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Analysis and Design
of FRP Reinforced
Concrete Structures
 Analysis and Design
of FRP Reinforced
Concrete Structures

Shamsher Bahadur Singh

Ph.D. (Stru. Engg.), PDF (LTU, USA), PE (Michigan, USA)
Professor of Civil Engineering Department
BITS Pilani, Pilani-333 031, Rajasthan, India

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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Analysis and Design of FRP Reinforced Concrete Structures
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 To
My beloved son (Late) Mr. Sneh Vardhan,
My wife Kiran Singh and daughter Aparajita Singh,
for their great sacrifices made during the preparation of this book
Contents

Preface xv
Notation xvii

Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Evolution of FRP Reinforcement 2
1.2. Review of FRP Composites 3
1.3. The Importance of the Polymer Matrix 4
1.3.1. Matrix polymers 4
1.3.2. Polyester resins 6
1.3.3. Structural considerations in processing polymer matrix resins 8
1.3.4. Reinforcing fibers for structural composites 8
1.3.5. Effects of fiber length on laminate properties 9
1.3.6. Bonding interphase 9
1.3.7. Design considerations 10
1.4. Description of Fibers 11
1.4.1. Forms of glass fiber reinforcements 12
1.4.2. Behavior of glass fibers under load 13
1.4.3. Carbon fibers 13
1.4.4. Aramid fibers 15
1.4.5. Other organic fibers 16
1.4.6. Hybrid reinforcements 17
1.5. Manufacturing and Processing of Composites 17
1.5.1. Steps of fabrication scheme 17
1.5.2. Manufacturing methods 18
1.6. Sandwich Construction 23
viii  Contents

1.7. Compression Molding 24

1.8. Multi-Axial Fabric for Structural Components 24
1.9. Fabrication of Stirrups 24
1.10. FRP Composites 25
1.11. FRP Composite Applications 26
1.12. Composite Mechanics 26
1.12.1. Laminate terminology 27
1.12.2. Composite product forms 27
1.13. Laminates Types and Stacking Sequence 28

Chapter 2. Material Characteristics of FRP Bars 39

2.1. Physical and Mechanical Properties 39
2.2. Physical Properties 39
2.3. Mechanical Properties and Behavior 41
2.3.1. Tensile behavior 41
2.3.2. Compressive behavior 42
2.3.3. Shear behavior 43
2.3.4. Bond behavior 43
2.4. Time-Dependent Behavior 43
2.4.1. Creep rupture 43
2.4.2. Fatigue 44
2.5. Durability 45
2.6. Recommended Materials and Construction Practices 46
2.6.1. Strength and modulus grades of FRP bars 46
2.6.2. Surface geometry, bar sizes, and bar identification 46
2.7. Construction Practices 48
2.7.1. Handling and storage of materials 48
2.7.2. Placement and assembly of materials 49
2.8. Quality Control and Inspection 49

Chapter 3. History and Uses of FRP Technology 53

3.1. FRP Composites in Japan 53
3.1.1. Development of FRP materials 53
 Contents  ix

3.1.2. Development of design methods in Japan 55

3.1.3. Typical FRP reinforced concrete structures in Japan 55
3.1.4. FRP for retrofitting and repair 57
3.1.5. Future uses of FRP 58
3.1.6. FRP construction activities in Europe 58
3.2. Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete: Some Applications 59
3.2.1. Rehabilitation and strengthening 60
3.2.2. Design guidelines 61
3.3. FRP Prestressing in the USA 61
3.3.1. Historical development of FRP tendons 62
3.3.2. Research and demonstration projects 62
3.3.3. Future prospects 65

Chapter 4. Design of RC Structures Reinforced with FRP Bars 67

4.1. Design Philosophy 67
4.1.1. Design material properties 67
4.1.2. Flexural design philosophy 69
4.1.3. Nominal flexural capacity 71
4.1.4. Strength reduction factor for flexure (f) 72
4.1.5. Check for minimum FRP reinforcement 73
4.1.6. Serviceability 73
4.2. Shear 79
4.2.1. Shear design philosophy 79
4.2.2. Shear failure modes 80
4.2.3. Minimum shear reinforcement 80
4.2.4. Shear failure due to crushing of the web 80
4.2.5. Detailing of shear stirrups 80
4.2.6. Punching shear strength of FRP reinforced, two-way concrete slab 81
4.3. ISIS Canada Design Approach for Flexure 81
4.3.1. Flexural strength 83
4.3.2. Serviceability 88
4.4. Design Approach for CFRP Prestressed Concrete Bridge Beams 90
x  Contents

