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 CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC
Monographs and Surveys in
Pure and Applied Mathematics 139

SPECTRAL THEORY FOR

RANDOM AND

NONAUTONOMOUS

PARABOLIC EQUATIONS

AND APPLICATIONS
CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC
Monographs and Surveys in Pure and Applied Mathematics

Main Editors
H. Brezis, Université de Paris
R.G. Douglas, Texas A&M University
A. Jeffrey, University of Newcastle upon Tyne (Founding Editor)

Editorial Board
R. Aris, University of Minnesota
G.I. Barenblatt, University of California at Berkeley
H. Begehr, Freie Universität Berlin
P. Bullen, University of British Columbia
R.J. Elliott, University of Alberta
R.P. Gilbert, University of Delaware
R. Glowinski, University of Houston
D. Jerison, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
K. Kirchgässner, Universität Stuttgart
B. Lawson, State University of New York
B. Moodie, University of Alberta
L.E. Payne, Cornell University
D.B. Pearson, University of Hull
G.F. Roach, University of Strathclyde
I. Stakgold, University of Delaware
W.A. Strauss, Brown University
J. van der Hoek, University of Adelaide
 CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC
Monographs and Surveys in
Pure and Applied Mathematics 139

SPECTRAL THEORY FOR

RANDOM AND

NONAUTONOMOUS

PARABOLIC EQUATIONS

AND APPLICATIONS

Janusz Mierczyński
Wenxian Shen
Chapman & Hall/CRC
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487‑2742
© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Chapman & Hall/CRC is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

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International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑1‑58488‑895‑6 (Hardcover)

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Mierczynski, Janusz.
Spectral theory for random and nonautonomous parabolic equations and
applications / Janusz Mierczynski and Wenxian Shen.
p. cm. ‑‑ (Monographs and surveys in pure and applied
mathematics)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978‑1‑58488‑895‑6 (alk. paper)
1. Differential equations, Parabolic. 2. Evolution equations. 3. Spectral theory
(Mathematics) I. Shen, Wenxian, 1961‑ II. Title. III. Series.

QA377.M514 2008
515’.3534‑‑dc22 2007048063

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

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and the CRC Press Web site at
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To Janusz’s Mother and Edyta,

and

Ruijun, Bonny, Charles

Contents

Preface xi

Symbol Description xiii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Outline of the Monograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 General Notations and Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Standing Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2 Fundamental Properties in the General Setting 23

2.1 Assumptions and Weak Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2 Basic Properties of Weak Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3 The Adjoint Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4 Perturbation of Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.5 The Smooth Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.6 Remarks on Equations in Nondivergence Form . . . . . . . . 63

3 Spectral Theory in the General Setting 65

3.1 Principal Spectrum and Principal Lyapunov Exponents:
Definitions and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.2 Exponential Separation: Definitions and Basic Properties . . 74
3.3 Existence of Exponential Separation and Entire Positive
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.4 Multiplicative Ergodic Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.5 The Smooth Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.6 Remarks on the General Nondivergence Case . . . . . . . . . 113
3.7 Appendix: The Case of One-Dimensional Spatial Domain . . 114

4 Spectral Theory in Nonautonomous and Random Cases 119

4.1 Principal Spectrum and Principal Lyapunov Exponents in
Random and Nonautonomous Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.1.1 The Random Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.1.2 The Nonautonomous Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.2 Monotonicity with Respect to the Zero Order Terms . . . . . 136
4.2.1 The Random Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.2.2 The Nonautonomous Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.3 Continuity with Respect to the Zero Order Coefficients . . . 139

vii
viii

4.3.1 The Random Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

4.3.2 The Nonautonomous Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.4 General Continuity with Respect to the Coefficients . . . . . 142
4.4.1 The Random Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.4.2 The Nonautonomous Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.5 Historical Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.5.1 The Time Independent and Periodic Case . . . . . . . 146
4.5.2 The General Time Dependent Case . . . . . . . . . . . 148

5 Influence of Spatial-Temporal Variations and the Shape of

Domain 149
5.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.1.1 Notions and Basic Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.1.2 Auxiliary Lemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.2 Influence of Temporal Variation on Principal Lyapunov
Exponents and Principal Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.2.1 The Smooth Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.2.2 The Nonsmooth Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.3 Influence of Spatial Variation on Principal Lyapunov
Exponents and Principal Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
5.4 Faber–Krahn Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.5 Historical Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

