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The Discourse of Exile in Early
Modern English Literature

This volume examines the literary works of English exiles seeking to navigate
what Edward Said calls “the perilous territory of not-belonging.” The study
opens by asking, “How did exile impact the way an early modern writer
defined and constructed their personal and national identity?” In seeking
an answer, the project traces the development of the “mind of exile,” a
textual phenomenon that manifests as an exiled figure whose departure and
return restructures a stable, traditional center of socio-political power; a
narrative where a character, an author, a reader, or some combination of the
three experiences a type of cognitive displacement resulting in an epiphany
that helps define a sense of self or national identity; and narratives that
write and rewrite historical narratives to reimagine boundaries of national
identity either towards or away from exiled groups or individuals. The
study includes case studies from a variety of authors and groups—­Geoffrey
Chaucer, Edmund Spenser, the Wycliffites, the Marian Exiles, and their
Elizabethan Catholic counterparts—to provide a clearer understanding of
exile as an important part of the development of a modern English national
identity. Reading exilic texts through this lens offers a fresh approach to
early modern narratives of marginalization while examining and clarifying
the importance of the individual experience of exile filtered through literary
consciousness.

J. Seth Lee teaches literature and composition as a lecturer at the University


of Alabama in Huntsville.
Routledge Research in Early Modern History
For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com

In the same series:

Early Professional Women in Northern Europe, c. 1650–1850


Edited by Johanna Ilmakunnas, Marjatta Rahikainen,
and Kirsi Vainio-Korhonen

The Solemn League and Covenant of the Three Kingdoms


and the Cromwellian Union, 1643–1663
Kirsteen M. MacKenzie

London, Londoners and the Great Fire of 1666


Disaster and Recovery
Jacob F. Field

The Turks and Islam in Reformation Germany


Gregory J. Miller

Church and Censorship in Eighteenth-Century Italy


Governing Reading in the Age of Enlightenment
Patrizia Delpiano

Individuality in Early Modern Japan


Thinking for Oneself
Peter Nosco

Guilds, Labour and the Urban Body Politic


Fabricating Community in the Southern Netherlands, 1300–1800
Bert De Munck

An Unproclaimed Empire
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania: From the Viewpoint of Comparative
Historical Sociology of Empires
Zenonas Norkus
The Discourse of Exile
in Early Modern
English Literature

J. Seth Lee
First published 2018
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa
business
© 2018 Taylor & Francis
The right of J. Seth Lee to be identified as author of this work
has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN: 978-0-8153-8207-2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-351-20407-1 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
For my wife, whose patience, kindness, wit, and support
keep me grounded in the present even as I rummage
about in the past.
Contents

List of Figure ix
Acknowledgments xi
A Note on the Text xiii

Introduction 1

1 The Wretched Constance: Defining a Mens Exili 15

2 Cognitive Proximity and Ideological Distance: A Wycliffite


Mind of Exile 35

3 Margins and Center: Protestant Exiles and National Identity 55

4 Making Better Times: A Catholic Discourse of Exile 81

5 Spenser’s Wretches: Irenius, Colin Clout,


and the Exile In-Between 105

Epilogue 123
Index 127
Figure

2.1 “Exile” detail from Cesare Ripa’s Iconologia: or, moral


emblems. Illustrated by I. Fuller, by the care and at the
charge of P. Tempest. Used by permission of the Folger
Shakespeare Library. 50
Acknowledgments

No book appears without numerous professional and personal debts.


I would like to thank my dissertation committee at the University of Ken-
tucky: Drs. Joyce MacDonald, Lisa Zunshine, and Jane Phillips. Their
guidance and support made the seed of this project possible, and their sug-
gestions helped me carry the current project forward. To them I would like
to add Max Novick and Jennifer Morrow at Routledge for helping me
edit, prepare, and bring the manuscript to completion. I need also thank
the anonymous reviewers at Studies in English Literature and Reformation
who offered vital feedback on what would eventually become Chapters 3
and 5. I am indebted to my colleagues, Dr. Ann Marie Wranovix and Drew
Heverin, for their willingness to read and comment on early drafts. Thanks
to the photography department of the Folger Shakespeare Library for their
generous image use policy and the Folger librarians for their help locating
materials and providing an amazing space. I am also grateful to V. Heidi
Hass and John McQuillen of the Morgan Library for their help with a par-
ticularly elusive and confusing reference that they tracked down.
I am deeply indebted to Dr. Matthew Giancarlo, my dissertation chair,
colleague, and friend, for encouraging me to believe in my ideas. He helped
me find my scholarly voice, and for that I will always be grateful.
Lastly, I would like to thank my wife, Dr. Julie Naviaux, for her support
throughout the whole of this project. Her gentle prodding kept me on task,
and her willingness to proofread undoubtedly helped me avoid more egre-
gious errors.
A Note on the Text

Whenever possible, I retain the variant spellings found in primary materials


with the following exceptions. I replace the long “s” with the modern one.
The same is true for “i” used as a “j.” I silently expand contractions and add
modern punctuation when necessary for ease of reading. For poetry, I foot-
note the edition in the initial citation. Subsequent in-line citations indicate
the line numbers from that edition. Latin passages are followed by my own
translation in square brackets unless otherwise indicated.
Introduction

We are all exiles.


At least according to the Judeo-Christian tradition that has shaped so
much of the Western historical and literary traditions. Whether politically
motivated or legally compelled, temporary or permanent, forced or volun-
tary, exile extends from the ancient world to our own, and acts as the source
of inspiration for great art and historical change. Ovid’s Tristia explores the
depths of his sorrows following expulsion from Rome. Meliboeus laments
to Titryus in the first stanza of Virgil’s Eclogues “nos patriae finis et dul-
cia linquimus arua; nos patriam fugimus. [We must leave our native place,
our homes,/The fields we love, and go elsewhere].”1 Exile fundamentally
organizes the history of the Jewish people. Dante experienced a lifetime of
exile from his beloved Florence. Henry Bolingbroke’s exile in the late four-
teenth century set the stage for the deposition of Richard II and established
a new political dynasty. Throughout the Reformation, English and Conti-
nental religious exiles—Protestant and Catholic—were in almost constant
motion and formed vibrant communities in London, Antwerp, Strasbourg,
Frankfurt, Zurich, and Geneva just to name a few. Some, however not all,
of these exiles established insular communities of worship instead of grad-
ually merging with the local faithful. Such groups were biding their time
until a more favorable religious and political environment existed in their
estranged homelands. Then, as now, exile was often preferable to political
oppression and religious persecution.
This short volume arose from my interest in the complicated intersections
of exile with literature, history, culture, and national identity. As I read for
my doctoral exams, I frequently encountered passing references to exiled
figures that had lasting impacts on English history, particularly the English
Reformation: William Tyndale, John Bale, John Ponet, William Allen, Rob-
ert Persons, and Edmund Campion to name only a handful. The Marian
exiles, although relatively few in number, churned out a plethora of texts.
Christopher Haigh writes that they “published larger numbers of contro-
versial tracts in secrecy and exile than Catholics managed with the backing
of the state.”2 On Elizabeth’s accession, the Catholic exiles who fled to the
Continent eventually gave rise to William Allen’s Douai seminary whose
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