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 Third Edition

Occupational
Health and Safety
Management
A Practical Approach

Charles D. Reese
 Third Edition

Occupational
Health and Safety
Management
A Practical Approach
 Third Edition

Occupational
Health and Safety
Management
A Practical Approach

Charles D. Reese

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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 Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................................... xxiii
Acknowledgments...........................................................................................................................xxv
Author...........................................................................................................................................xxvii

Chapter 1
In the Beginning: Introduction...........................................................................................................1
History............................................................................................................................................ 1
Numbers.........................................................................................................................................8
True Bottom Line........................................................................................................................... 9
Content........................................................................................................................................... 9
Bibliography................................................................................................................................. 14

Chapter 2
Making a Commitment: Management’s Commitment and Involvement......................................... 15
Management’s Commitment and Involvement............................................................................ 15
Roles and Responsibilities........................................................................................................... 18
Management............................................................................................................................ 18
Safety and Health Professional...............................................................................................20
First-Line Supervisor..............................................................................................................20
Worker..................................................................................................................................... 21
Responsibility............................................................................................................................... 22
Employee Responsibility......................................................................................................... 22
Discipline..................................................................................................................................... 23
Management Accountability........................................................................................................ 23
Supervisory Accountability.........................................................................................................24
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................25

Chapter 3
Being a Part: Workforce Involvement............................................................................................... 27
Involvement.................................................................................................................................. 27
Joint Labor/Management Safety and Health Committees........................................................... 29
Committee Makeup................................................................................................................. 29
Recordkeeping......................................................................................................................... 30
Do’s and Don’ts of L/M Committees...................................................................................... 30
Do’s..................................................................................................................................... 30
Don’ts.................................................................................................................................. 31
Organizing a Joint Committee................................................................................................ 31
Expectations............................................................................................................................ 31
Outcomes................................................................................................................................. 31
Joint L/M Occupational Safety and Health Committees........................................................ 32
Summary................................................................................................................................. 32
Policy Establishing Joint Committees......................................................................................... 33
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................34

v
vi Contents

Chapter 4
Put It in Writing: A Written Safety and Health Program................................................................. 35
Reasons for a Comprehensive Safety Program............................................................................ 36
Building a Safety and Health Program........................................................................................ 37
Other Required Written Programs............................................................................................... 38
Requirements and Elements of OSHA Guidelines for a Safety and Health Program................. 39
National Safety Council’s Elements of a Safety and Health Program......................................... 41
Emergency and Medical Planning............................................................................................... 42
First Aid and Medical Availability.............................................................................................. 42
Emergency Procedures and Response......................................................................................... 42
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................46

Chapter 5
Getting Safe Performance: Motivating Safety and Health............................................................... 47
Setting the Stage.......................................................................................................................... 48
Defining Motivation..................................................................................................................... 49
Principles of Motivation............................................................................................................... 49
Motivational Environment........................................................................................................... 50
Structuring the Motivational Environment............................................................................. 51
Reacting to the Motivational Environment............................................................................. 54
Self-Motivation............................................................................................................................. 56
People Are Amazing............................................................................................................... 56
Self in Motivation.................................................................................................................... 57
Needs Move Mountains and People............................................................................................. 57
Motivational Leadership.............................................................................................................. 59
Describing Leadership............................................................................................................ 59
Role Models............................................................................................................................. 59
Leadership Characteristics...................................................................................................... 59
Applying Leadership...............................................................................................................60
Key Person.............................................................................................................................. 61
Effects of Other Factors............................................................................................................... 61
Peer Pressure........................................................................................................................... 61
Family Pressure....................................................................................................................... 62
Incentives................................................................................................................................. 62
Incentive Program................................................................................................................... 62
Contests...................................................................................................................................64
Gimmicks and Gadgets...........................................................................................................64
Visuals.....................................................................................................................................64
Conferences and Seminars...................................................................................................... 65
Nonfinancial Incentives........................................................................................................... 65
Summary...................................................................................................................................... 65
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................66

Chapter 6
How They Act: Behavior-Based Safety............................................................................................ 69
Behavior-Based Safety................................................................................................................. 69
Heinrich’s Domino Concept......................................................................................................... 69
Contents vii

Behavior-Based Safety Today...................................................................................................... 71

