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ing excellent access points for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more.
Additionally, maps, photographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high
school and college students doing term papers or introductory research projects. In short,
the historical dictionaries are the perfect starting point for anyone looking to research in
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HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF AFRICA

Jon Woronoff, Series Editor

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Sierra Leone, New Edition, by C. Magbaily Fyle. 2005.
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Saucier. 2007.
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Gabon, Fourth Edition, by Douglas A. Yates, 2018.
Historical Dictionary of Gabon

Fourth Edition

Douglas A. Yates

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD


Lanham • Boulder • New York • London
Published by Rowman & Littlefield
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB
www.rowman.com

Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB

Copyright © 2018 by Douglas A. Yates

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote
passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Yates, Douglas A. (Douglas Andrew), 1964–, author. | Preceded by (work): Gardinier, David
E. Historical dictionary of Gabon.
Title: Historical dictionary of Gabon / Douglas A. Yates.
Description: Fourth edition. | Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield, 2018. | Series: Historical
dictionaries of Africa | Third edition by David E. Gardinier and Douglas A. Yates, published
2006 by Scarecrow Press.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017035813 (print) | LCCN 2017037046 (ebook) | ISBN 9781538110126 (elec-
tronic) | ISBN 9781538110119 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Gabon—History—Dictionaries.
Classification: LCC DT546.15 (ebook) | LCC DT546.15 .Y37 2017 (print) | DDC 967.21003—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017035813

TM
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Printed in the United States of America


Contents

Editor’s Foreword ix

Preface xi

Reader’s Notes xiii

Abbreviations and Acronyms xv

Maps xix

Chronology xxiii

Introduction 1

THE DICTIONARY 29

Appendix A: French Commandants, Governors, and Governors-


General 485

Appendix B: Presidents and Prime Ministers 489

Appendix C: Roman Catholic Bishops 491

Appendix D: Traditional Monarchs 493

Bibliography 495

About the Author 605

vii
Editor’s Foreword

In a continent not known for its success stories, Gabon has done relatively
well. To some extent, this is because it has a generous amount of natural
resources, being a major exporter of manganese and uranium as well as forest
products—to say nothing of oil, which provides more than half of its gross
national product, tax revenue, and exports. The country also has a small
population—fairly homogeneous ethnically and religiously but growing rap-
idly. Gabon also enjoys political stability, coming to independence in 1960
under strongman Leon Mba, ruled by Omar (formerly Albert) Bongo for
nearly 42 years, and with Omar’s son Ali in charge since 2009. Not surpris-
ingly, former French colony and French-speaking Gabon has been one of
France’s best allies in Africa and is likely to remain so.
This fourth edition of Historical Dictionary of Gabon provides a good
overview of the country in its chronology and introduction. The list of acro-
nyms is helpful, as are all the rulers listed in the appendices. The dictionary
provides entries on people, places, events, institutions, and important features
of the polity, economy, society, and culture of the country, and the bibliogra-
phy contains an amazing number of titles, in French and English, organized
under relevant headings. All parts of the book have been updated and ex-
panded, and this latest edition is far larger and more useful than its predeces-
sors.
The author of the first and second editions was David E. Gardinier, one of
the few specialists then on Francophone Africa, especially Gabon. The third
edition was the joint work of Professor Gardinier and Douglas A. Yates, who
was a professor of international affairs at the American University of Paris
and is now a professor of African studies at the American Graduate School in
Paris. A political scientist, Yates has focused on problems of oil-rent depen-
dency on democracy and development in Gabon. Under the mentorship of
the historian Gardinier, he evolved in his methods of bibliographic research
and historiographical writing. Gabon deserves to be better known, and it is
largely thanks to these two dedicated scholars that a great deal of information
is readily available.

