KCSE Computer Studies Form 1 Notes - Complete  Contains the main processing components

Guide
2. Peripheral Devices
Table of Contents
Connected to system unit using interface cables:
1. Introduction to Computers
Input Devices
2. Computer System
 Keyboard: Enter data and instructions by
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU) pressing keys

4. Secondary Storage Devices  Mouse: Control pointer on screen to issue

instructions
5. Power and Interface Cables
Output Devices
6. Computer Software
 Monitor: Display information (output) on
screen
Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers
Historical Development of Computers
What is a Computer?
Early Computing Tools
A computer is an electronic device that:
Abacus (3000 BC)
 Accepts user input (data)
 Chinese counting instrument
 Processes it using special instructions
 Uses bead-like parts that move along rods
(programs)
 Each bead above middle bar = 5 units
 Produces desired output (information)
 Each bead below middle bar = 1 unit
Key Terms
Analytical Engine (1832)
 Data: Raw facts that are meaningless by
themselves (numbers, letters)  Designed by Charles Babbage (Father of
Computing)
 Processing: Manipulating data through
arithmetic operations (addition,  Recognized as the first real computer
subtraction)
 Never actually built but design was
 Information: Data that has been processed revolutionary
and is meaningful to users
Computer Generations
Parts of a Computer
1st Generation (1940-1958)
1. System Unit
Technology: Vacuum tubes
 Houses the "heart" of the computer
Characteristics:
 Contains drives that store, record, and read
 Huge and expensive
data

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  Often broke down 3rd Generation (1964-1970)

 Slow with limited storage Technology: Integrated Circuits (ICs)

 Used punched cards for input Characteristics:

 Examples: IBM 650, UNIVAC  Increased storage capacity

Advantages:  More flexibility with input/output

 Made electronic digital computers possible  Better performance

 Fastest calculating devices of their time  Introduction of operating systems

Disadvantages:  Examples: IBM System 360

 Too bulky and unreliable Advantages:

 Limited memory  Smaller, more reliable

 Generated excessive heat  Less heat emission

 Consumed lots of power  Low maintenance cost

2nd Generation (1958-1964)  Required less power

Technology: Transistors Disadvantages:

Characteristics:  Sophisticated technology required

 Used magnetic core as primary storage  Still costly

 Increased storage capacity 4th Generation (1970-1989)

 Smaller size and less heat generation Technology: Large Scale Integrated Circuits (LSI)

 Examples: IBM 1401, Honeywell 200 Characteristics:

Advantages:  Large storage capacity

 Smaller than 1st generation  High-speed processing

 More reliable  Introduction of microprocessors

 Generated less heat  Development of microcomputers and

supercomputers
 Less prone to hardware failure
 Examples: IBM 3033
Disadvantages:
Advantages:
 Required air conditioning
 Very small due to high component density
 Needed frequent maintenance
 Highly reliable
 Difficult and costly to produce
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  Generate negligible heat  Smaller and cheaper than mainframes

 Much faster processing  Used in: Research institutions, scientific

laboratories
 Portable due to small size
 Multi-user capability
Disadvantages:
4. Microcomputers
 Sophisticated technology required for LSI
chips  Smallest, cheapest, least powerful

5th Generation (1990-Present)  CPU called microprocessor

Technology: Artificial Intelligence, Parallel  Used mainly in: Learning institutions,

Processing homes, small offices

Characteristics: Types of Microcomputers:

 Integration of telecommunications and  Desktop: Not portable, designed for desk

computers use

 Parallel processing capabilities  Laptop: Portable, briefcase-sized, battery-

powered
 Logical inference operations
 Palmtop: Pocket-sized, can be held in palm
 Artificial intelligence features
Laptop Advantages and Disadvantages
Classification of Computers
Advantages:
By Physical Size
 Portable and compact
1. Supercomputers
 Rugged design for travel
 Fastest, largest, most expensive
 Sharp color displays
 Most powerful computers
 Built-in battery (UPS)
 Used for: Scientific research, simulations,
weather analysis Disadvantages:

 Examples: Cray computers  Slower performance to conserve power

2. Mainframe Computers  Limited expansion options

 Less powerful than supercomputers  Fewer ports

 Less expensive than supercomputers  Easier to steal

 Used by: Government agencies, large  Limited screen resolution

companies, banks, hospitals
By Functionality
3. Minicomputers
1. Analog Computers

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  Process continuous data 1. No smoking or dust exposure - Can damage
components
 Measure changes in physical quantities
2. No food or beverages - Liquids cause
 Examples: Temperature, speed, pressure
electrical damage
measurements
3. Avoid unnecessary movements - Prevent
2. Digital Computers
knocking over equipment
 Process discrete data
4. Follow proper startup/shutdown
 Operate on two states: "ON" and "OFF" or procedures
"1" and "0"
5. Report accidents immediately
 Most common type today
6. Ask for help when unsure
3. Hybrid Computers
Environmental Controls
 Combine characteristics of both analog and
Ventilation
digital
 Good air circulation prevents overheating
 Used in specialized applications
 Proper ventilation cools electronic parts
By Purpose
 Install fans or air conditioning
1. General Purpose
Lighting
 Designed to perform variety of tasks
 Well-lit room prevents eye strain
 Can run different software applications
 Adjust monitor brightness for comfort
 Examples: Personal computers
 Use anti-radiation filter screens
2. Special Purpose
Fire Protection
 Designed for specific tasks only
 Use gaseous fire extinguishers (CO₂)
 Examples: Robots in industries, mobile
phones  Never use water or powder extinguishers -
They damage electronics
3. Dedicated
Dust and Humidity Control
 General purpose computers committed to
specific tasks  Use special curtains to reduce dust