BBS Described........................................................................................................................ 72
Identifying Critical Behaviors................................................................................................. 72
Gathering Data........................................................................................................................ 73
Two-Way Feedback................................................................................................................. 73
Continuous Improvement........................................................................................................ 74
Hindrances to Implementing BBS............................................................................................... 74
Summary...................................................................................................................................... 75
Bibliography................................................................................................................................. 76

Chapter 7
New Approaches: Lean Safety and Sustainability............................................................................ 77
Benefits of Lean Approach.......................................................................................................... 77
Challenges of Lean Safety........................................................................................................... 77
Changing Culture......................................................................................................................... 78
Learning and Training................................................................................................................. 79
Lean Techniques and Tools.......................................................................................................... 79
Standard Safety Tools..................................................................................................................80
Sustainability............................................................................................................................... 81
Summary...................................................................................................................................... 82
Bibliography................................................................................................................................. 83

Chapter 8
Search for the Culprits: Hazard Identification.................................................................................. 85
Hazard Identification.................................................................................................................... 85
Accident Types............................................................................................................................. 88
Struck-Against Type of Accidents........................................................................................... 88
Struck-By Type of Accidents................................................................................................... 88
Contact-By and Contact-With Types of Accidents.................................................................. 88
Caught-In and Caught-On Types of Accidents....................................................................... 88
Caught-Between Type of Accidents........................................................................................ 88
Fall-Same-Level and Fall-to-Below Types of Accidents........................................................ 89
Overexertion and Exposure Types of Accidents..................................................................... 89
Hazard Reporting System............................................................................................................ 89
Workplace Inspections or Audits................................................................................................. 89
Need for an Audit.................................................................................................................... 91
When to Audit.........................................................................................................................92
What to Audit..........................................................................................................................92
Accident Investigations................................................................................................................94
Introduction.............................................................................................................................94
Goals and Uses of Accident Investigation...............................................................................96
Accident Prevention................................................................................................................96
Investigative Procedures..........................................................................................................97
Fact-Finding............................................................................................................................ 98
Interviews................................................................................................................................ 98
Problem-Solving Techniques..................................................................................................99
Report of Investigation............................................................................................................99
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 100
viii Contents

Chapter 9
Taking a Serious Look: Analyzing Hazards................................................................................... 101
Hazard Analysis......................................................................................................................... 101
Root Cause Analysis.................................................................................................................. 101
Direct Causes........................................................................................................................ 103
Indirect Causes...................................................................................................................... 104
Basic Causes.......................................................................................................................... 104
Root (Basic) Cause Analysis................................................................................................. 106
Root Cause Analysis Methods.............................................................................................. 109
Change Analysis........................................................................................................................ 111
System Safety........................................................................................................................ 113
Job Hazard Analysis................................................................................................................... 115
Analyzing Accident Data........................................................................................................... 115
Risk versus Cost......................................................................................................................... 117
Cost Avoidance...................................................................................................................... 120
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 121

Chapter 10
Hurting: Occupational Injuries....................................................................................................... 123
Bureau of Labor Statistics.......................................................................................................... 123
Occupational Trauma Deaths..................................................................................................... 125
Occupational Injuries................................................................................................................. 128
Injury and Death Cost................................................................................................................ 136
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 137

Chapter 11
Sick: Occupational Illnesses........................................................................................................... 139
Identifying Health Hazards........................................................................................................ 141
Temperature Extremes............................................................................................................... 142
Cold Stress............................................................................................................................. 142
Heat Stress............................................................................................................................. 143
Ionizing Radiation...................................................................................................................... 144
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss..................................................................................................... 145
Nonionizing Radiation............................................................................................................... 147
Vibration.................................................................................................................................... 148
Health Hazards........................................................................................................................... 148
Acute Health Effects............................................................................................................. 149
Chronic Health Effects.......................................................................................................... 150
Chronic Diseases................................................................................................................... 151
Birth Defects/Infertility........................................................................................................ 151
Hazardous Chemicals................................................................................................................ 152
Carcinogens........................................................................................................................... 154
Biological Monitoring................................................................................................................ 155
Medical Questionnaire.......................................................................................................... 156
Pulmonary Function Test...................................................................................................... 156
Electrocardiogram................................................................................................................. 156
Chest X-Ray.......................................................................................................................... 156
Contents ix

Flammable and Combustible Liquids........................................................................................ 157