Jon Woronoff
Series Editor

ix
Preface

It is with great pleasure that this fourth edition is finally appearing since it
has been more than a decade since the last edition appeared and Gabon,
although not particularly large, is nevertheless an important African country
as a key regional partner of its former colonial power France, as a world
conservation site of tropical rain forest flora and fauna, and as a pillar of the
international petroleum industry in the Gulf of Guinea. Gabon has enjoyed
high rates of growth during the past decade largely because of high commod-
ity prices, and its government has used its forest and mineral rents to embark
on an ambitious infrastructure and development program that has seen many
new roads and bridges connect its remotest villages in the jungle with its
main population centers of urban Libreville and Port-Gentil along the Atlan-
tic coast. It hopes to harness its mineral rents to promote sustainable develop-
ment, preparing for the inevitable postpetroleum economy.
The genesis of this historical dictionary was in 1981 when David Gardini-
er, a historian at Marquette University who had a long history of research and
writing on Francophone Africa, starting with a Fulbright scholarship in 1958
during his graduate student days at Yale University when he first became
interested in Gabon, was invited by the series editor Jon Woronoff to add a
dictionary about Gabon to the new series, which had commenced only seven
years earlier. After that, Gardinier updated the original dictionary with sec-
ond and third editions, always conducting an extensive review of the pub-
lished literature, both in Africa and in France, and expanding our knowledge
of missionary work and education through original archival research.
I was originally invited to work on the third edition of this historical
dictionary by David Gardinier, who mentored me in the historian’s craft of
bibliographic research (i.e., finding published sources) and who had warned
me at the outset that one of the hardest parts of writing this dictionary was
finding the published works of new authors from the younger generation. I
was younger then and did not really understand what he meant. Now I do. So
I would like to acknowledge my deep gratitude to Professor Gardinier for his
mentorship and patience with me during our two-year collaboration on the
third edition and for the entries that remain in this fourth edition, which were
largely researched and written by him. I would also like to thank Jon Woron-
off, the series editor, for his close reading and support on my first solo flight.
Finally, I want to thank April Snider, Kellie Hagan, and the rest of the

xi
xii • PREFACE
editorial staff at Rowman & Littlefield for the copyediting, proofreading, and
production of this reference work, without whom the quality and exactness
would not have achieved its professional end result.
Reader’s Notes

The absence of any universally accepted system of transliteration of African


names into French or English and the development of variant spellings
through the centuries that Europeans have used in Equatorial Africa pose
problems for authors who wish to achieve accuracy and consistency.
Because French is the official language of Gabon, I have used the French
transliteration for places and individuals. In the case of variant spellings, I
have followed David Gardinier’s use in previous editions of this historical
dictionary of F. Meyo-Bibang and J.-M. Nzamba’s Notre Pays, Le Gabon
(1975). For the names of some of the Bantu Peoples, one is faced with the
additional problem of whether to use the basic stem or the plural, for exam-
ple, Kota or Bankota. In this case, I have chosen the form most widely used
in the sources. Thus, I have found Bakèlè, Bakota, and Bapounou more
frequently used than Kèlè, Kota, and Pounou or Punu on the one hand and
Loumbou, Téké, and Vili more often than Baloumbou, Batéké, and Bavilia
on the other. To aid the reader, I have given both forms in some cases, for
example, Bakota or Kota, Loumbou or Baloumou.
A large number of Gabonese men and unmarried women have adopted the
practice of adding the family name of their mother after that of their father.
Thus, in the case of Casimir Oyé Mba, Oyé is the name of his father’s family
and Mba the name of his mother’s. The two names are normally connected
by a hyphen. Some married women have adopted the French custom of
placing their maiden name after that of their married name. Thus, Honorine
Dossou-Naki, whose maiden name was Naki, is married to Samuel Dossou.
In order to facilitate the rapid and efficient location of information and to
make this book as useful a reference tool as possible, extensive cross-refer-
ences have been provided in the dictionary section. Within individual entries,
terms that have their own entries are in boldface type the first time they
appear. Related terms that do not appear in the text are indicated in the See
also and the end of the entry. See refers to other entries that deal with the
topic.

