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 INTERNATIONAL
DISASTER NURSING
The effects of a disaster on health care can range from conditions that
immediately besiege the system with large numbers of patients, to catastro-
phes that strain its long-term sustainability. Nurses, as frontline health pro-
fessionals, must have an understanding of the situations they may face
before, during and after a disaster and they must develop the skills and
strategies to provide effective and immediate care. International Disaster
Nursing is the first truly comprehensive and internationally focused
resource to address the diversity of issues and myriad scenarios that nurses
and other health personnel could encounter during a disaster event.

This text defines the many roles of the nurse within a multidisciplinary
team, and aids the implementation of the community’s disaster plans in a
crisis. International experts provide chapters on biological, chemical, natu-
ral, pandemic and explosive disasters. Others address disaster events and
implications in the world’s poorer countries; populations with special
needs; ethical issues, and conducting disaster research. Important features
include chapter objectives, real-world vignettes, and extensive references.
With an alarming increase in the occurrence of disasters in the last decade,
International Disaster Nursing is the hallmark text in the field.
 INTERNATIONAL
DISASTER NURSING
ROBERT POWERS AND ELAINE DAILY I EDITORS

A PUBLICATION OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION

FOR DISASTER AND EMERGENCY MEDICINE
IN CONJUNCTION WITH CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,
São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo
Cambridge University Press
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521168007
© Robert Powers, Elaine Daily and The World Association of Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2010
This publication is copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2010
Printed in China by Printplus
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication data
International disaster nursing / editors, Robert Powers; Elaine Daily
9780521168007 (pbk.)
Includes index.
Disaster nursing.
Disaster medicine.
Emergency management.
Powers, Robert.
Daily, Elaine 1943–
610.73
ISBN 978-0-521-16800-7 Paperback
Reproduction and communication for educational purposes.
The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of
this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution
for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it)
has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act.
For details of the CAL license for educational institutions contact:
Copyright Agency Limited
Level 15, 233 Castlereagh Street
Sydney NSW 2000
Telephone: (02) 9394 7600
Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601
E-mail: [email protected]

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLS for
external or third-party Internet Websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee
that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Every effort has been make in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information
which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case
histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the identities of the
individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that
the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are
constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors and publishers therefore
disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained
in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the
manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.
 FOREWORD I

I NTERNATIONAL DISASTER NURSING will become a hallmark for

the field of disaster health, and is testament to the broad scope of this dis-
cipline. It is a coherent summary of what we know today and the evi-
dence upon which the science of disaster health is based. The editors of
this book have assembled experts in their respective areas of disaster health who
include not only the nurses to whom the text is directed, but experts from other
disciplines who work in disaster health. The authors hail from fourteen different
countries and, thus, truly represent the international community — the content
has been guided to reflect many perspectives and health systems.
This text will serve those nurses interested in disaster planning and respons-
es as it lays out the essential components of practice in extreme circumstances.
It should help to hone the knowledge and skills of nurses participating in the
continuum of emergency/disaster health care and public health from the evolu-
tion of plans to the implementation of plans in the prehospital, inhospital, and
non-traditional healthcare setting. It includes organizational aspects as well as
individual and team roles and responsibilities. In so doing, the text provides es-
sential elements required for the definitions of disaster health competencies.
Importantly, the scope of the information in this book also will serve as the
basis for the disaster education and training for health professionals in disci-
plines other than nursing. The information and its synthesis will be useful for
all levels of practitioners.
The consistent format used in each of the chapters includes educational
objectives and will facilitate the development of courses in disaster health.
Further, the material easily can be adapted for planners and responders who are
expected to perform at some of the many levels of responses required during a
disaster.
In addition to core knowledge and information relevant to the practices in
disaster health, several chapters address cutting-edge topics, such as disaster
ethics and the design and conduct of disaster research and evaluations. Despite
the fact that the field of disaster health is rife with ethical concerns and dilem-
mas, there are no other texts relevant to disaster health that comprehensively
address the associated ethical issues. This book also provides a sound founda-
tion for those who are or will become interested in the conduct of disaster re-
search and the evaluation of interventions that have or will be used in disaster
planning, relief, and recovery. It further develops the conceptual and opera-
tional frameworks that provide the structure for the conduct and reporting of
disaster research/evaluation projects. Several chapters amplify the concepts and