Combustible Liquids............................................................................................................. 157
Flammable Liquids............................................................................................................... 157
Containers and Storage......................................................................................................... 158
Container and Portable Tank Storage............................................................................... 158
Design, Construction, and Capacity of Containers.......................................................... 158
Design and Construction of Inside Storage Rooms.......................................................... 159
Wiring............................................................................................................................... 159
Ventilation........................................................................................................................ 160
Fire Control...................................................................................................................... 160
Summary of OSHA Regulations for Flammable and Combustible Liquids......................... 161
Hazard Communications Standard............................................................................................ 162
Guidelines for Employer Compliance................................................................................... 163
Becoming Familiar with the Rule.................................................................................... 164
Identifying Responsible Staff........................................................................................... 165
Identifying Hazardous Chemicals in the Workplace....................................................... 165
Preparing and Implementing a Hazard Communications Program................................. 166
Checklist for Compliance................................................................................................. 171
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 171

Chapter 12
Bent Too Far: Ergonomics.............................................................................................................. 173
Ergonomics................................................................................................................................ 173
Extent of the Problem................................................................................................................. 173
Developing an Ergonomic Program........................................................................................... 174
Ergonomic Risk Factors............................................................................................................. 181
Force...................................................................................................................................... 184
Repetition.............................................................................................................................. 184
Awkward Postures................................................................................................................. 185
Static Postures....................................................................................................................... 185
Vibration................................................................................................................................ 185
Contact Stress........................................................................................................................ 185
Cold Temperatures................................................................................................................ 185
Examples of Risky Activities................................................................................................ 186
Physical Work Activities and Conditions................................................................................... 189
Limits of Exposure..................................................................................................................... 189
Duration................................................................................................................................. 190
Frequency.............................................................................................................................. 190
Magnitude............................................................................................................................. 191
Ergonomic Controls................................................................................................................... 191
Identify Controls................................................................................................................... 191
Assess Controls..................................................................................................................... 192
Implement Controls............................................................................................................... 192
Tracking Progress...................................................................................................................... 192
Proactive Ergonomics................................................................................................................ 193
Education and Training.............................................................................................................. 193
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 194
x Contents

Chapter 13
Addressing Illnesses: Industrial Hygiene....................................................................................... 195
Introduction to Occupational Illness Prevention........................................................................ 195
Industrial Hygienist.................................................................................................................... 195
Environmental Factors or Stressors........................................................................................... 196
Physical Hazards................................................................................................................... 196
Biological Hazards................................................................................................................ 198
Ergonomic Hazards............................................................................................................... 198
Chemical Hazards................................................................................................................. 199
Modes of Entry for Contaminants............................................................................................. 199
Inhalation..............................................................................................................................200
Absorption.............................................................................................................................200
Ingestion................................................................................................................................200
Injection.................................................................................................................................200
Types of Air Contaminants........................................................................................................200
Particulates............................................................................................................................ 201
Gases and Vapors..................................................................................................................202
Exposure Monitoring.................................................................................................................202
Units of Concentration...............................................................................................................205
Exposure Guidelines..................................................................................................................205
Threshold Limit Values.........................................................................................................205
Skin Notation........................................................................................................................207
OSHA Exposure Limits........................................................................................................207
Time-Weighted Average........................................................................................................207
When You Need an Industrial Hygienist...................................................................................208
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................208

Chapter 14
Taking Action: Intervention, Controls, and Prevention..................................................................209
Hazard Prevention and Controls................................................................................................209
Elimination or Substitution........................................................................................................209
Engineering Controls.................................................................................................................209
Ventilation............................................................................................................................. 211
Presence-Sensing Devices..................................................................................................... 213
Awareness Devices..................................................................................................................... 216
Work Practices........................................................................................................................... 216
Administrative Controls............................................................................................................. 217
Management Controls........................................................................................................... 217
Personal Protective Equipment.................................................................................................. 217
Hazard Assessment............................................................................................................... 219
Establishing a Personal Protective Equipment Program....................................................... 219
Ranking Hazard Controls.......................................................................................................... 222
Other Tools That Can Be Used for Hazard Control................................................................... 222
Accident and Incident Reporting.......................................................................................... 222
Hazard Audits........................................................................................................................224
Safe Operating Procedure.....................................................................................................224
Job Safety Assessment.......................................................................................................... 225
Hazard Control Summary.......................................................................................................... 225
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 226
Contents xi

