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Sustainable Urban Development

Sustainable Urban Development Volume 3: The Toolkit for Assessment provides

case studies drawn from locations across Europe. It offers best-practice examples of
the protocols that planners, property developers, designers and construction pro-
fessionals have selected and the assessment methods which have been adopted
to evaluate the sustainability of cities, districts, neighbourhoods and buildings. Set
within the BEQUEST (Building Environmental QUality Evaluation for SusTainability)
framework, the book brings together contributions on the use of the protocols and
assessment methods as a decision support system. The volume:

• sets out the links and connections between the framework for analysis,
protocols and assessment methods available to evaluate the sustainability of
urban development
• demonstrates how they combine to form a decision support system
• shows how this prototype toolkit provides the information system and tech-
nology to support an integrated methodology, evaluation and vision of sus-
tainable urban development
• identifies what this vision communicates about the environmental, economic
and social future of our cities, districts, neighbourhoods and buildings.

This is the third volume in the research and debate of the BEQUEST network funded
by the European Commission. Together the first three books provide a framework,
set of protocols, environmental assessment methods and toolkit for policy-makers,
academics, professionals and advanced-level students in urban planning, urban
property development, urban design, architecture, construction and related areas of
the built environment.

Ron Vreeker is Lecturer and Researcher at the Department of Spatial Economics,

VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Mark Deakin is Senior Lecturer and Teaching Fellow at the School of the Built
Environment, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
Stephen Curwell is Professor of Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) at the
University of Salford, Manchester, UK.
Sustainable Urban Development
Editors:
Stephen Curwell, Salford University, UK
Mark Deakin, Napier University, UK
Martin Symes, University of the West of England, UK

Sustainable Urban Development Volume 1

The Framework and Protocols for Environmental Assessment
Stephen Curwell, Mark Deakin and Martin Symes (eds)

Sustainable Urban Development Volume 2

The Environmental Assessment Methods
Mark Deakin, Gordon Mitchell, Peter Nijkamp and Ron Vreeker (eds)

Sustainable Urban Development Volume 3

The Toolkit for Assessment
Ron Vreeker, Mark Deakin and Stephen Curwell (eds)

Sustainable Urban Development Volume 4

Changing Professional Practice
Ian Cooper and Martin Symes (eds)

These volumes are based on the research and debate of the European BEQUEST
network (Building Environmental QUality Evaluation for SusTainability). Together the
books provide a toolkit of interest and value to policy-makers, professionals and
advanced-level students in a variety of disciplines.
Sustainable Urban
Development
Volume 3: The Toolkit for Assessment

Edited by Ron Vreeker,

Mark Deakin and Stephen Curwell
First published 2009
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”

© 2009 Ron Vreeker, Mark Deakin and Stephen Curwell for selection and
editorial material; individual chapters, the contributors.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
This publication presents material of a broad scope and applicability. Despite
stringent efforts by all concerned in the publishing process, some
typographical or editorial errors may occur, and readers are encouraged to
bring these to our attention where they represent errors of substance. The
publisher and author disclaim any liability, in whole or in part, arising from
information contained in this publication. The reader is urged to consult with
an appropriate licensed professional prior to taking any action or making any
interpretation that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Sustainable urban development / edited by Stephen Curwell, Mark Deakin
and Martin Symes.-- 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–415–32214–6 (hb : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0–415–32215–4
(pb : alk. paper) – ISBN 0–203–29991–4
1. City planning. 2. Sustainable development. I. Curwell, S. R., 1950–
II. Deakin, Mark. III. Symes, Martin.
HT166.S9134 2005
307.1'216-–dc22 2004030447

ISBN 0-203-88678-X Master e-book ISBN

ISBN10: 0–415–32218–9 (hbk)

ISBN10: 0–415–32219–7 (pbk)
ISBN10: 0–203–88678–X (ebk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–32218–8 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–32219–5 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–203–88678–6 (ebk)
Contents

List of contributors vii

Acknowledgement ix

1 Introduction 1
Mark Deakin, Ron Vreeker and Stephen Curwell

Part I The Toolkit 15

2 Decision Support for Sustainble Urban Development: The Origins and
Potential of the BEQUEST Toolkit 17
Andy Hamilton, Stephen Curwell, Gordon Mitchell and Philip James