6 Cooperative Systems of Parabolic Equations 191

6.1 Existence and Basic Properties of Mild Solutions in the General
Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.1.1 The Nonsmooth Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.1.2 The Smooth Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6.2 Principal Spectrum and Principal Lyapunov Exponents and
Exponential Separation in the General Setting . . . . . . . . 215
6.2.1 Principal Spectrum and Principal Lyapunov Exponents 215
6.2.2 Exponential Separation: Basic Properties . . . . . . . 220
6.2.3 Existence of Exponential Separation and Entire Positive
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
6.3 Principal Spectrum and Principal Lyapunov Exponents in
Nonautonomous and Random Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.3.1 The Random Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
6.3.2 The Nonautonomous Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
6.3.3 Influence of Time and Space Variations . . . . . . . . 240
6.4 Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

7 Applications to Kolmogorov Systems of Parabolic Equations 247

7.1 Semilinear Equations of Kolmogorov Type: General Theory 249
7.1.1 Existence, Uniqueness, and Basic Properties of
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
 ix

7.1.2 Linearization at the Trivial Solution . . . . . . . . . . 261

7.1.3 Global Attractor and Uniform Persistence . . . . . . . 269
7.2 Semilinear Equations of Kolmogorov Type: Examples . . . . 277
7.2.1 The Random Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
7.2.2 The Nonautonomous Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
7.3 Competitive Kolmogorov Systems of Semilinear Equations:
General Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
7.3.1 Existence, Uniqueness, and Basic Properties of
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
7.3.2 Linearization at Trivial and Semitrivial Solutions . . . 288
7.3.3 Global Attractor and Uniform Persistence . . . . . . . 293
7.4 Competitive Kolmogorov Systems of Semilinear Equations:
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
7.4.1 The Random Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
7.4.2 The Nonautonomous Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
7.5 Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

References 305

Index 315
Preface

Spectral theory for linear parabolic equations plays a fundamental role in the
study of nonlinear parabolic problems. It is well developed for smooth linear
elliptic and periodic parabolic equations. It is also quite well understood for
general linear elliptic and periodic parabolic equations. In recent years, much
attention has been paid to the extension of spectral theory for linear elliptic
and periodic parabolic equations to general time dependent and random linear
parabolic equations.

The goal of this monograph is to give a clear and essentially self-contained

account of the spectral theory, in particular, principal spectral theory for gen-
eral time dependent and random linear parabolic equations and systems of
such equations. We establish a unified approach to the study of the principal
spectral theory: we start to develop the abstract general theory, in the frame-
work of weak solutions, and then specialize to the cases of random and nonau-
tonomous equations. Among others, fundamental properties of the principal
spectrum and principal Lyapunov exponents for nonautonomous and random
linear parabolic equations are investigated and applications of the developed
principal spectral theory to uniform persistence for competitive Kolmogorov
systems of nonautonomous and random nonlinear parabolic equations are dis-
cussed. The monograph contains many new results, and puts already known
results in a new perspective.

The works by H. Amann ([3]–[6]), the works by D. Daners ([29]–[34]), the

book by R. Dautray and J.-L. Lions ([36]), the book by D. Henry ([48]), the
book by O. A. Ladyzhenskaya [O. A. Ladyženskaja], V. A. Solonnikov and
N. N. Ural0 tseva [N. N. Ural’ceva] ([70]), and the book by G. M. Lieberman
([73]) are the main sources for the fundamentals (mainly existence, unique-
ness, continuous dependence of solutions and Harnack inequalities for positive
solutions) for the development of the spectral theory and applications in this
monograph.

We have benefited a lot by reading the works by Z. Lian and K. Lu ([72]),

J. Húska ([59]), J. Húska and P. Poláčik ([60]), and J. Húska, P. Poláčik and
M. V. Safonov ([61]) on Lyapunov exponents for general random dynamical
systems and on principal Floquet bundle and exponential separation for gen-
eral time dependent parabolic equations. We are also indebted to many other
people whose works provide the basics for the monograph. The second au-
thor has benefited greatly from the collaborations with V. Hutson and G. T.

xi
xii

Vickers on spectral theory for parabolic as well as other types of evolution

operators.
This monograph was written under the partial support of NSF grants INT-
0341754 and DMS-0504166. The first author was also supported by the re-
search funds for 2005–2008 (grant MENII 1 PO3A 021 29, Poland).
During the preparation of this monograph, the first author visited Auburn
University in the summers of 2004 and 2005 and in the spring of 2007. He
thanks the faculty of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics for their
hospitality. Both of the authors would like to thank Professors Tomasz Dlotko,
Georg Hetzer, and Kening Lu for helpful discussions and references.
We are very grateful to the people in Chapman & Hall/CRC, in particular,
Sunil Nair, Marsha Pronin, Sarah Morris, Ari Silver, and Tom Skipp for their
assistance and cooperation.
The monograph is prepared in LATEX. Our thanks go to Shashi Kumar for
invaluable technical assistance.