 Examples: Computer dedicated only to word  Cover computers when not in use
processing
 Maintain 50% humidity
Computer Laboratory Safety
 Low humidity: Causes static electricity
Safety Precautions
 High humidity (>70%): Causes rusting
Behavior Guidelines
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Furniture Why Proper Shutdown is Important:

 Strong, wide tables for equipment  Prevents data loss

 Comfortable chairs with back support  Prevents program damage

 Proper ergonomic setup  Protects computer components

Security Keyboard and Mouse Operations

 Install metallic grills and locks Keyboard Parts

 Don't allow strangers in lab 1. Function Keys (F1-F12)

 Install security alarms 2. Alphanumeric Keys (A-Z, numbers, space,

enter)
 Control access points
3. Cursor Movement Keys (arrows, page
Power Supply
up/down, home, end)
 Use Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
4. Special Keys (Shift, Ctrl, Alt, Esc)
 Never connect directly to mains supply
5. Numeric Keypad (0-9, +, -, *, /)
UPS Functions:
Mouse Techniques
 Regulates unstable power to clean, stable
 Clicking: Press and release left button once
voltage
 Double-clicking: Press left button twice
 Provides temporary power during outages
quickly
Computer Operations
 Right-clicking: Press right button once
Booting (Starting Up)
 Drag and Drop:
Process of loading system files into main memory
o Drag: Hold left button and move
Types of Booting: mouse

1. Cold Booting: Starting computer that was o Drop: Release button at destination
completely off
Using Typing Tutor
2. Warm Booting: Restarting computer that
Software that helps improve typing speed and
was already on
accuracy through structured lessons
Proper Shutdown Procedure

1. Click "Start" menu

Chapter 2: Computer System
2. Select "Shut Down" or "Turn Off Computer"
Introduction
3. Choose "Shut Down" or "Turn Off"

4. Wait for complete shutdown

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A computer system is a collection of components  Available in mechanical, optical, and
linked together to process, store, and manage wireless versions
information.
2. Trackball
System Elements
 Uses sphere on top rotated by hand
1. Hardware
 Stationary device - ball moves instead of
Mechanical, electrical, and electronic parts of a entire device
computer
 Good for limited desk space
2. Software
3. Joystick
Set of computer programs that guide computer
 Looks like car gear lever
operations
 Moves sideways, up, down to control cursor
3. Liveware (Users)
 Commonly used for gaming
Computer-knowledgeable people who can properly
use hardware and software 4. Light Pen

Input Devices  Hand-held pen-like device

Devices that accept data and pass it into the  Has light-sensitive point
computer
 Used to point directly at screen
Keying Devices
Scanning Devices
Types of Keyboards
Capture data directly into computer
1. Standard Keyboard: Traditional QWERTY
Optical Scanners (Use Light)
layout
1. Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
2. Flexible Keyboard: Portable, can be folded
Function: Scans pencil/pen marks on special forms
3. Ergonomic Keyboard: Designed to reduce
wrist strain Applications:

4. Keypad: Miniature keyboard for portable  Multiple choice exams (KCSE)

devices
 Market research questionnaires
5. Braille Keyboard: For visually impaired
 Payroll data entry
users, uses raised dots
 Traffic surveys
Pointing Devices
Advantages:
1. Mouse
 Low error rates
 Controls pointer on screen
 Easy error correction
 Most common pointing device

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  Data captured at source  Easy to use

Disadvantages:  Characters readable by humans

 Relatively slow Disadvantages:

 Difficult to verify marked data  Expensive optical readers

 Limited business use  Only certain fonts acceptable

2. Optical Bar Recognition (OBR/Barcode Reader)  May require frequent redesigning

Function: Scans and translates barcodes Magnetic Scanners (Use Magnetism)

Applications: 1. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

 Supermarket product identification Function: Detects characters written in special

magnetic ink
 Library book management
Applications:
 Inventory control
 Bank cheque processing
 Stock management
 Credit card reading
Advantages:
Advantages:
 Can be printed by normal methods
 Fast, accurate, automatic
 No need to repeatedly type item
information  Machine and human readable

Disadvantages:  Reduces forgery

 Only readable by machines Disadvantages:

 Only numbers can be coded  Limited to 14 characters only

 Fixed codes, unsuitable for changing prices  Easily damaged by magnetic fields

3. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) 2. Magnetic Stripe Recognition

Function: Scans characters and images Function: Reads data from magnetic strips on cards

Applications: Applications:

 Document scanning  ATM cards

 Text recognition from printed materials  Credit cards

 Image scanning  Access cards

Advantages:  Phone cards

 Data captured at source Advantages:

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  Simple to produce  Takes electronic pictures

 Not easily damaged  Stores images digitally

 Stores large number of characters  Can transfer directly to computer

Disadvantages: Digitizers/Graphics Tablet

 Data can be erased by magnetic fields  Has tablet and stylus (electronic pen)

Other Input Devices  Drawing on tablet appears on screen

Speech Recognition  Used for digital art and design

 Uses microphone to input spoken words Interactive Whiteboard (Smartboard)

 Converts speech to text or commands  Large interactive display connected to

computer
Applications:
 Control computer using pen or finger
 Security and access control
 Projects computer display on board surface
 Voice-activated systems
Selecting Input Devices
 Automated material handling
Factors to Consider:
 Games and toys
 Cost
Advantages:
 Volume of data entry
 No keyboard needed - very fast
 Reliability
 Useful when hands/eyes are busy
 Accuracy
 Can work remotely via telephone
 Mode of operation
Disadvantages:
 Appropriateness for task
 Homophones (words that sound same)
Output Devices
 Slow recognition
Peripheral devices that display or produce
 Limited vocabulary
processed information
 Background noise interference
Types of Output
Touch Screen
 Soft Copy: Intangible output (screen display,
 Recognizes contact location on screen sound)

 Built-in grid of sensing lines  Hard Copy: Tangible output (printed on

paper)
 Direct interaction with displayed items
Soft Copy Devices
Digital Camera
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Monitors (Visual Display Units - VDU) 3. EL (Electro Luminescent): Glow when
electricity passes through
Display information on screen to help users
monitor computer operations 4. Gas Plasma: Uses gas that emits light with
electric current
Types:
Graphics Adapters/Video Cards
1. Monochrome: Display in one color (usually
black and white) Circuit boards that connect monitor to computer

2. Color: Display in multiple colors Types:

Display Technologies  MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter): Text

only, one color
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
 HGC (Hercules Graphics Card): Text and
Characteristics:
images, one color
 Curved screen
 CGA (Color Graphics Adapter): Up to 16
 Not portable colors

 Consume lots of power  EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter): 16

colors
 Relatively cheap
 VGA (Video Graphics Array): 256 colors
 Bulky
 SVGA (Super VGA): Over 256 colors
Flat Panel Displays
Monitor Advantages and Disadvantages
Characteristics:
Advantages:
 Flat screen
 Almost instantaneous display
 Portable
 Reduces paperwork
 Consume less power
Disadvantages:
 Occupy less space
 May discourage keeping hard copy records
 More expensive
 Limited screen real estate
 Higher quality output
Sound Output Devices
Types of Flat Panel Displays:
Uses: Music, warnings, voice messages, multimedia
1. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): Uses liquid
crystals that reflect light Applications:

2. TFT (Thin Film Transistor): High quality text  Computer-aided learning

and graphics
 Elevator messages

 Emergency announcements
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  Text-to-speech for visually impaired  Print head doesn't contact paper

Advantages:  Use thermal, inkjet, or laser technology

 No reading required  Quieter operation

 Useful when hands/eyes busy Classification by Speed

 Fast, natural communication Character Printers: Print one character at a time

Disadvantages:  Dot Matrix

 Not suitable for noisy environments  Daisy Wheel

 Inappropriate for lengthy information Line Printers: Print one line at a time

Data Projectors  Drum Printer

 Project computer output onto screen or  Chain Printer

wall
Page Printers: Print entire page at once
 Used for presentations to audiences
 Laser Printer
 Replacing traditional overhead projectors
Types of Impact Printers
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
1. Dot Matrix Printer
 Display light when electricity passes through
 Uses pins to form characters as dots
 Used for status indicators
 Printing head has arranged needles
 Show whether system is ON or OFF
 Activated based on character to print
Hard Copy Devices
2. Daisy Wheel Printer
Produce output on paper
 Has wheel with character petals
Printers
 Wheel rotates to position correct character
Produce hard copy information on paper
 Character strikes ribbon to print
Classification by Printing Method
3. Golf Ball Printer
Impact Printers:
 Characters on surface of golf ball-like head
 Print head contacts paper through inked
 Head rotates and pivots to print
ribbon
4. Drum Printer
 Can produce multiple copies (carbon copies)
 Characters on circular bands around drum
 Generally noisy
 Prints entire line simultaneously
Non-Impact Printers:
5. Chain Printer
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  Characters on chain moving at high speed  Speed requirements

 Prints line at a time  Print quality needs

Types of Non-Impact Printers Impact vs Non-Impact Comparison

1. Inkjet Printer Impact Printers Non-Impact Printers

 Forms characters by spraying ink through Slower Faster

nozzles
Use thermal/electrostatic
 Electrical field arranges ink particles Use inked ribbons
principles
 Good quality color printing Cheaper More costly
2. Thermal Printer
Noisy Quiet
 Uses heat to form characters
Can produce
Single copy production
 Special heat-sensitive paper required multiple copies