Part II Assessment 39
Part II.i Simple and Advanced Evaluations of Urban Land Use 41
3 Scenario Analysis in Spatial Impact Assessment: A Methodological Approach 43
Francesca Torrieri and Peter Nijkamp
4 Multi-criteria Evaluation and Planning Support: Choosing Among Alternative
Scenarios for an Urban National Park in Sardinia, Italy 62
Andrea De Montis and Sabrina Lai

Part II.ii Advanced Evaluations of Urban Land Use 83

5 Sustainable Urban Development: The Case of Mixed and Compact Land Use 85
Ron Vreeker
6 SMARTNET: A System for Multi-criteria Modelling and Appraisal of Road
Transport Networks 103
Gordon Mitchell and Anil Namdeo

Part II.iii Advanced Evaluations of Urban Land Use, Buildings and Estates 133
7 The NAR Model of Land Use and Building Assessment 135
Mark Deakin
8 Documentation, Assessment and Labelling of Building Quality: The German
‘Building Passport’ Issue 156
Andreas Blum
vi Contents

Part II.iv Advanced and Very Advanced Evaluations of Neigbourhoods,

Districts and Cities 175
9 The European HQE2R Sustainable Neighbourhood Assessment Toolkit:
Case Study Experience 177
Andreas Blum, Marcus Grant and Antonella Grossi
10 The REGEN Assessment of the Porta Nuova District’s Central Railway
Station, Turin 192
Patrizia Lombardi
11 Assessment Methods Underlying the Planning and Development of
Modena City’s CSR 211
Patrizia Lombardi and Stefano Stanghellini

Part III Evaluating the Sustainability of Urban Development 231

12 The Search for Sustainable Communities: Ecological Integrity, Equity and
the Question of Participation 233
Mark Deakin
13 Governing the Sustainability of Urban Development 248
Krassimira Paskaleva-Shapira
14 Conclusions 274
Mark Deakin, Ron Vreeker and Stephen Curwell

Index 282
Contributors

Andreas Blum, Leibniz-Institute of Ecological and Regional Development (IOER),

Dresden.

Stephen Curwell, Research Centre for the Built and Human Environment, University
of Salford.

Mark Deakin, School of the Built Environment, Napier University, Edinburgh.

Andrea De Montis, Dipartimento di Ingegneria del Territorio, Sarrari University.

Marcus Grant, University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol.

Antonella Grossi, Istituto Cooperativo per l’Innovazione (ICIE), Bologna.

Andy Hamilton, Research Centre for the Built and Human Environment, University
of Salford.

Philip James, Research Centre for the Built and Human Environment, University of
Salford.

Sabrina Lai, Dipartimento di Ingegneria del Territorio, Sezione Urbanistica, Cagliari

University.

Patrizia Lombardi, Casa-Citta Department, Polytechnic of Turin.

Gordon Mitchell, School of Geography and the Institute for Transport Studies,
University of Leeds.

Anil Namdeo, Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds.

Peter Nijkamp, Department of Spatial Economics, VU University, Amsterdam.

viii Contributors

Krassimira Paskaleva-Shapira, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems

Analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe and the Herbert Simon Institute, Manchester Business
School, University of Manchester.

Stefano Stanghellini, Department of Planning, University of Venice.

Francesca Torrieri, Department of Conservation of Architectural and Environmental

Assets, University of Naples.

Ron Vreeker, Department of Spatial Economics, VU University, Amsterdam.

Acknowledgement

The editors and authors would like to acknowledge the support of the European
Commission in the work that underpins this volume.
1

Introduction
Mark Deakin, Ron Vreeker and Stephen Curwell

The Building Environmental QUality Evaluation for SusTainability (BEQUEST)

network was first formed in 1996 as a pan-European network of physical, economic
and social scientists and practitioners working in the areas of property development,
urban planning, urban design and construction. It was supported from 1998 to 2001
by the European Union Research Directorate under the fourth Framework Programme
theme, Human Dimensions of Environmental Change, as a ‘concerted action’
(BEQUEST, 2000, 2001). Fourteen research groups in six EU countries form the
original core of the network. The overall aim of BEQUEST is to contribute to the
practice and realisation of sustainable urban development (SUD).
The vision behind the network, the working methodology and the detailed
objectives are described in chapter 2 of Volume 1 of this book series (Curwell
et al., 2005) and Bentivegna et al. (2002). This volume, the third in the series,
builds upon and extends this earlier work, setting forth the increasingly advanced
understanding of SUD and mankind’s ability to evaluate the sustainability of urban
development.
BEQUEST has sought to identify the common issues underlying the growing
interest in SUD and to structure them in such a way as to provide a framework for
analysis. This has been done by adopting the PICABUE definition of sustainable
development, ‘mapping out’ the ‘fuzzy buzzwords’ associated with the concept and
modifying what it means to include the sustainability issues underlying the urban
development process. This has meant:

• foregrounding the question of urban sustainability;

• agreeing the sustainability issues underlying the urban development process;
and
• identifying the environmental, economic and social structure, spatial level and
time frames of SUD.