Janusz Mierczyński
Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
Wroclaw University of Technology
[email protected]

Wenxian Shen
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Auburn University
[email protected]
Symbol Description

D Bounded domain in RN X Phase space for scalar

∂D Boundary of D parabolic equations
B Boundary operator X Phase space for systems of
ν The outer unit normal on parabolic equations
∂D Π Topological or random lin-
(Ω, F, P) Probability space ear skew-product semiflow
θ Metric flow on (Ω, F, P) Φ Topological or random
B Family of Borel sets (nonlinear) skew-product
µ Invariant measure semiflow
α0 Ellipticity constant ρ− Lower principal resolvent
Y Parameter space for a sin- ρ+ Upper principal resolvent
gle linear equation or a gen-
Σ Principal spectrum
eral metric space
λmin Minimum of the principal
Y Parameter space for a sys-
spectrum
tem of linear equations
σ Translation flow on Y (or λmax Maximum of the principal
on Y) or general flow or spectrum
semiflow on Y λ(µ) Principal Lyapunov expo-
Z Parameter space for a sin- nent
gle nonlinear equation λprinc Principal eigenvalue
Z Parameter space for a sys- ϕprinc Principal eigenfunction of
tem of nonlinear equations an elliptic equation
ζ Translation flow on Z (or γ0 Separating exponent
on Z) ψ test function

xiii
Chapter 1
Introduction

Reaction–diffusion equations or systems in bounded domains have been used

to model many evolution processes in science and engineering, for example,
Lotka–Volterra competitive and predator–prey systems, color pattern forma-
tion in butterflies and sea shells, tumor growth, just to mention a few in
biology. Regardless of the details of the model, one of the common require-
ments is to investigate the spectral problem for an associated linear evolution
problem. This is often required as a tool for nonlinear problems, for example
when considering stability or invasion (in the ecological context).
Traditionally most evolution processes are considered in time independent
and spatially homogeneous environments. However, in nature, many evolution
processes are subject to various variations of the external environments, and
the media of the processes are also heterogeneous. General time dependent
and random parabolic equations and systems of such equations are therefore
of great interest since they can take the above facts into account in modeling
evolution processes. A vast amount of research has been carried out toward
various dynamical aspects of nonautonomous and random parabolic equations
(see, for a few examples, [7], [8], [17], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [37], [38], [54],
[98], [110], [111]).
As a basic tool for nonlinear problems, it is of great significance to investi-
gate spectral theory for general nonautonomous linear parabolic equations of
the form

N N
∂u X ∂ X ∂u 
= aij (t, x) + ai (t, x)u
∂t i=1
∂xi j=1 ∂xj
N
X ∂u
+ bi (t, x) + c0 (t, x)u, x ∈ D, (1.0.1)
i=1
∂xi

complemented with the boundary conditions

B(t)u = 0, on ∂D, (1.0.2)

where D ⊂ RN is a bounded domain and B is a boundary operator of either

1
2 Spectral Theory for Parabolic Equations

the Dirichlet or Neumann or Robin type, that is,



 u (Dirichlet)



 N XN
∂u
X
 


 aij (t, x) + ai (t, x)u νi (Neumann)
 ∂xj
B(t)u = i=1 j=1 (1.0.3)
 N XN
∂u

 X 
aij (t, x) + ai (t, x)u νi





 i=1 j=1 ∂xj


+ d0 (t, x)u. (Robin)


(νν = (ν1 , ν2 , . . . , νN ) denotes the unit normal on the boundary ∂D pointing

out of D, interpreted in a certain weak sense (in the regular sense if ∂D is
sufficiently smooth)).
It is also of great importance to investigate spectral theory for general
random linear parabolic equations of the form
N N
∂u X ∂ X ∂u 
= aij (θt ω, x) + ai (θt ω, x)u
∂t i=1
∂xi j=1 ∂xj
N
X ∂u
+ bi (θt ω, x) + c0 (θt ω, x)u, x ∈ D, (1.0.4)
i=1
∂xi

complemented with the boundary conditions

B(θt ω)u = 0, on ∂D, (1.0.5)

where B is a boundary operator of either the Dirichlet or Neumann or Robin

type, that is, B(θt ω) is of the same form as B(t) in (1.0.3) with aij (t, x) =
aij (θt ω, x), ai (t, x) = ai (θt ω, x), and d0 (t, x) = d0 (θt ω, x), ω ∈ Ω and ((Ω, F, P),
{θt }t∈R ) is an ergodic metric dynamical system. It is important as well to
investigate spectral theory of nonautonomous and random linear parabolic
equations in nondivergence form and coupled systems of nonautonomous and
random linear parabolic equations.
Spectral theory is well understood for smooth elliptic or time periodic
parabolic equations. For example, it is well known that the eigenvalue λprinc
to the eigenvalue problem