Chapter 15
Using the Tools: Accident Prevention Techniques.......................................................................... 227
Safety and Health Audits........................................................................................................... 227
Need for an Audit.................................................................................................................. 227
Safety Talks and Meetings......................................................................................................... 229
Accident Investigations.............................................................................................................. 230
Reporting Accidents.............................................................................................................. 231
Job Hazard Analysis................................................................................................................... 232
Four Basic Steps of a JHA/JSA............................................................................................. 232
Selecting a Job to Be Analyzed............................................................................................. 233
Changing Job Procedures...................................................................................................... 233
Safe Operating Procedures........................................................................................................ 234
Job Safety Observation.............................................................................................................. 236
Fleet Safety Program................................................................................................................. 237
Preoperation Inspection........................................................................................................240
Preventing Accidents............................................................................................................. 241
Preventive Maintenance Program.............................................................................................. 242
Special Emphasis Program........................................................................................................ 243
Using Safety and Health Consultants........................................................................................244
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 245

Chapter 16
Who Knows What: Safety and Health Training............................................................................. 247
Training and Education.............................................................................................................. 247
When to Train............................................................................................................................ 250
OSHA Training Model............................................................................................................... 250
Determining If Training Is Needed...................................................................................... 251
Identifying Training Needs................................................................................................... 251
Identifying Goals and Objectives.......................................................................................... 253
Developing Learning Activities............................................................................................ 253
Conducting the Training....................................................................................................... 254
Evaluating Program Effectiveness........................................................................................ 254
Improving the Program......................................................................................................... 255
Education/Training and Technology.......................................................................................... 255
Training New Hires.................................................................................................................... 256
Training Managers..................................................................................................................... 257
Training Supervisors.................................................................................................................. 257
Training Employees................................................................................................................... 258
Training...................................................................................................................................... 258
Documenting Safety and Health Training............................................................................ 259
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................260

Chapter 17
Guiding Light: OSHA Compliance................................................................................................ 263
OSHA Standards........................................................................................................................264
Protections under the OSHAct.................................................................................................. 265
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health..............................................................266
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission..............................................................266
xii Contents

Employer Responsibilities under the OSHAct..........................................................................266

Workers’ Rights and Responsibilities under the OSHAct........................................................ 269
Discrimination against Workers................................................................................................ 270
Right to Information.................................................................................................................. 271
Assuring a Safe and Healthy Workplace................................................................................... 271
Workers’ Complaints.................................................................................................................. 271
OSHA Inspections..................................................................................................................... 272
Workers’ Complaints and Requests for Inspections.................................................................. 273
Citations, Penalties, and Other Enforcement Measures............................................................. 274
Common Issued Violations Found by OSHA............................................................................ 275
100 Most Frequent Violations Cited by OSHA for All Industries............................................. 275
State OSHA Plans...................................................................................................................... 278
Worker Training.........................................................................................................................280
Occupational Injuries and Illnesses...........................................................................................280
Medical and Exposure Records................................................................................................. 285
Posting........................................................................................................................................ 288
What to Do When OSHA Comes Knocking............................................................................. 288
Inspection Process................................................................................................................. 288
Mitigating the Damage.......................................................................................................... 290
Closing Conference............................................................................................................... 290
After the Inspector Leaves.................................................................................................... 290
Make the Inspection a Positive Experience........................................................................... 291
Multiemployer Worksites........................................................................................................... 291
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 292
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 292

Chapter 18
Golden Rules: OSHA Regulations.................................................................................................. 295
Federal Laws.............................................................................................................................. 295
OSHAct..................................................................................................................................... 295
Content of the OSHAct............................................................................................................. 296
Regulatory Process.................................................................................................................... 298
Federal Register.........................................................................................................................300
Code of Federal Regulations......................................................................................................300
Regulation Paragraph Numbering System................................................................................. 303
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 305

Chapter 19
A Helping Hand: Workers’ Compensation.....................................................................................307
Employer Liability.....................................................................................................................308
Exclusive Remedy......................................................................................................................309
Covered Events...........................................................................................................................309
Selecting a Physician.................................................................................................................. 310
Benefits....................................................................................................................................... 310
Medical Benefits.................................................................................................................... 311
Cash Benefits......................................................................................................................... 311
Survivor Benefits........................................................................................................................ 312
Rehabilitation............................................................................................................................. 312
Contents xiii