Visioning urban sustainability in this manner allows a wide range of issues to surface
concerning the environmental, economic and social structure, spatial level and time
scales of development. The methodology developed to support this visualisation
2 Mark Deakin, Ron Vreeker and Stephen Curwell

of SUD is that of an integrated, iterative process of collaboration and consensus-

building. As the BEQUEST framework of activities, issues, levels and scales of
analysis, this vision and methodology are based on a four-dimensional ‘model’ of SUD
that:

• adequately represents, but simplifies, the breadth and complexities of the

issues which are faced in consensus-building exercises of this type;
• forms the basis for common understanding, and therefore for integration
between a wide range of stakeholders;
• provides a framework for integrating the analysis of SUD across activities,
issues, levels and scales;
• calls for a set of protocols that allow the planning, property development,
design, construction and operational components of SUD to be integrated
within and as part of the environmental, economic and social issues underlying
the sustainability of cities; and
• allows decision-makers to select the assessments capable of evaluating the
sustainability of urban development.

The framework’s vision and methodology primarily provide a collaborative platform for
building consensus, supported by a set of protocols and assessment methods which
come together to form a decision support toolkit for evaluating the sustainability of
urban development.
The integrating mechanism or tool in question is the vision and methodology
of an integrated SUD and the framework for analysis this provides – the ‘trans-
disciplinary language’ of collaboration and consensus-building adopted by
BEQUEST to ‘bring together the diversity of interests’, the planners, property
developers, designers, constructors and operators represented as stakeholders in
the environmental, economic and social structure of SUD. That diversity of interests
which makes up the syntax and vocabulary of the said stakeholders and provides
them with the opportunity to devise, agree, adopt and use the trans-disciplinary
language previously missing from the debate on SUD (Cooper, 2002). For not only
has the BEQUEST network undertaken an extensive review of the existing literature
available on the subject, but its academic partners have gone on to frame the debate
as one about the gateways through which stakeholders need to pass as part of the
search for SUD. Furthermore, the network has formalised these gateways as ‘hard
and soft’ junctions, the ‘crossing points’ in the journey towards SUD, where the
stakeholders find themselves crossing over their own boundaries of knowledge
and embarking on a journey that takes them into other domains. The journey to
these domains is by way of the BEQUEST protocols. They represent an accepted
3 Introduction

or established code, set of rules and guidelines for stakeholders to follow in the
search for SUD.
While the BEQUEST framework itself represents a significant step forward in
our knowledge and understanding of SUD, the contribution that the protocols make
is something which should not go unrecognised. This is because they provide a
formal link that goes back to the issues, spatial levels and time scales of the
framework that connects them to the assessment methods. As such, they provide a
‘roadmap’, which not only links the ‘top-level’ issues, spatial levels and time frames to
the middle ground of ‘first- and second-level’ protocol(s), vis-à-vis procedures, but
connects them as a set of co-ordinates to follow in ‘getting to the bottom of the
matter’ and adopting the assessment method capable of evaluating the sustainability
of urban development. Taking this form, it is possible to say that the BEQUEST
framework, protocols and assessment methods, set out the grid references which
allow the network, along with its representative community of stakeholders, to take
the matter of evaluation full circle: that is, from a framework for analysis to a protocol
to follow and procedures to adopt in selecting the assessment methods which are
best able to evaluate the sustainability of urban development.