v
FOREWORD I

information by providing concrete examples using specific events and the

resultant disasters and others examine variations of methods used by different
countries.
The references used by each of the contributing authors are the basis of the
current evidence that exists in disaster health. Their sources not only have
included the peer-reviewed literature, but also legal documents, standards, and
guidelines developed by the humanitarian health community, as well as materi-
al found only in the gray literature. The contributing authors have added their
respective synthesis of the current information using their expertise. What has
resulted is a text with many faces and uses.
International Disaster Nursing is the first text provided by the World
Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WADEM). Through this
publication, the Nursing Section of the WADEM has set a very high standard
for future WADEM publications. The WADEM is proud to provide this
extraordinary work to the health community. I congratulate all of the contrib-
utors to this compendium and especially the editors, Robert Powers and Elaine
Daily, for assembling this cadre of experts and for their commitment to making
this text the hallmark that it will become.

Marvin L. Birnbaum, MD, PhD

Immediate Past-President, WADEM
Editor-in-Chief, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine

vi
 FOREWORD II

D ISASTERS OCCUR DAILY somewhere in the world and have a

dramatic impact on the quality of life of individuals, families, and
communities. The World Disasters Report 2007 confirmed a 60% in-
crease in the occurrence of disasters in the last decade (1997–2006)
compared to the previous decade.1 The number of reported deaths associated with
disasters increased from 600,000 to more than 1.2 million while, at the same time,
the number of people affected rose from 230 million to 270 million — a 17% in-
crease. No nation, region, community, or individual is immune to the potential
devastations of a disaster.2
According to the United Nations’ Bureau of Crisis Prevention and Recovery,
nearly 75% of the world’s population live in areas that were affected at least once
by an earthquake, a tropical cyclone, flooding, or drought between 1980 and 2000.
In the year 2007, 133 countries were impacted by some disaster-producing event
— up from an average of 116 countries during the period 2000–2006.2
Nations with less resources are particularly vulnerable and require special
attention, as they are less able to finance and support disaster preparation, emer-
gency efforts, and infrastructure reconstruction initiatives. When disaster strikes,
funds are diverted from other urgently required programs. Disasters, therefore,
can change the face of a resource-poor nation in minutes, wiping out years of
development. Disaster reduction and sustainable development are thus closely
linked.3 The data justify the importance given to sound disaster planning and
mitigation efforts. Included in these efforts is the preparation of a workforce that
is able to respond effectively during a disaster.
Nurses, with their technical skills and knowledge of epidemiology, physiol-
ogy, pharmacology, cultural-familial structures, and psychosocial issues can and
do assist in disaster preparedness programs, as well as disaster relief response and
recovery activities. As team members, they can play a strategic role cooperating
with health and social disciplines, government bodies, community groups, and
non-governmental agencies, including humanitarian organizations. They have
vital roles in prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and relief interventions. For
this reason, in 2009, the International Council of Nurses and the World Health
Organization/Western Pacific Region released the ICN Framework of Disaster
Nursing Competencies — a valuable tool for education, training, and accredita-
tion program, rosters, and deployment strategies.
There is increasing awareness of the care and support (meeting daily physi-
cal and emotional needs) that must be provided to relief workers who are expe-
riencing human tragedy first-hand, and become stressed and fatigued, trying to

vii
FOREWORD II

provide services with too few resources in physically unsafe circumstances.

Research has documented that nurses and other care providers may experience
post-traumatic stress disorders during and after a disaster. Attention must be
given to their health, including accident and professional indemnity insurance
coverage. The occupational health and safety of care givers must be maintained
if effective health care is to be provided.
The publication of this book is timely and needed. The content covers a wide
range of topics, illustrating the broad scope of disaster nursing while informing
decision-making in critical aspects of disaster nursing care and preparedness plan-
ning. The learning objectives for each chapter are clearly indicated, providing easy
access to specific areas of disaster nursing, including theory, practical examples,
lessons learned, and recommendations for future work. International Disaster
Nursing is a valuable reference for advancing the care provided by nurses in dis-
aster prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and relief. Nurses have always been
actively involved in such efforts. It is important to support them, advance their
practice, and recognize their contributions to the well-being of our communities.

Mireille Kingma RN, PhD

Consultant, Nursing and Health Policy
International Council of Nurses

REFERENCES
1. Klyman Y, Kouppari N, Mukhier M: World Disasters Report 2007: Focus on Discrimination.
Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2007.
2. Dorsey, D: ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies. Manila: International Council of
Nurses and World Health Organization/Western Pacific Region, 2009.
3. ICN: Position Statement on Nurses and Disaster Preparedness. Geneva: International Council of
Nurses, 2006.