3. Electrostatic Printer Plotters

 Uses electrostatic charges Specialized output devices for technical drawings

 Forms characters on special paper Types:

4. Laser Printer 1. Flat Bed Plotter: Paper stays stationary, pen

moves
 Uses laser beam on rotating drum
2. Drum Plotter: Paper moves, pen moves
 High quality, fast printing
across width
 Expensive but efficient
Uses: Engineering drawings, architectural plans,
5. Photo Printer maps
 Special purpose for printing photographs Computer Output on Microform (COM)
 High resolution color output Records computer output on photographic film
Printer Selection Factors Types:
 Initial and maintenance costs 1. Microfilm: Output on roll of film
 Volume of printing 2. Microfiche: Output on page of film in grid
pattern
 Nature of reports needed
Applications:
 Capability range (multiple copies, print
styles)  Library catalogs
 Interface compatibility  Town plans and maps

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  Company records storage  Controls input, storage, and output
operations
Advantages:
 Directs flow of information into CPU
 Saves space and paper
memory
 Faster than printing
 Controls sequence of instructions
 Portable
 Manages timing of operations
 Secure (not easily read)
3. Main Memory (Primary Storage)
 Long lifespan
Functions:
Disadvantages:
 Provides storage for data and instructions
 Expensive equipment
 Holds data awaiting processing
 Causes eye strain
 Stores data being processed
 Requires special equipment to read
 Holds processed data awaiting output

 Accessed directly by control unit

Chapter 3: Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Types of Memory
Introduction
ROM (Read Only Memory)
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the part of
Characteristics:
computer that decodes and executes instructions -
often called the "brain" of the computer.  Can only be read, cannot be written to

Functional Units of CPU  Non-volatile (permanent)

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)  Stores manufacturer's instructions

Functions:  Contains startup instructions (BIOS)

 Performs all mathematical computations Types of ROM:

 Carries out logical comparisons 1. MROM (Mask ROM)

 Does arithmetic operations (add, subtract,  Contents written by manufacturer

multiply, divide)
 Cannot be changed once programmed
 Performs logical operations (AND, OR, NOT)
2. PROM (Programmable ROM)
 Makes comparisons (=, <, >, ≠)
 User can alter contents only once
2. Control Unit
 "Write once, read many" technology
Functions:
3. EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)
 Coordinates all processing activities in CPU
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  Contents can be erased using ultraviolet  Temporary storage between communicating
light elements

 Can be reprogrammed after erasing  Compensates for speed differences

4. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable  Used in input/output operations

ROM)
2. Cache Memory
 Can be erased and reprogrammed using
 Very high-speed SRAM
electricity
 Stores frequently accessed
 More convenient than EPROM
data/instructions
RAM (Random Access Memory)
 Speeds up processor access to data
Characteristics:
 Located between CPU and main memory
 Can be read from and written to
3. Registers
 Volatile (temporary) - contents lost when
 Temporary storage locations within CPU
power off
 Hold one piece of data at a time
 User-defined contents
 Fastest type of memory
 Stores currently running programs and data
Types of Registers:
Types of RAM:
 Accumulator: Holds ALU results temporarily
1. SRAM (Static RAM)
 Instruction Register: Holds instruction
 Very fast memory
before execution
 Holds contents as long as power is on
 Address Register: Holds memory addresses
 More expensive
 Storage Register: Holds data moving
 Used for cache memory to/from CPU and memory

2. DRAM (Dynamic RAM) CPU Organization and Buses

 Holds contents for short time even with ALU, Control Unit, and Main Memory are
power connected by electrical pathways called buses.

 Must be refreshed several times per second Types of Buses

 Less expensive 1. Control Bus

 Main system memory  Carries timing and control signals

Special Purpose Memories  Sent by control unit to other system parts

1. Buffer  Coordinates all operations

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2. Address Bus  Byte: 8 bits

 Carries memory addresses  Kilobyte (KB): ~1,000 bytes

 Locates data storage positions in memory  Megabyte (MB): ~1,000,000 bytes

 Determines memory capacity  Gigabyte (GB): ~1,000,000,000 bytes

3. Data Bus  Terabyte (TB): ~1,000,000,000,000 bytes

 Carries actual data being transferred

 Width determines amount of data Chapter 4: Secondary Storage Devices

transferred simultaneously
Introduction
 Wider data bus = faster processing
Secondary storage devices complement primary
Processor Performance Factors memory by providing long-term data storage.