VOLUME 1

Volume 1 of this series began by outlining the principles, underlying concepts,

models, vision and methodology of an integrated SUD (Curwell et al., 2005). This
drew attention to the framework BEQUEST has developed for such an understanding
of SUD and went on to set out the protocol(s) the network argues should be followed
in carrying out an environmental assessment. It argued that:

• SUD’s goal is to improve the quality of life for an increasingly urban population;
• actions aiming to improve the quality of life need a simple, clear framework for
analysing the sustainability of urban development;
• this framework for analysis needs to provide a vision and methodology that
bring such concerns into the scope of actions taken to bring about improve-
ments in the quality of life;
• within this vision and methodology, protocol(s) provide a middle ground
between the various environmental assessment methods available to evaluate
SUD and bring about improvements in the quality of life;
• such evaluations of SUD must transcend purely environmental factors, and
embed themselves securely in more comprehensive and integrated environ-
mental, social and economic assessments; and
4 Mark Deakin, Ron Vreeker and Stephen Curwell

• a community of academic and professional advisers is emerging, willing and

able to use new information technology as a means of supporting such assess-
ments, and to make the evaluations they produce available to local, regional,
national and international agencies.

Having set out the BEQUEST framework, Volume 1 elaborated the protocols
for environmental assessment, which were presented as a set of guidelines to
follow in:

• ‘screening’ urban development activities;

• ‘scoping’ key sustainable development issues;
• ‘clarifying’ what activities, environmental, economic and social issues need to
be addressed;
• carrying out the required ‘consultations’ with affected parties;
• ‘procuring’ environmental assessments of urban development plans, pro-
grammes and projects;
• ‘assessing’ whether the said urban development plans, programmes and pro-
jects build the capacity which cities need to carry their cultural heritage and
produce forms of human settlement that are sustainable;
• ‘reporting’ on the ecological integrity and equity of the resulting resource
distribution and ability of the public to participate in decisions taken about
the future of the city, its cultural heritage and forms of human settlement;
and
• using cities to ‘monitor’ the sustainability of urban development.

The BEQUEST protocol has its origins in the European Commission’s (1997, 2001)
Directives on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and subsequently in Strategic
Environmental Assessment (SEA), and focuses attention on the procedures to follow
in assessing whether urban development plans, programmes and projects provide
the capacity that cities need to carry their cultural heritage and produce forms of
human settlement which are sustainable. However, as Volume 1 pointed out, while
such a representation of the protocol is valuable for the generic description of the
environmental assessment process it advances, the procedures it sets out are
currently insufficiently detailed to overcome the risk and uncertainty stakeholders face
in trying to use them as methods for evaluating the sustainability of urban develop-
ment. As Volume 1 made clear, this is because the legal instruments surrounding
environmental assessment are themselves insufficiently developed, too generic and
not sufficiently specific for the individual needs of stakeholders as diverse as planners,
5 Introduction

property developers, designers and constructors in evaluating the sustainability of

urban development.
In response to this, Volume 1 set out the ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ gates of environmental
assessment and developed the five protocols (planning, property development,
design, construction and operation and use) for evaluating the sustainability of urban
development and went on to outline the directory of environmental assessment
methods available for such evaluations, reporting upon how they are currently being
used to evaluate the sustainability of urban development.
While Volume 1 drew attention to the legal instruments of environmental
assessment and the tense relationship emerging between the ‘hard’ certainties of the
biophysical sciences and the less certain and risky sphere of economic and social
relations, it did not provide a detailed account of the environmental assessment
methods, or examine how those listed in the directory are currently being used to
evaluate the sustainability of urban development. This was the object of Volume 2 in
this series: Sustainable Urban Development: The Environmental Assessment
Methods.

VOLUME 2

Volume 2 (Deakin et al., 2007) took the BEQUEST framework and protocols as its
point of departure and brought together a number of contributions from recognised
experts in environmental assessment and leading authorities in the use of such
methods. These contributions provide a unique insight into environmental assessment
and methodological questions of critical importance to SUD. Volume 2 offered
twenty-three chapters from leading authorities on the methodology of environmental
assessment presented under the following headings:

• environmental assessment instruments;

• systems thinking-based approaches to assessment and the role of evaluation;
• environmental assessment methods;
• methods for environmental, economic and social assessments; and
• evaluations of the ecological integrity, equity of resource distribution, and parti-
cipation of the public in matters concerning the futurity of urban development
and sustainability of cities.