4.4.1. Theoretical development of design equations 91

4.4.2 Deflection and stesses under service load condition 102
4.4.3. Nonlinear response 103
E4.1. Design Example 1 104
E4.2. Design Example 2 110
E4.3. Design Example 3 114
E4.4. Design Example 4: A Case Study Problem 116
E4.5. Design Example 5: Case Study of CFRP Prestressed Concrete Double-T Beam 120
E4.6. Design Example 6: Case Study of CFRP Prestressed Concrete Box-Beam 132
E4.7. Design Example 137

Chapter 5. Design Philosophy for FRP External Strengthening Systems 143

5.1. Introduction 143
5.1.1. Non-prestressed soffit plates 143
5.1.2. End anchorage for unstressed (non-prestressed) plates 144
5.1.3. Prestressed soffit plates 144
5.2. Flexural Failure Modes and Typical Behavior 144
5.2.1. Flexural failure 144
5.2.2. Shear failure 144
5.2.3. Plate-end debonding failures 145
5.2.4. Plate-end interfacial debonding 146
5.2.5. Intermediate crack-induced interfacial debonding 146
5.2.6. Other debonding failures 147
5.2.7. Some additional aspects of debonding 147
5.3. Flexural Design Considerations 148
5.3.1. Flexural design philosophy (ACI 440-2R-02) 148
5.3.2. Strengthening limits 148
5.4. Design Material Properties 149
5.5. General Considerations for Flexural Strengthening 151
5.5.1. Assumptions 151
5.5.2. Section shear strength 151
5.5.3. Existing substrate strain 152
 Contents  xi

5.6. Nominal Strength, Mn 152

5.6.1. Controlling failure modes 152
5.6.2. Strain level in FRP reinforcement 153
5.6.3. Stress level in the FRP reinforcement 153
5.7. Ductility 153
5.8. Serviceability 154
5.9. Creep-Rupture and Fatigue Stress Limits 154
5.10. Applications of Flexural Design Considerations to a Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Section 155
5.10.1. Ultimate flexural strength 155
5.10.2. Stress in steel under service loads 156
5.10.3. Stress in FRP under service loads 157
5.11. Shear Strengthening 158
5.11.1. Nominal shear strength (ACI 440.2R-02) 159
5.11.2. Shear strength contribution of FRP system 159
5.12. Spacing of FRP Strips 161
5.13. Reinforcement Limits 161
5.14. Design Procedure for Strengthening of RC Beam Using NSM Bars 161
5.14.1. Flexural strengthening 162
5.14.2. Design procedure for flexural strengthening using NSM FRP rebars 164
5.14.3. Shear strengthening 166
5.14.4. Anchorage length requirement 168
5.15. ACI 440.2R-02 Design Approach for NSM FRP Strengthening 169
5.15.1. Flexural design approach 169
5.15.2. Nominal flexural strength 170
5.16. Design for Shear Strength 171
5.16.1. Ultimate shear strength 171
5.17. Serviceability 174
5.18. Detailing 175
5.19. Development Length of NSM FRP Bars 175
5.20. ISIS Canada Design Approach for External FRP Strengthening 176
5.20.1. Flexural strengthening of beam and one-way slab 177
5.20.2. Flexural design approach 178
xii  Contents

5.21. ISIS Canada Design Guidelines for Shear Strengthening 182

5.21.1. Design principles 182
5.22. External Strengthening of Columns 185
5.22.1. Slenderness limits of circular columns 186
5.22.2. Confinement 186
5.23. Fundamentals of Seismic Retrofit of Columns 188
5.23.1. Potential failure modes 188
5.23.2. Flexural ductility of retrofitted columns 189
5.23.3. Shear strength contributions 191
5.23.4. Flexural plastic hinge confinement 194
5.23.5. Lap splice clamping 194
E5.1. Design Example 1 195
E5.2. Design Example 2 203
E5.3. Design Example 3: Shear Strengthening Using CFRP Laminates—A Case Study 206
E5.4. Design Example 4: A Case Study Problem 213
E5.5. Design Example 5 219
E5.6. Design Example 6 222
E5.7. Design Example 7 227
E5.8. Design Example 8 231
E5.9. Design Example 9 233
E5.10. Design Example 10 236
E5.11. Design Example 11 238
E5.12. Design Example 12 243
E5.13. Design Example 13 251
E5.14. Design Example 14 253
E5.15. Design Example 15: Shear Strengthening as per ISIS Canada Design Approach 255