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Marvin Birnbaum MD, PhD
FOREWORD II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Mireille Kingma RN, PhD

CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Robert Powers, Elaine Daily

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO DISASTERS AND DISASTER NURSING . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Robert Powers

CHAPTER 2
HEALTHCARE FACILITY PREPAREDNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Knox Andress

CHAPTER 3
COMMUNITY BEHAVIOR AND RESPONSE TO DISASTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Tricia Wachtendorf, James M. Kendra, Brandi Lea

CHAPTER 4
FIRST RESPONDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Dario Gonzalez

CHAPTER 5
DISASTER TRIAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Jamie Ranse, Kathryn Zeitz

CHAPTER 6
HOSPITAL IMPACT: EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Margaret M. McMahon

CHAPTER 7
HOSPITAL IMPACT: IMMEDIATE ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Hazel E. Harley, Bronwen Kelly, Muriel G. Leclercq, Andy G. Robertson,
Wayne Snell, Robert B. Stewart

ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 8
HOSPITAL IMPACT: LONG-TERM ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Maxim Pekarev, Kuldeep Singh, Roberta P. Lavin, Sophia Hsu, Tonya J. Broyles

CHAPTER 9
HOSPITAL IMPACT: INTERNAL DISASTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Theo J. Ligthelm

CHAPTER 10
HEALTHCARE FACILITIES INCIDENT COMMAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Craig DeAtley
CHAPTER 11
CHEMICAL PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Yukiya Hakozaki

CHAPTER 12
BIOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Adrian Crowe

CHAPTER 13
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF RADIATION INJURIES AND ILLNESSES 221
Doran M. Christensen, Steven M. Becker, Robert C. Whitcomb, Jr.,
W. Mark Hart, Steve Sugarman

CHAPTER 14
EXPLOSIVE EVENT PREPAREDNESS/RESPONSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Angelo Agostini

CHAPTER 15
DECONTAMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Robert Powers

CHAPTER 16
POPULATIONS WITH VULNERABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS . . . . . . . . 289
Kelly Burkholder-Allen

CHAPTER 17
DISASTERS AND CHILDREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Karen Olness

CHAPTER 18
REGIONAL PLANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Douglas Havron
CHAPTER 19
US FEDERAL RESOURCES AND RESPONSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Alan D. Cohn, J. Bennet Waters

x
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 20
INTERNATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Susan M. Briggs

CHAPTER 21
DISASTER NURSING RESPONSES IN JAPAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Satoko Mitani

CHAPTER 22
PREPAREDNESS OF THE ISRAELI HEALTH SYSTEM
FOR EMERGENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Bruria Adini, Robert Cohen, Daniel Laor
CHAPTER 23
PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Jane V.E. Richter

CHAPTER 24
PANDEMIC PLANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Lynn A. Slepski

CHAPTER 25
HEALTH ISSUES IN HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Mary Lou Fisher, Daksha Brahmbhatt, Robert Powers, Elaine Daily

CHAPTER 26
DISASTER MENTAL HEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Margaret Grigg, Frances Hughes

CHAPTER 27
DISASTER ETHICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Leila Toiviainen, Elaine Daily

CHAPTER 28
DISASTER RECOVERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Gerard J. FitzGerald, Peter Aitken, Elinor R. Davis, Elaine Daily

CHAPTER 29
THE SOUTHEAST ASIA TSUNAMI: HEALTH ASPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Elaine Daily

CHAPTER 30
HURRICANE KATRINA: HEALTH ASPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Anne Hutton, Helen Tilden
CHAPTER 31
DISASTER NURSING EDUCATIONAL COMPETENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Lynn A. Slepski, Marguerite T. Littleton-Kearney

xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 32
DISASTER NURSING RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Dean Whitehead, Paul Arbon

CHAPTER 33
DISASTER RESEARCH FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Elaine Daily

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

xii
 CONTRIBUTORS
-
Bruria Adini, PhD
Senior Consultant
Emergency and Disaster Management Division
Ministry of Health, Israel

Angelo Agostini, RN
Emergency Department
Emergency Medical Service
Member Scientific Committee of N&A
Bergamo, Italy

Peter Aitken, MBBS, FACEM, EMDM

Senior Staff Specialist
The Townsville Hospital Emergency Department
Associate Professor, Anton Breinl Centre, James Cook University
Townsville, Queensland Australia
Noel Stevenson Fellow
Queensland Emergency Medicine Research Foundation, Australia