Medical Rehabilitation.......................................................................................................... 313

Vocational Rehabilitation...................................................................................................... 313
Administration........................................................................................................................... 313
Second Injury Funds.................................................................................................................. 314
Risk and Insurance..................................................................................................................... 315
Loss Control............................................................................................................................... 316
Return-to-Work Program...................................................................................................... 316
Job Modification.................................................................................................................... 317
Hiring Practices..................................................................................................................... 318
Substance Abuse Programs................................................................................................... 318
Employee Assistance Programs............................................................................................ 318
Ergonomics Programs........................................................................................................... 319
Wellness Programs................................................................................................................ 319
Injury Management Programs................................................................................................... 319
Medical Case Management................................................................................................... 320
Directing Medical Care......................................................................................................... 320
Preferred Provider Networks................................................................................................. 320
Claims Reviews..................................................................................................................... 320
Claim Audits......................................................................................................................... 320
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 320
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 322

Chapter 20
All Around: Workplace Environmental Issues............................................................................... 323
Industry Today........................................................................................................................... 323
Introduction to Laws and Regulations....................................................................................... 324
Creating a Law...................................................................................................................... 325
Step 1................................................................................................................................ 325
Step 2................................................................................................................................ 325
Step 3................................................................................................................................ 325
Putting the Law to Work....................................................................................................... 325
Creating a Regulation............................................................................................................ 325
Listing of the Laws................................................................................................................ 326
Industry’s Dilemma.................................................................................................................... 326
Describing the Major Issues Faced............................................................................................ 327
Air Issues............................................................................................................................... 327
Water Issues........................................................................................................................... 327
Waste Issues.......................................................................................................................... 327
Other Issues........................................................................................................................... 327
Major Environmental Laws........................................................................................................ 327
National Environmental Policy Act...................................................................................... 328
How Does This Affect You?............................................................................................. 328
Clean Air Act........................................................................................................................ 328
How Does This Affect You?............................................................................................. 329
Clean Water Act.................................................................................................................... 329
How Does This Act Apply to Your Business?.................................................................. 331
Safe Drinking Water Act....................................................................................................... 331
Toxic Substances Control Act............................................................................................... 331
How Does This Affect You?............................................................................................. 332
xiv Contents

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act............................................................ 332

Is There an Impact on You?.............................................................................................. 333
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act...................... 333
How Does This Affect You?............................................................................................. 334
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act............................................................... 334
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and Solid Waste Disposal Act........................... 335
What Does This Mean to You?........................................................................................ 336
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.................................................. 337
How Does This Affect You?............................................................................................. 338
Endangered Species Act........................................................................................................ 338
How Does This Affect You?............................................................................................. 339
Pollution Prevention Act........................................................................................................ 339
How Does This Affect You?.............................................................................................340
Oil Pollution Act....................................................................................................................340
How Does This Affect You?............................................................................................. 341
Ocean Dumping Act.............................................................................................................. 341
What Does This Mean to You?........................................................................................ 341
Further Planning and Action...................................................................................................... 341
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 342

Chapter 21
Keep Me Safe: Workplace Security and Violence.......................................................................... 343
Workplace Violence Statistics.................................................................................................... 343
Risk Factors................................................................................................................................344
Prevention Strategies.................................................................................................................. 345
Environmental Designs......................................................................................................... 345
Administrative Controls........................................................................................................ 345
Behavioral Strategies.............................................................................................................346
Perpetrator and Victim Profile..............................................................................................346
Cost of Violence.........................................................................................................................346
Prevention Efforts...................................................................................................................... 347
Program Development and Essential Elements......................................................................... 347
Management Commitment and Employee Involvement....................................................... 347
Commitment by Top Management................................................................................... 347
Employee Involvement.....................................................................................................348
Hazard Identification and Analysis....................................................................................... 349
Record Review.................................................................................................................. 349
Identification of Security Hazards.................................................................................... 349
Hazard Prevention and Control............................................................................................. 350
General Building, Work Station, and Area Designs........................................................ 350
Maintenance..................................................................................................................... 351
Engineering Control......................................................................................................... 351
Administrative Controls and Work Practices................................................................... 352
Training and Education......................................................................................................... 353
Participants in the Training Program............................................................................... 354
Job-Specific Training....................................................................................................... 354
Initial Training Program.................................................................................................. 354
Training for Supervisors and Managers and Maintenance and Security Personnel........ 355
Contents xv