Chapter 6. Durability-Based Design Approach for External FRP

Strengthening of RC Beams 263
6.1. Designing of Reinforced Concrete Beams 263
6.1.1. Compute design material properties 263
6.1.2. Compute the existing substrate strain 264
6.1.3. Compute the balanced plate ratio (ρf, b) 264
 Contents  xiii

6.1.4. Compute the maximum allowable plate ratio (ρf, max) 266
6.1.5. Proportion of the FRP plate 266
6.1.6. Compute the balanced plate ratio (ρf, bb) to determine failure modes 266
6.1.7. Determine the critical plate ratio (ρf, c) 267
6.1.8. Determine the mode of failure 267
6.1.9. Nominal moment capacity of strengthened beams 268
6.1.10. Compute design moment capacity 270
6.1.11. Allowable services stresses 270
E6.1. Design Example 1: A Case Study Problem 271
E6.2. Design Example 2: A Case Study Problem 280
E6.3. Design Example 3: A Case Study 300

Bibliography 317

Index 319
PrefaCe

With the advent of advanced composite materials in the form of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), which
has high strength-to-weight ratio, high stiffness-to-weight ratio, and most importantly non-corrodible
characteristics, these innovative FRP materials have been utilized in many demonstration projects
across the world as internal reinforcements, external reinforcements, and prestressing tendons/strands.
Outcomes of the research carried out on the demonstration projects using FRP materials have shown the
potential of FRP materials as efficient constructions materials requiring least maintenance and hence,
providing minimal life cycle cost of structures reinforced and/or prestressed with FRP materials. In
addition to normal reinforcements and prestressing applications, FRP has been utilized as external
strengthening material to retrofit the deficient structures and to upgrade the strength of structure to meet
new code specifications and loading situations.
In spite of many advantages, the use of FRP materials for reinforcement, prestressing, and
strengthening of RC structures has been limited, due to lack of unified design procedures which can
be readily referred to design the structures using FRP reinforcements. There are many research works
available on the use of FRP. However, the research data are in a scattered form. Also the research
findings cannot be readily utilized by designers, practitioners and academicians. Recently, ACI 440
committee and ISIS Canada have come out with design guidelines based on the research works
available in literature. However, these draft documents lack the variety of design problems and are also
not unified in nature. Today, there is no text book across the world giving detailed design examples
related to analysis and design of FRP reinforced and prestreesed concrete structures with and without
discussion of case study problems. The goal of this book is to present various aspects of FRP composite
materials characteristics, manufacturing techniques, real life projects, various forms of FRP products,
and most importantly, detailed design procedures for design of new structures using FRP as internal
reinforcements, external strengthening materials, and prestressing materials.
The main topics covered in this book consist of introduction of FRP composites (Chapter 1), material
characteristics (Chapter 2), history and uses of FRP technology (Chapter 3), design of RC structures
using FRP bars (Chapter 4), design philosophy for FRP exteranal strengthening systems (Chapter 5), and
durability based design approach for external FRP strengthening of RC beams (Chapter 6). Furthermore,
other topics of interest such as case study problems on FRP prestressed concrete bridges have also been
included along with other case study problems. In the whole book, SI units has been used in tables as
well as for design examples. However, few emprical design equations have been presented with both
the SI and English units for better understanding of the empirical equations. This book will be of prime
interest to wide range of readers such as researchers, academicians in general, consultants, practitioners,
designers, writers of design codes, structural engineers, senior under-graduate and graduate students as
a consolidated source of design guidelines and design examples on FRP reinforced and/or prestressed
concrete structures.
xvi  Preface