Volume 2, Part 1 set out the statutory instruments put in place by the European
Commission (EC) to assess the environmental impact of urban development
proposals. Focusing on the EU’s 97/11/CE and 2001/42/CE directives, it examined
the development and use of strategic environmental assessment and environmental
6 Mark Deakin, Ron Vreeker and Stephen Curwell

impact assessment to evaluate the sustainability of the development programme for

the 2006 Winter Games. Part 2 used these statutory instruments of environmental
assessment as a platform to examine the systems thinking behind the methods, their
approach to SUD, and the role evaluation plays in this. Using this examination as a
stage to account for further developments in environmental assessment, Part 3 set
out the methods that can be used to evaluate the sustainability of urban development.
This section accounted for recent developments in the use of cost–benefit analysis
(CBA) and multi-criteria analysis (MCA), contingent valuation method (CVM), and the
hedonic price method as environmental assessments. Part 4 examined the assess-
ment methods that have recently emerged to meet the particular economic and
social challenge SUD poses. Here, attention was drawn to the environmental,
economic and social assessments that have recently developed to support very
advanced evaluations of SUD.
Parts 3 and 4 of Volume 2 were taken from BEQUEST’s survey of the
environmental assessment methods currently available for evaluating SUD. So far
the survey has identified that sixty methods are available to assess the environ-
mental impact of urban development and sustainability of cities that have been
applied to the planning, property development, construction, design, operational
and use activities of the urban development process, and which are variously used
by cities to evaluate the sustainability issues this raises at the range of scales of
assessment. The survey can be accessed via the website of the BEQUEST project:
http://www.surveying.salford.ac.uk/bq/extra. This provides a list of the methods
surveyed and, in a number of cases, offers hyper-text links to the case studies from
which they have been drawn. It provides an opportunity for readers to explore the
implications of applying the method in further detail and satisfying themselves as to
whether the technique is appropriate for the matter under consideration.
The list of methods is drawn from a survey of the scientific literature: textbooks,
scientific journals and unpublished technical reports on the methodology of environ-
mental assessment written by professional members of the community. The master
list provides a survey of the assessment methods which cities in Europe and North
America should have the capacity to use, and provides case-study reviews of how
they have been applied to evaluate the sustainability of urban development. In certain
cases they represent assessment methods that the partner and extranet members of
BEQUEST have been engaged in developing, or of which they have a detailed
knowledge (see Deakin et al., 2001, 2002a and b, Deakin and Curwell, 2003, Deakin
and Lombardi, 2005a and b for further details of the survey).
Part 5 took the evaluation of SUD full circle, by assessing how well the environ-
mental assessment methods evaluate the ecological integrity of urban development
and equity of the resulting resource distribution. Furthermore, it explored whether this
7 Introduction

distribution of resources in turn makes it possible for the public to participate in

decisions taken about the futurity of urban development and the sustainability of
cities.
The assessment methodology Volume 2 adopted was based upon an under-
standing that the growing international and increasingly global relationship between
the environment and economy of civil society is uncertain, resulting in, as yet,
incalculable degrees of risk; which means that standard, ‘tried-and-tested’ methods
of assessment are of limited help in evaluating SUD. Volume 2 argued the limitations
of such standard measures can only be overcome by adopting a ‘co-evolutionary
approach’ to environmental assessment and by turning attention towards methods
able to evaluate the ecology of resource consumption. This methodology managed
to overcome the limitations of the past, and focus attention on the so-called ‘hard’
certainties of biophysical science underlying the less certain, risky and ‘softer’ social
relations of SUD. Set within the BEQUEST framework and protocols, Volume 2
provided a detailed account of the environmental assessment methods key to this
transformation through what is referred to as BEQUEST’s ‘post-Brundtland’ directory
of environmental assessment methods that are currently being used to evaluate
the sustainability of urban development. In this way it has provided an account of the
environmental assessment methods key in building the environmental capacity
needed to qualify the ecological integrity of urban development, and provide the
techniques of analysis required to evaluate whether this brings about an equitable
distribution of resources. Whether ensuring the ecological integrity of urban
development will bring about an equitable distribution of resources remains to be
seen.
The highly integrative and multi-scalar nature of these assessments is seen to
be of particular value because they highlight the significance of the BEQUEST
framework in capturing the sustainability issues, representing them as matters of
particular concern to the quality of life. They also expose the value of the protocols in
dealing with the hard and soft issues of SUD. For, while in Volume 1 the hard gates
of the protocols were represented in statutory terms, and therefore as rules of law
(for example, the requirement of SEA and EIAs), Volume 2 provided the opportunity
to develop a harder edge to the biophysical, economic and social science underlying
urban land use planning, property development, design and the construction of
buildings. These buildings make up the estates, neighbourhoods and districts of cities
whose current forms of planning and developmental control have been brought into
question because of the way they have tended to threaten ecological integrity and
produce an inequitable distribution of resources. This has been met with a call for the
development and application of environmental assessment methods able to restore
the balance, based on socially inclusive decision-making, which gives the public the
8 Mark Deakin, Ron Vreeker and Stephen Curwell