∆u(x) + h(x)u(x) = λu(x), x ∈ D,
 ∂u (x) = 0, x ∈ ∂D,
∂νν
where both the domain D and the function h : D̄ → R are sufficiently smooth,
having the largest real part (called the principal eigenvalue) is real, simple,
and an eigenfunction ϕprinc corresponding to it (called principal eigenfunc-
tion) can be chosen so that ϕprinc (x) > 0 for x ∈ D. Hence all positive
 1. Introduction 3

solutions of a time independent linear parabolic equation are attracted in the

direction toward the one-dimensional space spanned by a principal eigenfunc-
tion of the associated elliptic eigenvalue problem (principal eigenspace) and
the solutions lying in the complementary space of the principal eigenspace
decay exponentially faster than positive solutions (which is referred to as an
exponential separation property).
The principal eigenvalue and principal eigenfunction theory is of special
interest in applications since it provides necessary and/or sufficient condi-
tions for exponential stability and/or instability in nonlinear problems. The
concepts of principal eigenvalue and principal eigenfunction and their prop-
erties were extended in [50] to time-periodic parabolic equations (see also
[35]). The extension to general time dependent and random parabolic equa-
tions is of great difficulty since many approaches which can be successfully
applied to time-periodic problems fail to be useful for general time depen-
dent and random problems. Nevertheless, quite a lot of linear theories for
time almost-periodic, and general nonautonomous, or even random parabolic
problems have been established in various publications, see for example [19],
[20], [21], [22], [29], [30], [59], [60], [61], [62], [79], [81], [82], [84], [92], [94],
and [97]. The established theories have also found great applications (see [51],
[64], [83], [85], [93], [103]).
In the past several years we studied nonautonomous/random linear parabolic
equations. A general theory of principal spectrum for nonautonomous lin-
ear parabolic equations with certain smoothness (both the coefficients and
the domain are sufficiently smooth) has been established, serving as a gen-
eralization of the well-known theory of principal eigenvalues and principal
eigenfunctions for elliptic equations ([81], [82]). As a counterpart, a the-
ory of principal Lyapunov exponents for random linear parabolic equations
with certain smoothness has also been established ([81], [82]). For general
nonautonomous linear parabolic equations, many fundamental results about
existence, uniqueness, continuous dependence on coefficients of solutions are
established in [29], [30], [36], [70], and various versions of Harnack inequalities
are developed in [10], [40], [59], [60], [61], [69], [73], [88]. Recently a spectral
theory for such equations has also been obtained in [59], [60], [61], mostly for
the Dirichlet boundary condition case. There is surely a need to develop an
adequate spectral theory for general nonautonomous and random parabolic
equations with Neumann or Robin boundary conditions. As a basic tool for
the study of nonlinear parabolic problems, it is also of great importance to col-
lect existing as well as newly developed linear theories for general and smooth
nonautonomous and random parabolic equations in a monograph.
The objective of this monograph is to give a hopefully clear and essentially
self-contained account of the spectral theory, in particular, principal spectral
theory for general time dependent and random linear parabolic equations and
systems. We follow the following unified approach for the investigation of
the spectral theory: we start to develop the abstract general theory, in the
framework of weak solutions (mild solutions in the case of systems of parabolic
4 Spectral Theory for Parabolic Equations

equations), and then specialize to the cases of random and nonautonomous

equations. We treat all types of boundary conditions in the same manner.
Our exposition focuses on equations in the divergence form, however we pro-
vide remarks on corresponding theories for equations in the nondivergence
form. On the regularity of the coefficients, we assume the boundedness and
measurability, that is, in (1.0.1)+(1.0.2), we assume that aij , ai , bi , and c0
are bounded and measurable on (−∞, ∞) × D and that d0 is nonnegative
bounded and measurable on ∂D × (−∞, ∞). In (1.0.4)+(1.0.5), we assume
that aω ω ω ω
ij , ai , bi , and c are uniformly bounded in ω ∈ Ω and are measur-
able on (−∞, ∞) × D for each ω ∈ Ω and that dω 0 is nonnegative uniformly
bounded in ω ∈ Ω and is measurable on ∂D × (−∞, ∞) for each ω ∈ Ω, where
aωij (t, x) = aij (θt ω, x), etc. As for the regularity of the domain D, no assump-
tion is needed in the Dirichlet boundary condition case and it is assumed that
D is Lipschitz in the Neumann or Robin boundary condition case. We prove
various additional properties when the coefficients and the domain turn out
to be smooth.