Medical Management............................................................................................................ 355

Recordkeeping....................................................................................................................... 357
Evaluation of the Program..................................................................................................... 357
Types of Workplace Violence Events......................................................................................... 358
Type I Events......................................................................................................................... 359
Prevention Strategies for Type I Events............................................................................ 359
Type II Events........................................................................................................................360
Prevention Strategies for Type II Events.......................................................................... 361
Type III Events...................................................................................................................... 361
Prevention Strategies for Type III Events......................................................................... 362
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 365
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 365

Chapter 22
Mean Ones: Workplace Bullying.................................................................................................... 367
Bullying...................................................................................................................................... 367
Data Regarding Bullying....................................................................................................... 368
Facts about Bullying.............................................................................................................. 369
Types of Bullies..................................................................................................................... 370
Effects of Bullying................................................................................................................ 370
Why Bullying Occurs............................................................................................................ 371
Prevention of Bullying.......................................................................................................... 372
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 374
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 375

Chapter 23
External Forces: Terrorism............................................................................................................. 377
Travel Security........................................................................................................................... 378
Suggested Antiterrorism Security Measures............................................................................. 378
Potential Terrorist’s Weapons.................................................................................................... 380
Nuclear Weapons................................................................................................................... 381
Biological Weapons............................................................................................................... 381
Bacterial Agents............................................................................................................... 381
Viral Agents...................................................................................................................... 382
Biological Toxins.............................................................................................................. 383
Chemical Weapons................................................................................................................ 383
Protection from Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks........................................... 384
Things Not to Do................................................................................................................... 386
Physical Security................................................................................................................... 386
Ventilation and Filtration...................................................................................................... 387
Maintenance, Administration, and Training......................................................................... 389
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 390
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 390

Chapter 24
Let Us Find a Way: Safety Communications.................................................................................. 391
The Communicator.................................................................................................................... 392
Safety Culture............................................................................................................................ 393
xvi Contents

Defining Safety Culture........................................................................................................ 393

Developing or Changing a Safety Culture............................................................................ 393
Describing a Safety Culture.................................................................................................. 394
Positive Safety Culture.......................................................................................................... 395
Assessing Safety Culture....................................................................................................... 396
Summary............................................................................................................................... 396
Communication Tools................................................................................................................ 397
Written Materials.................................................................................................................. 397
Bulletin Boards...................................................................................................................... 397
Electronic Signs..................................................................................................................... 397
Computers............................................................................................................................. 398
Safety and Health Posters...................................................................................................... 398
Public Address System.......................................................................................................... 398
Safety Talks........................................................................................................................... 398
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 401
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................402

Chapter 25
Everything Costs Dollars: Budgeting for Safety and Health..........................................................403
Budget Items..............................................................................................................................403
Budget Approach........................................................................................................................405
Health Budgeting...................................................................................................................405
Safety Budgeting...................................................................................................................406
Management Budgeting........................................................................................................406
Environmental Budgeting.....................................................................................................406
Product Safety Budgeting......................................................................................................407
Compliance Factor.....................................................................................................................407
Written Budget...........................................................................................................................407
Controlling Cost.........................................................................................................................409
Summary....................................................................................................................................409
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................409

Chapter 26
All’s Well That Ends Well: Summary............................................................................................ 411
Ethics of the Occupational Safety and Health Profession......................................................... 412
Ethics..................................................................................................................................... 412
Occupational Safety and Health Ethics................................................................................. 413
Occupational Safety and Health............................................................................................ 414
Principles of Management Today............................................................................................... 414
Taking Another Look................................................................................................................. 415
Five Principles for Safety and Health........................................................................................ 415
Supervisor’s 10 Commandments of Safety and Health............................................................. 421
Ten Commandments of Safety and Health for Your Workforce................................................ 422
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 422

Appendix A: Emergency Action Plan—Fire Evacuation............................................................... 423

Emergency Telephone Numbers................................................................................................ 423
Contents xvii

Appendix B: Written Safety and Health Program.......................................................................... 425