Knox Andress, BA, AD, RN, FAEN

Designated Regional Coordinator
Louisiana Region 7 Hospital Preparedness
Department of Emergency Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center
Louisiana Poison Center
Shreveport, Louisiana USA

Professor Paul Arbon, PhD, RN

Dean, School of Nursing and Midwifery
Faculty of Health Sciences, Flinders University
Adelaide, South Australia Australia
President-Elect, WADEM

Steven M. Becker, PhD

Associate Professor of Public Health
Vice-Chair, Department of Environmental Health Sciences
The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)
Birmingham, Alabama USA

Daksha Brahmbhatt, RN, MPH

Adjunct Faculty
Institute for Johns Hopkins School of Nursing
Baltimore, Maryland USA

Susan M. Briggs, MD, MPH, FACS

Associate Professor of Surgery
Harvard Medical School
Director, International Trauma and Disaster Institute
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts USA

Tonya J. Broyles, PhD, RN

USA

Kelly Burkholder-Allen, RN, MSEd

Adjunct Assistant Professor
Public Health and Homeland Security
College of Medicine, University of Toledo
Toledo, Ohio USA xiii
CONTRIBUTORS

Doran M. Christensen, DO
Associate Director & Staff Physician
Emergency Medicine/Occupational Medicine
Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS)
Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education (ORISE)
Oak Ridge, Tennessee USA

Robert Cohen, PhD

Chairman
Center for Medical Education
Hebrew University
Jerusalem, Israel

Alan D. Cohn, JD
Adjunct Professor of Law
LLM Program, Georgetown University Law Center
Washington, DC USA

Adrian Crowe
Emergency Planning Manager
Liverpool PCT Provider Services HQ
Liverpool, UK

Elaine Daily, RN, BS, FAHA, FCCM

Consultant
Critical Care and Disaster Health Education and Research
Madison, Wisconsin USA

Elinor R. Davis, MPH, BPhty, ADipMus

Project Officer
Emergency and Disaster Management
School of Public Health
Brisbane, Queensland Australia

Craig DeAtley, PA-C

Director
Institute for Public Health Emergency Readiness
Washington Hospital Center
Washington, DC USA

Susan Eckert, RN, MSN

Director
Institute for Innovations in Nursing Readiness
ER ONE Institute
Washington Hospital Center
Washington, DC USA

Mary Lou Fisher, RN, MSN, NP

Health and Nutrition Advisor
Samaritan’s Purse International Relief Center Associate
Johns Hopkins Center for Refugee and Disaster Response
Baltimore, Maryland USA

Gerard J. FitzGerald, MD, FACEM, FRACMA

Professor Public Health
Emergency and Disaster Management
Queensland University of Technology
Brisbane, Queensland Australia

xiv
 CONTRIBUTORS

Dario Gonzalez, MD
Manhattan/Bronx Division Medical Director
FDNY/Office of Medical Affairs
New York City, New York USA

Dr. Margaret Grigg

Assistant Director
Bushfire Psychosocial Recovery Plan
Department of Human Services
Melbourne, Victoria Australia

Col. Yukiya Hakozaki, MD

Chief of Internal Medicine
Japan Self Defense Forces Central Hospital
Tokyo, Japan

Hazel E. Harley
Director
Crisis, Health, and Risk Management Solutions Pty. Ltd.
Western Australia Australia

W. Mark Hart, RN, MS, COHN-S

Nurse/Paramedic and Education Coordinator
Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS)
Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education (ORISE)
Oak Ridge, Tennessee USA

Douglas Havron, RN, BSN, MS, CEN, CEM

General Partner
P3 Disaster, LLP
Houston, Texas USA

Dr. Ray J. Higginson, MIBiol

Senior Lecturer in Critical Care Physiology
Faculty of Health, Sport, and Science, University of Glamorgan
Wales, UK

Marna Hoard
LCDR, US Public Health Service, Project Launch
Center for Mental Health Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Rockville, Maryland USA

LT. Sophia Hsu, APRN, BC, MPH, MSN

US Public Health Service
Los Angeles, California USA

Dr. Frances Hughes, RN, DNurs, ONZM

Adjunct Professor
AUT Auckland and UTS Sydney
WHO PIMHnet Facilitator
New Zealand

Anne Hutton, RN, MS

USA

Bronwen Kelly
Senior Public Affairs Officer
Western Australian Department of Health
Western Australia Australia

xv
CONTRIBUTORS

James M. Kendra, PhD

Program Coordinator
Emergency Administration and Planning Program
Department of Public Administration
University of North Texas
Denton, Texas USA