This book has been grown out of the many research and teaching works carried by the author
during his post-Doctoral fellowship at Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, Michigan,
USA, and current teaching and research works leading to Indian Lead Partner of prestigious UK–India
Collaborative Research Project between Indian Universities (BITS Pilani, IIT Delhi, NIT Jalandhar,
NIT Surathkal, NIT Surat, MNIT Jaipur, and SRM University Chennai), University of Dundee, UK and
University of Bath, UK.
The author is indebted to Prof. Nabil F. Grace, Lawrence Technological University, USA for
providing opportunity to work on many projects of international repute using FRP materials and Prof.
R.K. Dhir, University of Dundee for his continuous support and guidance during the execution UKIERI
project leading to many constructive inputs for this book. Moreover, the author is also thankful to other
UKIERI partners from India and UK for their constructive suggestions made during UKIERI technical
research paper presntations which has helped me to improve the quality of the book. Furthermore, the
author expresses appreciation to his graduate research scholars especially S.Madappa, Dinesh Kumar,
Bhavin, R., and K. Santosh for their continuous support during the preparation of this book.Finally, the
author wishes to express his profound gratitude to his beloved son (Late) Mr. Sneh Vardhan, daughter
(Ms. Aparajita Singh), and wife (Mrs. Kiran Singh) for their sufferings, sacrifices, understanding, and
support during the preparation of this book.

ShamSher Bahadur Singh

notation

The notations of the various parameters used in this paper are given below:
a = depth of equivalent rectangular compression block, mm
Ac = cross-sectional area of composite DT-beam, mm2
Ap = cross-sectional area of precast DT-beam, mm2
Afb = cross-sectional area of bottom bonded prestressing tendons in each row, mm2
Af i = cross-sectional area of tension reinforcement of a particular material, mm2
Afn = cross-sectional area of non-prestressing tendons in each row, mm2
Afnt = cross-sectional area of non-prestressing tendons at flange top, mm2
Afnb = cross-sectional area of non-prestressing tendons at flange bottom, mm2
Afu = total cross-sectional area of unbonded post-tensioning tendons, mm2
b = width of compression face of member, mm
bw = width of the web, mm
C = resultant compressive force, kN
Ct = resultant compression force in concrete topping, kN
Cf = resultant compression force in flange of precast DT-beam, kN
c.g.c = axis passing through the centroid of concrete cross-section of the DT-beam
c.g.p = axis passing through the center of gravity of the resultant pretensioned force
d = distance of center of gravity of the resultant tension force from the extreme
compression fiber, mm
df = total flange thickness of the beam, mm
d = distance of center of gravity of the resultant compression force from the extreme d
compression fiber, mm
dj = distance of centroid of bonded prestressing tendons of an individual row from the
extreme compression fiber, mm
dm = distance of centroid of bottom bonded prestressing tendons (mth row) from the
extreme compression fiber, mm
db = distance of centroid of non-prestressing tendons at flange bottom from the extreme
compression fiber, mm
xviii  Notation

dt = distance of centroid of non-prestressing tendons at flange top from the extreme

compression fiber, mm
du = distance of centroid of unbonded post-tensioning tendons from the extreme
compression fiber, mm
D = overall depth of the beam, mm
eb = eccentricity of resultant pretensioning force from the centroid of the precast concrete
cross-section, mm
eup = eccentricity of unbonded post-tensioning tendons from centroid of the precast
concrete cross-section, mm
euc = eccentricity of unbonded post-tensioning tendons from the centroid of composite
section, mm
Ec = modulus of elasticity of precast concrete, GPa
Ect = modulus of elasticity of concrete topping, GPa
Ef = modulus of elasticity of bonded tendon, GPa
Efn = modulus of elasticity of non-prestressing tendons in webs, MPa
Efp = modulus of elasticity of unbonded tendon, MPa
fc = stress in the concrete at extreme compression fiber in very-under-reinforced beam,
MPa
fct = stress in the concrete at extreme compression fiber in over-reinforced beam, MPa
f 'c = specified compressive strength of precast concrete, MPa
ffu = guaranteed ultimate tensile strength of bonded prestressing tendons, MPa
ffui = guaranteed ultimate strength of tension reinforcement of a particular material, MPa
(ffu)d = guaranteed ultimate strength of reinforcement governing the minimum balanced ratio
ffun = guaranteed ultimate tensile strength of non-prestressing tendons in webs, MPa
ffup = ultimate tensile strength of unbonded post-tensioning tendons, MPa
fpbj = total stress in bonded prestressing tendons of an individual row, MPa
fpbm = total stress in bottom prestressing tendons (mth row), MPa
fpbmi = initial effective prestress in bottom bonded prestressing tendons (mth row), MPa
fpnb = total stress in non-prestressing tendons at flange bottom, MPa
fpnj = total stress in non-prestressing tendons of an individual row in webs, MPa
fpnk = total stress in non-prestressing tendons of bottom row (kth row), MPa
fpnt = total stress in non-prestressing tendons at flange top, MPa
fpu = total stress in unbonded post-tensioning tendons, MPa
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete, MPa
Fpi = total initial effective pretensioning and post-tensioning forces, kN
 Notation  xix