power, entitlement, statutory right and opportunity under the rule of law to participate
in matters concerning the future of urban development and the environmental,
economic and social sustainability of cities.
The highly integrative and multi-scalar nature of these evaluations is significant
because they not only link sustainability issues to the quality of life but are systematic,
principled and disciplined about how these connections are made, related back to
the statutory instruments of environmental assessment and the stakeholders
(planners, property developers, designers and constructors) responsible for such
evaluations. This is useful not just for assessing how the environment impacts upon
the quality of life, but for qualifying SUD in terms of the environmental, economic and
social value this in turn institutes. In this respect it becomes possible to capture the
complexity of the situation under examination, along with the critical nature of the
sustainability issues being considered.
Volume 2 argued that the value of this position lies in the opportunity to
transcend the limitations of existing assessment techniques and to transform them
into forms capable of evaluating SUD in all its aspects. As such, it offered a detailed
account of those assessment methods that are key in BEQUEST: Building the
Environmental capacity which is needed to QUalify the ecological integrity of urban
development and Evaluate the equity of the public’s participation in decisions
affecting the future economic and social SusTainability of cities.
The objective of BEQUEST’s directory of assessment methods is fourfold:

• first, to direct decision-makers towards the master list of environmental assess-

ment methods that are currently in existence, and which stakeholders may use
to evaluate the sustainability of urban development;
• second, to provide a standardised description of each assessment method;
• third, to illustrate the classes of assessment method; and
• fourth, to classify the assessment methods based on the complexity of the
evaluations they advance.

Here, the stakeholders are represented as urban planners, property developers,

designers (architects and engineers), constructors, operators and users. As each
group offers expertise at various stages and differing scales of action of the urban
development process, it is recognised that each decision-maker requires to be
directed towards a method of assessment which provides a detailed description
of what each evaluation contributes to the sustainability of cities. The standard
description of the assessment methods provides this; it allows stakeholders to source
the information of interest to them and to direct decision-makers towards the nature
of the evaluation which the techniques of analysis offer. Given the number of
9 Introduction

stakeholders in the urban development process and the interests they represent, it is
important to provide such a description because it is not always clear which sector
of the community the assessment method is directed towards, and to which stage of
the urban development process it relates. The standard description aims to clarify
these matters and avoid confusion over the use of the assessment methods.
The reason for this approach to the assessment needs of stakeholders is
fourfold:

• it focuses attention on the agents of change (developers, urban planners,

architects, engineers, surveyors, constructors, etc.);
• the attention paid to the agents of change and activities they undertake means
the analysis is not limited to statutory urban planning instruments, but is more
systematic;
• it becomes possible to take the property development, design, construction
and operational interests into account in greater detail;
• it allows the analysis to concentrate on the built environment and the
relationship this has to the economic and social sustainability of cities.

This might be seen as an Agenda 21 ‘grass-roots’ activists’ approach but making it

more responsible for making urban development sustainable through greater support
from the growing body of professional knowledge and deepening academic under-
standing of this as a city-wide process. The benefits of this are seen to lie in the
capacity the assessment has to unify, rather than to fragment further, our knowledge
and understanding of SUD. For, rather than dividing the subject into sectional
interests, professional fields and academic disciplines, the assessment makes it
possible to circumvent such divisions, something which it achieves by recognising
the interdisciplinary, cross-sectional and inter-professional nature of what are trans-
disciplinary issues.
The BEQUEST framework, protocols and assessment methods, set out in
Volumes 1 and 2, have gone a long way to enrich our understanding of SUD. Together,
they have deepened and broadened our understanding of the subject. For, while they
take the statutory instruments of environmental assessment as the starting point, the
framework and protocols have provided the opportunity to outline the systems thinking
underpinning this assessment methodology and draw particular attention to the multi-
modal, human and cosmologic complexity of the models underlying the evaluation of
SUD. These contributions have served to underpin the principles set out in Volume 1,
the four-dimensional model of SUD mentioned above, particularly the ecological
integrity and equity of resource distribution dimensions, which represent the outcome
of public participation in inclusive decisions taken about an economic and social future
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