkel cell carcinoma which was not present on a
Depicted is a focus of vascular invasion in a medium-caliber blood PET/CT four months prior. Although metastases to the thyroid
vessel in the tumor capsule; the tumor has been endothelialized, gland are uncommon, this diagnosis should be consider if a solid
and is focally adherent to the wall of the vessel. (Hematoxylin thyroid nodule develops in a patient with a known extrathyroidal
and eosin stain, high power) primary malignancy.
12 Atlas of Radiologic-Cytopathologic Correlations

Figure 1.37 — Thyroid, Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma.


Sonographic image confirms a well-defined, hypoechoic right
thyroid nodule (arrow).
Figure 1.38 — Thyroid, Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma. The
nodule shows marked internal vascularity with color Doppler.

Figure 1.39 — Thyroid, Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma.


Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine
carcinoma of the skin typically seen in older patients. Lymph node
and distant metastases are common. At low power, a markedly Figure 1.40 — Thyroid, Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma. A
hypercellular aspirate is appreciated. In the absence of a clinical monotonous population of neoplastic cells showing scant cytoplasm
history, a hematopoietic neoplasm should be considered at the time and round nuclei with fine chromatin is evident. Apoptotic bodies
of on-site evaluation and additional sample obtained for are numerous. Metastatic small cell carcinoma, particularly from a
immunophenotyping (flow cytometry) studies. (Papanicolaou stain, lung primary, should also be considered in the differential diagnosis.
low power) (Papanicolaou stain, medium power)
Chapter 1: Head and Neck 13

Figure 1.41 — Thyroid, Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Figure 1.42 — Thyroid, Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Merkel cells show scant cytoplasm, round nuclei with (Histology). Merkel cell carcinoma is composed of undifferentiated
finely dispersed chromatin and occasional nucleoli. Mitoses and small round blue cells. The tumor cells have scant rim of cytoplasm
apoptotic bodies are present. Distinction from a malignant and hyperchromatic nuclei. The nuclei have a “salt and pepper”
lymphoid population or from small cell carcinoma is difficult on chromatin pattern with inconspicuous nucleoli. There is extensive
routine smears. (Papanicolaou stain, high power) apoptosis and mitotic activity. (Hematoxylin and eosin stain,
medium power).

Figure 1.43 — Thyroid, Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma


(Histology). Metastatic neoplastic cells are growing in solid sheets
of small blue cells with hyperchromatic nuclei. The chromatin pattern
is fine and cells have scant cytoplasm. Mitoses were frequent and
many apoptotic bodies are seen. Merkel cell carcinoma expresses
neuroendocrine markers such as synaptophysin and chromogranin
as well as cytokeratin markers; characteristically, Merkel cell
carcinoma is positive for CK20 (in a dot-shaped cytoplasmic
reactivity) and neurofilament and negative for TTF-1. (Hematoxylin
and eosin stain, high power)
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