xiii
Abbreviations and Acronyms

ABCFM American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions


ACCT Agence Culturelle pour Coopération Technique
ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific (Countries)
ADERE Alliance démocratique et républicaine
AEF Afrique Equatoriale Française
AGEG Association Générale des Etudiants du Gabon
AGP Agence Gabonaise de Presse
APEEG Association des Parents d’Elèves et d’Etudiants du Gabon
APSG Association pour le Socialisme au Gabon
ARD Alliance des Républicains pour le Développement
AU African Union
BDG Bloc Démocratique Gabonais
BEAC Banque des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale
BEPC Brevet d’Etudes du Premier Cycle
BGD Banque Gabonaise de Développement
CAC Christian Alliance Church
CAR Central African Republic
CCCE Caisse Centrale de Coopération Economique
CCFOM Caisse Centrale de la France d’Outre-Mer
CEEAC Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale
CEMAC Communauté Economique et Monétaire du l’Afrique
Centrale
CFA Colonies Françaises Africaines; Communauté Financière
Africaine
CFTC Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens
CGAT Confédération Générale Aéfienne du Travail;
Confédération Générale Africaine du Travail
CGT Confédération Générale du Travail

xv
xvi • ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
CGT-FO Confédération Générale du Travail-Force Ouvrière
CICIBA Centre International des Civilisations Bantu
CIRMF Centre International de Recherches Médicales de
Franceville
CMA Christian & Missionary Alliance
CMG Comité Mixte Gabonais
CNTG Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs Gabonais
COGEMA Compagnie Générale des Matières Nucléaires
COGES Comité Gabonais d’Etudes Sociales et Economiques
COMILOG Compagnie Minière de l’Ogooué
COMUF Compagnie des Mines d’Uranium de Franceville
COSYGA Confédération Syndicale Gabonaise
EC European Community (CE in French)
EDF European Development Fund (FED in French)
EEC European Economic Community (CEE in French)
EIB European Investment Bank (BEI in French)
ENA Ecole Nationale d’Administration
EU European Union
FAC Fonds d’Aide et de Coopération
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FEA French Equatorial Africa (AEF in French)
FEANF Fédération des Etudiants d’Afrique Noire
FESAC Fondation de l’Enseignement Supérieur en Afrique
Centrale
FESYGA Fédération Syndicale Gabonaise
FIDES Fonds d’Investissement pour le Développement
Economique et Sociale
GEC Groupe d’Etudes Communistes
IOM Indépendants d’Outre-mer
MB MORENA des Bûcherons
MO MORENA Originel
MORENA Mouvement de Redressement National
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS • xvii
OAMCE Organisation Africaine et Malgache pour la Coopération
Economique
OAU Organization of African Unity
OCTRA Office du Chemin de Fer Transgabonais
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
ORSTOM Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d’Outre-
mer
PBFM Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions
PDA Parti Démocratique Africain
PDG Parti Démocratique Gabonais
PGCI Parti Gabonais du centre indépendant
PGP Parti Gabonais du Progrès
PLD Parti des Libéraux Démocrates
PUNGA Parti d’Union Nationale Gabonaise
RDA Rassemblement Démocratique Africain
RGR Rassemblement des Gauches Républicains
RNB Rassemblement National des Bûcherons
RPF Rassemblement du Peuple Français
RPG Rassemblement pour le Gabon
RSDG Rassemblement Social et Démocratique Gabonais
SEDECE Service de Détection et Contre-espionnage
SEEG Société d’Eau et d’Energie du Gabon
SHO Société Commerciale, Industrielle, et Agricole du Haut-
Ogooué
SME Société des Missions Evangéliques
SNBG Société Nationale des Bois du Gabon
SNEA Société Nationale Elf-Aquitaine
SOGARA Société Gabonaise de Raffinage
SOGAREM Société Gabonaise de Recherches et d’Exploitation
Minières
SOMIFER Société des Mines de Fer de Mekambo
SONADIG Société Nationale des Investisseurs du Gabon
UAM Union Africaine et Malgache
xviii • ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
UDE Union Douanière Equatoriale
UDEAC Union Douanière Economique de l’Afrique Centrale
UDSG Union Démocratique et Sociale Gabonaise
UDSR Union Démocratique et Sociale de la Résistance
UGSC Union Gabonaise des Syndicats Croyants
UN Union Nationale
UNSC Union Nationale des Syndicats Croyants
UPG Union du Peuple Gabonais
URAC Union des Républiques d’Afrique Centrale
USC Union des Syndicats Confédérés
USG Union Socialiste Gabonaise
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