Fpre = resultant effective pretensioning force in bonded tendons, kN

Fpost = resultant effective post-tensioning force in unbonded tendons, kN
Fpbj = resultant tensile force in bonded prestressing tendons of an individual row, kN
Fpbm = resultant tensile force in bonded bottom (mth row) prestressing tendons, kN
Fpnb = resultant compression force in non-prestressing tendons at flange bottom, kN
Fpnj = resultant tensile force in non-prestressing tendons of individual row in webs, kN
Fpnk = resultant tensile force in non-prestressing tendons of bottom row (kth row) in webs, kN
Fpnt = resultant compression force in non-prestressing tendons at flange top, kN
Fpu = resultant tensile force in unbonded post-tensioning tendons, kN
FR = resultant of the tensile forces in bonded and unbonded tendons, kN
Fu, Fi = ultimate and initial forces in unbonded post-tensioning strands, kN
hf = flange thickness of DT-beam, mm
hj = distance of centroid of non-prestressing tendons of an individual row in webs, mm
hk = distance of centroid of bottom non-prestressing tendons (kth row), mm
ht = thickness of concrete topping, mm
Ic = moment of inertia of composite concrete cross-section, mm4
Icr = gross transformed moment of inertia of cracked section, mm4
Itr = gross transformed moment of inertia of gross cross-section, mm4
k = number of rows of non-prestressing tendons in webs of DT-beam
ku = neutral axis depth coefficient
kuρ = neutral axis depth coefficient for a specific reinforcement ratio
L = effective span of the beam, m
m = number of rows of bonded tendons
M = applied maximum moment due to service loads, kN-m
Mcr = cracking moment capacity of section, kN-m
Mu = design moment capacity of section, kN-m
MD = maximum bending moment due to dead load, kN-m
ML = maximum bending moment due to live load, kN-m
Mn = nominal moment capacity of section, kN-m
Mrequired = required moment capacity of the section, kN-m
n = depth to the neutral axis from the extreme compression fiber
N.A. = neutral axis of the DT-beam section
p = number of materials used for tension reinforcement
Pcr = midspan load causing cracking of DT-beam, kN
xx  Notation

q = total number of bonded prestressing and non-prestressing tendon layers

Sb = section modulus corresponding to the bottom extreme fiber of composite section, mm3
W = total midspan load, kN
Wd = self weight of beam/unit length, kN/m
y = distance of centroid of tension reinforcement from the extreme compression fiber, mm
ytc = distance of centroid of composite cross-section from the top fiber, mm
β1 = factor defined as the ratio of the equivalent rectangular stress block depth to the
distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis
εcr = strain at extreme tension fiber at first cracking of beam
εcu = ultimate compression strain in concrete (0.003)
εfbj = flexural strain in the bonded prestressing tendons of an individual row
εfbm = flexural strain in the bonded prestressing tendons of bottom row (mth row)
εfu = ultimate tensile strain capacity of bonded prestressing tendons
εfun = ultimate tensile strain capacity of non-prestressing tendons in webs
εfup = ultimate tensile strain capacity of unbonded tendons
εpbj = total strain in bonded prestressing tendons of an individual row
εpbji = initial strain in bonded prestressing tendons of an individual row
εpbm = total strain in bonded prestressing tendons of mth row
εpbmi = initial strain in bonded prestressing tendons of mth row
εpnb = total strain in non-prestressing tendons at flange bottom
εpnj = total strain in non-prestressing tendons of an individual row in webs
εpnk = total strain in non-prestressing tendons of bottom row (kth row)
εpnt = total strain in non-prestressing tendons at flange top
εpu = total strain in unbonded post-tensioning tendons
εpui = initial strain in unbonded post-tensioning tendons
∆εpu = flexural strain in unbonded post-tensioning tendons
εt = strain at top of the beam at specific load stage
εb = strain at bottom of the beam at specific load stage
α, β = stress block factors
α1, β1 = stress block factors for rectangular section
α2, β2 = stress block factors for flanged section
αm = moment capacity factor
αi = ratio of guaranteed ultimate tensile strength of a particular tensile reinforcement to the
guaranteed ultimate strength of reinforcement governing the minimum balanced ratio
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