Clock Speed Characteristics of Secondary Storage

 Measured in Hertz (Hz) 1. Non-volatile: Data remains even when

power is off
 Determines how fast CPU executes
instructions 2. Mass storage: Can store large volumes of
data
 Higher clock speed = faster processing
3. Reusable: Data can be erased and media
Word Size
reused
 Amount of data CPU can process at once
4. Cost-effective: Cheaper per byte than
 Common sizes: 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit primary memory

 Larger word size = better performance Classification of Secondary Storage

Cache Size By Mobility

 Larger cache = better performance  Removable: Can be taken to other

computers (floppy disk, CD, USB)
 Level 1 (L1), Level 2 (L2), Level 3 (L3) cache
 Fixed: Permanently housed in computer
Common Processor Types
(hard disk)
 Intel: Pentium, Core i3, i5, i7, i9
By Technology
 AMD: Athlon, Ryzen
 Magnetic: Use magnetism to store data
 ARM: Used in mobile devices
 Optical: Use laser light to store data
Memory Measurements
 Electronic: Use electronic memory chips
 Bit: Smallest unit
Magnetic Storage Devices

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Floppy Disks  Used for applications requiring large storage

Description:  Require external Jaz drive

 Small, flexible round disk coated with iron Magnetic Tapes

oxide
Description:
 Enclosed in protective plastic case
 Ribbon of plastic material coated with iron
 Common size: 3.5 inches oxide

Capacity: 1.44 MB  Similar to music cassette tapes

Uses:  Sequential access (must read from

beginning)
 Store information for later use
Advantages:
 Transfer data between computers
 Portable and reusable
 Create backup copies
 Cheap storage medium
Advantages:
 High storage capacity in compact space
 Very cheap
Disadvantages:
 Small and lightweight
 Very slow data access
 Portable and convenient
 Easily damaged by dust, heat, touching
Disadvantages:
 Sequential access time-consuming
 Very limited storage capacity
 Inter-block gaps waste space
 Easily damaged
Hard Disks (Winchester Drives)
 Slow access speed
Description:
 Short lifespan
 Made from metal platters coated with
Zip Disks
magnetic oxide
 Resemble floppy disks but larger and thicker
 Multiple rigid disks arranged vertically
 Higher storage capacity (100MB to 250MB)
 Sealed in protective casing
 Require special Zip drive
 Direct access to data
 More reliable than floppy disks
Advantages:
Jaz Disks
 Large storage capacity (GB to TB)
 Portable storage devices
 Very reliable and durable
 Capacity: 1GB to 2GB
 Fast data access
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  Cost-effective per byte  Much higher storage than CDs

Disadvantages:  Better sound and picture quality

 Risk of head crash causing data loss  Used for movies, large software applications

 Sensitive to dust, humidity, magnets  Available in read-only, recordable, and

rewriteable formats
 Not portable (fixed storage)
Other Optical Media
 Can be affected by physical shock
LS-120 Super Disk
Optical Storage Devices
 Resembles floppy but uses optical
Use laser beams to record data by burning tiny
technology
holes into reflective surface
 Higher capacity and speed than floppy
Compact Disks (CDs)
 Can also read regular floppy disks
Capacity: ~700MB
Photo CD
Types of CDs:
 Special CD for storing high-quality
CD-ROM (Compact Disk - Read Only Memory)
photographs
 Data recorded during manufacturing
 Developed from photographic film or
 Cannot be changed or added to negatives

 Used for software distribution, music Optical Cards

CD-R (Compact Disk - Recordable)  Credit card-sized optical storage

 Initially blank  Uses optical recordable stripe

 User can record data once Optical Storage Advantages

 Cannot be erased or rewritten  Massive storage capacity

 Also called WORM (Write Once, Read Many)  Permanent data storage

CD-RW (Compact Disk - Rewriteable)  Fast data access

 Can record, erase, and rewrite multiple  High security (difficult to copy)
times
 Excellent picture and sound quality
 More expensive than CD-R
 Portable
 Slower than CD-R for writing
Optical Storage Disadvantages
Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs)
 Expensive media and drives
Capacity: Up to 17GB
 Fragile (easily broken or scratched)

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  Sensitive to dust, water, heat, scratches  Cost: Purchase price and cost per byte

 Requires special equipment to read/write  Reliability: Failure rates and durability

Electronic Storage Devices  Portability: Whether device needs to be

moved
Flash Disks (USB Drives)
 Compatibility: Works with available systems
Description:

 Solid-state storage using flash memory

Chapter 5: Power and Interface Cables
 No moving parts
Introduction
 Connect via USB port
Power and interface cables connect various
Advantages:
components of a computer system to enable
 Very portable and compact communication and power distribution.
 High storage capacity (GB to TB) Ports

 Fast data transfer A port is a socket on the system unit where cables
from external devices are connected to facilitate
 Durable (no moving parts)
data transfer between device and CPU.
 Hot-swappable (connect while computer
Types of Cables and Ports
running)
Power Cables
Disadvantages:
Function: Supply electrical power to motherboard
 More expensive per GB than hard disks
and internal devices
 Can be easily lost due to small size
Types:
 Limited write cycles (wear out over time)
 ATX power connector (24-pin)
Solid State Drives (SSDs)
 CPU power connector (4-pin or 8-pin)
 Similar to flash disks but larger capacity
 SATA power connectors
 Used as main storage instead of hard disks
 Molex power connectors
 Much faster than traditional hard disks
Interface Cables
 More reliable (no moving parts)
Connect peripheral devices to the computer system
 More expensive than hard disks
Serial Cables and Ports
Storage Device Selection Factors
Characteristics:
 Capacity: Amount of data to be stored
 Transmit data one bit at a time
 Speed: Access and transfer rates