1.1 Outline of the Monograph

First of all, in Chapter 2 we establish fundamental theories in a general
setting, i.e., for a general family of nonautonomous equations.
To be more specific, let Y be a (norm-)bounded subset of L∞ (R × D,
2
RN +2N +1 ) × L∞ (R × ∂D, R) that is closed (hence, compact) in the weak-*
topology of that space and is translation invariant (see Section 1.3).
We then consider (1.0.1)+(1.0.2) for a whole family of coefficients a ∈ Y .
The reason for considering (1.0.1)+(1.0.2) for a whole family of coefficients a ∈
Y is at least fourfold. First, even when we start with only one nonautonomous
equation, in many proofs one has to use the procedure of passing to a limit
of a sequence of time-translated equations, which can be most easily put in
the context of linear skew-product semidynamical systems on a bundle whose
base space consists of the closure of all the time translates of the coefficients
of the original equation. Second, when considering random equations, their
coefficients belong to some family. Third, sometimes we have to compare the
properties of the principal spectrum for two equations or even investigate the
continuity of the principal spectrum with respect to parameters. And fourth,
to study the stability of an invariant set of a nonlinear equation, we need
to consider the linearized equations along all the solutions in the invariant
set. To emphasize the coefficients and the boundary terms in the problem
(1.0.1)+(1.0.2), we will write (1.0.1)a +(1.0.2)a .
We list in Chapter 2 some basic assumptions including the uniform elliptic-
ity of the time dependent parabolic equations in the general setting introduced
 1. Introduction 5

above and the Lipschitz continuity of the underlying domain of the equations
in the Neumann or Robin boundary condition case. We introduce the con-
cept of weak solutions of the equations in the general setting in the space
L2 (D) and collect basic properties of weak solutions which will be needed
in later chapters, including local regularity, Harnack inequalities, comparison
properties, compactness, continuity with respect to initial data as well as the
coefficients of the equations. The solutions of the equations in the general
setting are shown to form a skew-product semiflow with fibre or phase space
L2 (D). Additional properties are proved when both the domain and the coef-
ficients are smooth. Several remarks are provided for the parabolic problems
in nondivergence form.
In Chapter 3, the concepts of principal spectrum and principal Lyapunov
exponents and exponential separation of the skew-product semiflow induced
from a family of equations in the general setting are introduced. Various
basic properties of principal spectrum and principal Lyapunov exponents are
presented. Existence of exponential separation and existence and uniqueness
of entire positive solutions are shown under quite general assumptions, namely,
that positive solutions satisfy appropriate Harnack inequalities. In addition,
we present a multiplicative ergodic theorem for a family of equations in the
general setting. We also collect several properties of parabolic equations on
one-dimensional space domain in an appendix.
Chapter 4 concerns principal spectrum and principal Lyapunov exponents of
nonautonomous and random parabolic equations. First the concepts of prin-
cipal spectrum and principal Lyapunov exponents of nonautonomous and ran-
dom parabolic equations are introduced in terms of proper family of parabolic
equations associated to the given nonautonomous and random equations,
which extend the classical concept of principal eigenvalue of elliptic and pe-
riodic parabolic equations. Applying the theories developed in Chapters 2
and 3, fundamental properties are then proved, including continuity with re-
spect to the perturbation of coefficients and monotonicity with respect to zero
order terms.
In Chapter 5, we investigate the effect of time (space) dependence and ran-
domness of zero order terms on principal spectrum and principal Lyapunov
exponents of nonautonomous and random parabolic equations. It is shown
that neither time (space) dependence nor randomness will reduce principal
spectrum and principal Lyapunov exponents and they are indeed increased
except in degenerate cases. More precisely, we show that in the general case
the principal spectrum (principal Lyapunov exponent) of a nonautonomous
(random) parabolic equation is always greater than or equal to that of the
corresponding time-averaged equation. We also show that in the smooth case,
the principal spectrum (principal Lyapunov exponent) of a nonautonomous
(random) parabolic equation is strictly greater than that of the time-averaged
equation except in the case that the coefficient can be decomposed as the sum
of a spatially dependent term and a time dependent term. Similar results are
proved about the effect of space dependence of zero order terms on principal
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