Management’s Commitment...................................................................................................... 425
Assigning Responsibility........................................................................................................... 425
Safety and Health Policy Statement........................................................................................... 425
Company Safety Goals and Objectives...................................................................................... 426
Safety Enforcement Policy......................................................................................................... 426
Note....................................................................................................................................... 426
Management Officials................................................................................................................ 426
Supervisors................................................................................................................................. 427
Employees.................................................................................................................................. 427
Competent/Qualified Persons.................................................................................................... 428
Workplace Safety Inspections............................................................................................... 428
Accident Investigation........................................................................................................... 428
Safety and Health Committee............................................................................................... 429
Monthly Project or Production Safety Meeting......................................................................... 430
New-Hire Safety Orientation..................................................................................................... 430
Supervisor Training................................................................................................................... 431
Safety Bulletin Board................................................................................................................. 431
Safety Talks................................................................................................................................ 432
OSHA Records........................................................................................................................... 432
Medical/Exposure Records........................................................................................................ 432
Training Records........................................................................................................................ 433
First Aid Supplies....................................................................................................................... 433
Medical Services........................................................................................................................ 433
Worksite First Aid Log.............................................................................................................. 433
Emergency Procedures............................................................................................................... 434
Fire........................................................................................................................................ 434
Evacuation............................................................................................................................. 434
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 434

Appendix C: Hazard Identification Tool......................................................................................... 435

Electrical.................................................................................................................................... 435
Machines and Equipment........................................................................................................... 435
Hand Tools................................................................................................................................. 436
Confined Spaces......................................................................................................................... 436
Elevated Work Areas................................................................................................................. 436
Welding and Cutting.................................................................................................................. 436
Toxic or Hazardous Chemicals.................................................................................................. 436
Radiation.................................................................................................................................... 437
Radioactive Materials................................................................................................................ 437
Nonionizing Radiation............................................................................................................... 437
Lasers......................................................................................................................................... 438
Explosives................................................................................................................................... 438
Thermal...................................................................................................................................... 438
Pressure...................................................................................................................................... 438
Noise.......................................................................................................................................... 439
Other Hazards............................................................................................................................ 439
Biological................................................................................................................................... 439
Ergonomics................................................................................................................................ 439
xviii Contents

Temperature Extremes............................................................................................................... 439

More Hazards............................................................................................................................. 439
Environmental............................................................................................................................440
Controls......................................................................................................................................440
Other Systems............................................................................................................................ 441

Appendix D: Safety and Health Audit Instrument......................................................................... 443

Contents...................................................................................................................................... 443
Biological Hazards................................................................................................................444
Blood-Borne Pathogens.........................................................................................................444
Chemicals.............................................................................................................................. 445
Compressed Gas Cylinders................................................................................................... 445
Confined Spaces....................................................................................................................446
Crane Safety.......................................................................................................................... 447
Before Each Use, Are the Following Tested?...................................................................448
Driver and Vehicle Safety.....................................................................................................448
Electrical...............................................................................................................................449
Emergency Response and Planning...................................................................................... 450
Ergonomics............................................................................................................................ 451
Manual Material Handling............................................................................................... 451
Physical-Energy Demands................................................................................................ 451
Other Musculoskeletal Demands...................................................................................... 451
Computer Workstation...................................................................................................... 452
Environment..................................................................................................................... 452
General Workplace........................................................................................................... 452
Tools................................................................................................................................. 452
Gloves............................................................................................................................... 452
Administration.................................................................................................................. 453
Excavations/Trenches............................................................................................................ 453
Fall Protection....................................................................................................................... 453
Fire Protection and Prevention.............................................................................................. 455
Flammable and Combustible Materials................................................................................ 456
Forklifts................................................................................................................................. 457
Hand and Portable Powered Tools........................................................................................ 458
Hand Tools and Equipment.............................................................................................. 458
Portable (Power-Operated) Tools and Equipment............................................................ 458
Powder-Actuated Tools..................................................................................................... 459
Walk-Behind and Power Mowers..................................................................................... 459
Jacks.................................................................................................................................. 459
Hazard Communication........................................................................................................ 459
Does This Program Include the Following?.....................................................................460
Are Employees Trained in the Following?.......................................................................460
Hazardous Chemical Exposure.............................................................................................460
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (Hazwoper).................................. 461
Health Hazards...................................................................................................................... 462
Heat Hazards......................................................................................................................... 463
Ionizing Radiation................................................................................................................. 463
Ladders.................................................................................................................................. 463
Portable Wood Ladders....................................................................................................464
Portable Metal Ladders....................................................................................................464
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