Dr. Gamal Eldin Abbas Khalifa

Specialist, Emergency and Disaster Medicine
Head of Emergency Department, Al Rahba Hospital
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Hamidreza Khankeh, RN, MS, PhD

Assistant Professor, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science
Tehran, Iran
Guest Researcher, Department of Public Health Sciences Division of Social Medicine
Karolinska Institutet
Stockholm, Sweden

Jason Killens
Assistant Director of Operations
London Ambulance Service NHS Trust
East Area HQ, Ilford Ambulance Station
Essex, UK

Dr. Mireille Kingma, RN, PhD

Consultant
Nursing and Health Policy
International Council of Nurses
Geneva, Switzerland

Daniel Laor, MD, MHA

Director
Emergency and Disaster Management Division
Ministry of Health, Israel

CAPT. Roberta P. Lavin, PhD, APRN, BC

Director
Office of Human Services Emergency Preparedness and Response
Administration for Children and Families
Washington, DC USA

Brandi Lea, MPA

Research Assistant and Doctoral Student
Department of Public Administration
University of North Texas
Denton, Texas USA

Muriel G. Leclercq
Manager
Disaster Preparedness and Management Unit
Western Australian Department of Health
Western Australia Australia

Theo J. Ligthelm, MPA, B Soc Sc (Hon), Dip H Ed, Dip Adv Nur, RN, Col
Officer Commanding, School for Military Health Training
South African Military Health Service
Johannesburg, South Africa

xvi
 CONTRIBUTORS

Marguerite T. Littleton-Kearney, PhD, RN, FAAN

Associate Professor of Nursing, Department of Acute and Chronic Care
Johns Hopkins School of Nursing
Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Anesthesia/Critical Care Medicine
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland USA

Margaret M. McMahon, RN, MN, CEN, FAEN

Emergency Clinical Education Specialist
AtlantiCare Regional Medical Center – Mainland
Pomona, New Jersey USA

Satoko Mitani, RN, PhD

Assistant Professor
Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine
Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
Kyoto, Japan

Jonathan Mould, MSc, RMN, RGN, RSCN

Lecturer and University Contact Officer
School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Postgraduate Medicine
Faculty of Computing Health and Science, Edith Cowan University
Joondalup, Western Australia Australia

Karen Olness, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, Family Medicine, and Global Health
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio USA

Maxim Pekarev, MD
Department of Surgery
Drexel University College of Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA

Robert Powers, BS, RN, EMT-P

Consultant
Emergency Services Disaster Consulting
Raleigh, North Carolina USA

Kristine Qureshi, RN, CEN, DNSc

Associate Professor
School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii USA

Jamie Ranse, RN, MRCNA, BNurs, GradCertClinicalEd, MCritCareNurs

Clinical Manager – Research Portfolio
Emergency Department, Calvary Health Care ACT, Australia
Chief Nursing Officer, St. John Ambulance
Australian Capital Territory Australia

Paul Rega, MD, FACEP

Associate Professor
Department of Public Health & Homeland Security
University of Toledo College of Medicine
Toledo, Ohio USA

xvii
CONTRIBUTORS

Jane V.E. Richter, DrPH, MSN, MA, RN, CHES

Director
University of South Carolina Center for Public Health Preparedness
Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina USA

Dr. Andy G. Robertson

Director
Disaster Management, Regulation, and Planning
Public Health Division, Western Australian Department of Health
Western Australia Australia

Kuldeep Singh, MD
Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Surgery
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA

CAPT. Lynn A. Slepski, PhD, RN, CCNS

Senior Public Health Advisor
Department of Homeland Security
Washington, DC USA

Wayne Snell
Senior Policy Officer – Operations
Disaster Preparedness and Management Unit
Western Australian Department of Health
Western Australia Australia

Wanda Spurlock, DNS, RN, BC, CNS

Associate Professor
Graduate Nursing Programs
Southern University and A&M College School of Nursing
Baton Rouge, Louisiana USA

Robert B. Stewart
Senior Project Coordinator
Fiona Stanley Hospital Project
Western Australian Department of Health
Western Australia Australia

Steve Sugarman, MS, CHP

Health Physics Project Manager
Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS)
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)
Oak Ridge, Tennessee USA

Helen Tilden, RN
USA

Leila Toiviainen, RN, PhD

Lecturer, School of Philosophy
Faculty of Arts, University of Tasmania
Tasmania, Australia
Department of Social and Moral Philosophy
University of Helsinki
Helskini, Finland

xviii
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