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  Slower than parallel but more reliable over Versions:
long distances
 USB 1.0: 12 Mbps
 Less susceptible to interference
 USB 2.0: 480 Mbps
Common Uses:
 USB 3.0: 5 Gbps
 Mouse connection
 USB 3.1: 10 Gbps
 Modem connection
Common Uses:
 Some printers
 Flash drives
Connector Types:
 Digital cameras
 DB-9 (9-pin)
 Printers
 DB-25 (25-pin)
 Keyboards and mice
Parallel Cables and Ports
 External hard drives
Characteristics:
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
 Transmit multiple bits simultaneously
Characteristics:
 Faster than serial over short distances
 Parallel data transmission
 More susceptible to interference
 Faster than standard parallel
Common Uses:
 Can connect up to 7 devices in daisy chain
 Printer connection (LPT1, LPT2)
 High-performance interface
 Scanner connection
Common Uses:
Connector Type:
 High-performance hard drives
 DB-25 (25-pin)
 Professional scanners
 Centronics connector
 Servers and workstations
USB (Universal Serial Bus) Cables and Ports
PS/2 Interface
Characteristics:
Characteristics:
 Serial transmission but very high speed
 6-pin mini-DIN connector
 Hot-swappable (connect/disconnect while
 Replaced older 5-pin DIN
computer running)
 Color coded: Purple for keyboard, Green for
 Single port type for multiple device types
mouse
 Provides power to low-power devices
Uses:

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  Keyboard connection Symbol Port Type

 Mouse connection ∥ Parallel

Specialized Ports ○○○ Serial
Video Ports ▢ USB
Function: Connect monitors to graphics cards
◊ SCSI
Types:
● PS/2 Mouse
 VGA (15-pin D-sub): Analog video
○ PS/2 Keyboard
 DVI: Digital video
Basic Computer Setup and Cabling
 HDMI: Digital video and audio
Safety Precautions Before Setup
 DisplayPort: High-performance digital
1. Disconnect all power sources - Prevent
Audio Ports electrical shock
Function: Input and output sound to/from sound 2. Follow teacher instructions strictly
card
3. Wear anti-static wrist strap - Prevent
Types: component damage
 Line In: Input audio from external sources 4. Work in pairs - Have help available for
emergencies
 Line Out: Output audio to
speakers/headphones 5. Ground yourself - Touch earthed metal
object
 Microphone: Input from microphones
Tools and Materials Required
 Speaker: Output to speakers
 Screwdrivers (Phillips and flat-head)
Network Ports
 Pliers
 Ethernet/LAN Port: Connect to local area
network  Anti-static wrist strap
 Modem Port: Connect external modems  Manufacturer's manual
Other Specialized Ports  System unit components
 Infrared Port: Wireless communication over  Power and interface cables
short distances
 Peripheral devices
 FireWire (IEEE 1394): High-speed data
Setup Procedure
transfer for multimedia devices
Step 1: Connecting Basic Components
Standard Port Symbols

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 1. Identify all components and their o Or connect to USB port
connection points
3. Mouse:
2. Read manufacturer's manual for specific
o Connect to PS/2 mouse port (green)
instructions
o Or connect to USB port
3. Plan cable routing to avoid interference
4. Printer:
Step 2: Connecting Internal Devices
o Connect to parallel port (LPT1)
1. Hard Disk Drive:
o Or connect to USB port
o Check for free drive bay
o Install printer drivers
o Slide drive into bay and secure with
screws 5. Speakers:

o Connect power supply cable o Connect to audio output port

o Connect data cable (SATA or IDE) o Connect power if required

o Connect data cable to motherboard Step 4: Final Steps

2. Optical Drive (CD/DVD): 1. Replace system unit cover

o Similar process to hard disk 2. Connect all devices to power source

o Ensure drive bay is accessible from 3. Turn on computer

front panel
4. Observe boot process for errors
o Connect audio cable if needed
5. Install necessary device drivers
3. Floppy Drive (if applicable):
Troubleshooting Common Connection Problems
o Connect power and data cables
Monitor Issues
o Ensure data cable pin 1 alignment
 No display: Check video cable connection,
Step 3: Connecting External Peripherals monitor power

1. Monitor:  Wrong colors: Bent pins in video connector

o Connect to video port on graphics  Flickering: Loose connections or

card interference

o Connect power cable Keyboard/Mouse Issues

o Turn on monitor  Not responding: Check connection, try

different port
2. Keyboard:
 Wrong behavior: May be connected to
o Connect to PS/2 keyboard port
wrong PS/2 port
(purple)
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Printer Issues  Games

 Won't print: Check cable connection,  Web browsers

printer power, driver installation
By Method of Acquisition
 Prints garbled text: Wrong driver or loose
In-House Developed (Bespoke Software)
connection
Characteristics:

 Custom-designed for specific organization

Chapter 6: Computer Software
 Meets exact requirements
Introduction
 Expensive to develop
Software consists of programs or sets of
instructions that enable a computer system to  Long development time
operate and perform tasks.
Examples:
Software Classification
 Bank management systems
By Purpose
 Airline reservation systems
System Software
 Hospital management systems
Function: Enables user to communicate with
Standard Software (Off-the-Shelf)
computer and its devices
Characteristics:
Types:
 Developed for general market
1. Operating Systems (Windows, Linux,
macOS)  Ready-made solutions

2. Device Drivers  Less expensive

3. Utility Programs  Immediately available

4. Firmware Examples:

5. Network Software  Microsoft Office

Application Software  Adobe Creative Suite

Function: Helps users accomplish specific tasks  Antivirus software

Examples: Standard vs In-House Software Comparison

 Word processors (MS Word) Standard Software In-House Software

 Spreadsheets (MS Excel) Easy to install and run Custom installation

 Databases (MS Access) May have more bugs

Thoroughly tested
initially
 Graphics software (Photoshop)
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Standard Software In-House Software  Single-User: One user at a time (MS-DOS,
Windows 95/98)
Readily available Long development time
 Multi-User: Multiple users simultaneously
Less expensive Very expensive (Windows Server, Linux, UNIX)
May not meet all specific Meets exact By Number of Tasks
needs requirements
 Single-Tasking: One program at a time (MS-
Compatible with many Designed for specific DOS)
systems system
 Multi-Tasking: Multiple programs
Types of System Software simultaneously (Windows, Linux)
Operating Systems By Interface Type
Definition: Set of programs that control and Command Line Interface
supervise hardware resources during processing
 User types commands at prompt
Examples: Windows
 Text-based interaction
95/98/2000/XP/Vista/7/8/10/11, Linux, macOS,
MS-DOS  Example: MS-DOS
Functions of Operating System  Requires memorizing commands
1. Resource Control: Allocate CPU time, Menu-Driven Interface
memory, storage, I/O devices
 User selects from menu options
2. Job Scheduling: Prepare, schedule, and
 Easier than command line
monitor tasks
 Uses keyboard or pointing device
3. Memory Management: Allocate adequate
memory space Graphical User Interface (GUI)

4. Error Handling: Provide error correction  Uses icons, windows, menus

routines
 Point-and-click operation
5. Interrupt Handling: Manage system
 Most user-friendly
interruptions
 Examples: Windows, macOS
6. Input/Output Control: Govern data input
and output Selecting an Operating System

7. Communication Control: Manage network Factors to Consider:

communications
 Hardware configuration
OS Classification
 Computer design
By Number of Users
 Intended applications

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  User-friendliness File and Folder Organization

 Cost Files

 Market availability Definition: Collection of related data or information

stored in one location
 Technical support
Types by Content:
Utility Software
 System Files: Critical for computer
Purpose: Perform commonly used services for
operation
smoother computing
 Application Files: Hold programs
Types:
 Data Files: Contain user information
 System Utilities: File management, disk
utilities Common File Extensions

 Application Utilities: Calculators, text Extension Type Description

editors
.doc Data Microsoft Word document
 Security Utilities: Antivirus, firewalls
.txt Data Plain text file
 Maintenance Utilities: Disk cleanup,
defragmentation .jpg/.png Data Image files

Firmware .exe Application Executable program file

Definition: Combination of hardware and software .bat System Batch command file
stored in ROM chips
.sys System System configuration file
Examples:
Folders/Directories
 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
Definition: Named storage areas for organizing
 Device control programs related files
 Startup instructions Benefits:
Network Software  Organize information logically
Purpose: Establish communication between  Enable easy file location
computers
 Improve file management
Examples:
Drive Letters
 Network operating systems (Windows
Drive Type Letters Description
Server, Linux)

 Communication protocols First and second floppy

Floppy drives A:, B:
drives
 Network management tools

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Drive Type Letters Description 5. Press Enter

C:, D:, Primary and additional hard Renaming Files/Folders

Hard drives
E: drives 1. Right-click on item
Optical drives D:, E:, F: CD/DVD drives 2. Select "Rename"
Network 3. Type new name
F: - Z: Mapped network locations
drives
4. Press Enter
Windows Desktop Features
Copying Files/Folders
Main Components
1. Select item to copy
1. Background: Desktop wallpaper
2. Edit menu → Copy (or Ctrl+C)
2. Icons: Shortcuts to programs and files
3. Navigate to destination
3. Taskbar: Shows running programs and
4. Edit menu → Paste (or Ctrl+V)
system status
Moving Files/Folders
Taskbar Components
1. Select item to move
 Start Button: Access to Start Menu
2. Edit menu → Cut (or Ctrl+X)
 Task Area: Buttons for running programs
3. Navigate to destination
 System Tray: Background programs and
system status 4. Edit menu → Paste (or Ctrl+V)
Common Desktop Icons Deleting Files/Folders
 My Computer: Access to drives and system 1. Select item to delete
 My Documents: Default document storage 2. Press Delete key or right-click → Delete
 Recycle Bin: Deleted files storage 3. Confirm deletion
 Network Places: Network resources 4. Item moves to Recycle Bin
File and Folder Management Searching for Files
Basic Operations 1. Click Start button
Creating New Folder 2. Select Search
1. Open desired location (My Computer) 3. Choose "For Files or Folders"
2. Right-click in empty area 4. Enter search criteria
3. Select "New" → "Folder" 5. Click Search
4. Type folder name Sorting Files
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Options: Disk Management

 By Name (alphabetical) Formatting Disks

 By Size (largest/smallest first) Purpose: Prepare disk for use by creating file
system structure
 By Type (file extension)
Procedure:
 By Date Modified (newest/oldest first)
1. Insert disk into drive
Windows Explorer
2. Right-click drive icon in My Computer
Purpose: Navigate file system in tree structure
3. Select "Format"
Features:
4. Choose file system (FAT32, NTFS)
 Left pane: Folder tree
5. Click Start
 Right pane: Contents of selected folder
File Systems:
 Shows hierarchical organization
 FAT32: Compatible with older systems, 4GB
 Easy navigation between locations
file limit
Application Windows
 NTFS: Better security, no file size limit,
Window Components Windows only

1. Title Bar: Shows application and document Disk Maintenance Operations

name
Disk Defragmentation
2. Menu Bar: Contains command menus (File,
Purpose: Reorganize fragmented files for faster
Edit, etc.)
access
3. Toolbar: Shortcut buttons for common
When Needed: Files scattered across disk surface
commands
Procedure:
4. Work Area: Main content area
1. Right-click drive icon
5. Status Bar: Shows information about
current state 2. Select Properties → Tools

6. Scroll Bars: Navigate through large 3. Click "Defragment Now"

documents
4. Select drive and start process
Window Controls
Disk Compression
 Minimize: Reduce to taskbar button
Purpose: Reduce file sizes to save disk space
 Maximize/Restore: Full screen or
Types:
windowed
 Drive compression: Entire drive
 Close: Exit application
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  File/folder compression: Individual items System Installation and Troubleshooting

Disk Partitioning Installing Windows

Purpose: Divide physical disk into logical drives Requirements:

Benefits:  Sufficient hard disk space

 Separate operating systems  Adequate RAM

 Organize data types  Compatible processor

 Improve performance  Installation media

 Easier backup management Types of Installation:

Backup and Restore  Clean Install: Fresh installation on empty

drive
Purpose: Create copies of important data
 Upgrade: Update existing Windows version
Backup Types:
 Repair Install: Fix corrupted system files
 Full backup: All selected data
Troubleshooting Windows Problems
 Incremental: Only changed files
Common Problems
 Differential: Changes since last full backup
 Failure to boot
Error Checking
 System hangs/freezes
Purpose: Scan and repair disk errors
 Abnormal restarting
What it Checks:
 Software conflicts
 Lost file fragments
 Hardware failures
 Cross-linked files
Possible Causes
 Directory errors
 Corrupted system files
 Bad sectors
 Insufficient memory
Virus Scanning
 Hard disk problems
Purpose: Detect and remove malicious software
 Virus infections
Types of Malware:
 Registry corruption
 Viruses: Self-replicating programs
 Hardware conflicts
 Worms: Network-spreading malware
Troubleshooting Steps
 Trojans: Disguised malicious programs
1. Study troubleshooting documentation
 Spyware: Information-stealing software
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 2. Use Device Manager to check hardware 9. File management: Organization and
operations
3. Run system diagnostics
Common Exam Topics
4. Check event logs
 Computer generations and their
5. Use System Restore
characteristics
6. Reinstall drivers
 Input/output device selection criteria
7. Reinstall operating system if necessary
 Memory types (ROM vs RAM)
Preventive Measures
 Storage device advantages/disadvantages
 Regular system updates
 Software classification
 Antivirus protection
 Operating system functions
 Regular backups
 File and folder management
 Proper shutdown procedures
 Computer laboratory safety
 Clean computer environment
Practical Skills
 Avoid suspicious software
 Proper computer startup/shutdown
Study Tips for Form 1 Students procedures

Key Concepts to Master  Basic file operations (create, copy, move,

delete)
1. Computer basics: Definition, data vs
information  Understanding computer components

2. Computer generations: Technologies and  Recognizing different ports and cables

characteristics
 Safe handling of computer equipment
3. Computer classification: Size, functionality,
Important Definitions to Remember
purpose
 Computer: Electronic device that processes
4. Input/output devices: Types and
data into information
applications
 Hardware: Physical components of
5. Storage devices: Characteristics and uses
computer system
6. CPU components: ALU, Control Unit,
 Software: Programs that control computer
Memory types
operations
7. Software types: System vs application
 CPU: Central Processing Unit - brain of
software
computer
8. Operating systems: Functions and types
 RAM: Random Access Memory - temporary
storage
Page 27 of 28
  ROM: Read Only Memory - permanent
storage

 Operating System: Software that manages

computer resources

 Port: Connection point for peripheral

devices

This comprehensive guide covers all major topics in

Form 1 Computer Studies, providing clear
explanations, practical examples, and study tips to
help students understand and remember key
concepts for their KCSE examinations.

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