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Innovation in Real Places
 Innovation
in Real Places
Strategies for Prosperity in an
Unforgiving World

DA N B R E Z N I T Z

1
 3
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press

198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.

© Oxford University Press 2021

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction
rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form

and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Breznitz, Dan, author.
Title: Innovation in real places : strategies for prosperity in an
unforgiving world / Dan Breznitz.
Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2021] |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2020050294 (print) | LCCN 2020050295 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780197508114 (hardback) | ISBN 9780197508138 (epub) |
ISBN 9780197508145
Subjects: LCSH: Technological innovations—Economic aspects. |
Technological innovations—Government policy. |
Industrial capacity—Economic aspects. | Industrial policy. |
Community development. | Economic development. | Globalization.
Classification: LCC HC79.T 4 B695 2021 (print) | LCC HC79.T 4 (ebook) |
DDC 338.9—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020050294
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020050295

DOI: 10.1093/​oso/​9780197508114.001.0001

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed by LSC Communications, United States of America
To Shiri: two kids, three decades, four continents, and I still dream of you.
 Contents

Acknowledgments  ix

Introduction  1

PA RT I . T H E S TAT E O F I N N OVAT IO N
1. The New Globalization of Innovation  11
2. The Silicon Peaches  31
3. Start-​Ups Are Everywhere! (but the Growth Statistics)  43
4. Making America Great Again?  51

PA RT I I . I N N OVAT IO N A N D P R O SP E R I T Y
5. Four Are Better Than One—​But First, Let Us Plan
It Strategically  61
6. Sewing and Designing—​Incrementally—​Innovation-​Based
Growth  76
7. Out with the Old, In with the New! But in What Ways?  100
8. Looking for Better Options: The Science of Innovation
Policies and Agencies in a Globally Fragmented World  116

PA RT I I I . T H E T H R E E DYSF U N C T IO NA L S
A Short Introduction to Part III  137
9. Our Anti-​Intellectual Property Rights System  139
10. The Road to Hell Is Paved with Good Intentions: The Age
of Financialization  159
11. Data: Why Mining Us Is the New Boom, and for Whom  175
viii Contents

Conclusion—​In Defense of Experiments, Mistakes, and

the Right to Choose  185

Notes  189
Bibliography  227
Index  251
 Acknowledgments

This book took me the longest to write, by far. This experience also taught
me a very valuable lesson: it is one thing to conduct research and write it for
scientists, and a completely different task to explain what it means to daily
life. As a result, I developed a whole new appreciation for scholars who not
only try to think about the implications of their research, but also go on to
write about them in a way everyone can relate to.
This book is also a diary of a very long journey of studying, researching,
and being involved in the development of, and experimentation in, inno-
vation policies. This was not a journey I took alone. Accordingly, this book
could not have been written without the many friends who shared this road
with me. Many a time they had to save me from getting lost; always, though,
they shared with me insights and beautiful examples of human ingenuity
I would have never known otherwise.
Standing tall among them are Amos Zehavi, who literally traveled with me
over three continents and also shared the very painful experience of being
PhD students together so many years ago that we both find it difficult to
count them. Further, after all of that, he very patiently waited for me to (fi-
nally, with great delay) finish this book, so we can also finish our joint one.
Michael Murphree, who started as my student, turned into an employee and
then back to being my student, before transitioning into a partner in crime,
all the while being an amazing friend. Without you I would have never gotten
to know China and walked so many of its alleys. John Zysman, who for no
apparent good reason took me under his wing at Berkeley when, as a young
stressed-​out freshly minted PhD, I spent a year in what he calls the Junior
College on the peninsula. Since those early days of 2006, we have worked so
closely together on so many projects that I lost count. Martin Kenney, with
whom I have been constantly sharing ideas as they evolve and form in our
minds. Darius Ornston, a friend, a colleague, and a shy genius, with whom
I have been writing what I think are some of my best papers (the same ones
he probably views as, at best, reasonable drafts). Zak Taylor, who, like Amos,
should be thanked, if only because he still talks to me even after knowing
me since we were all PhD students, but much more so for our valuable and
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x Acknowledgments

constant brainstorming, and the fact that he somehow kept me sane in

Atlanta. Aldo Geuna, for friendship, arranging the opportunity to spend first
a year and then many more months throughout the years in Turin, and many
intellectual endeavors since. Giulio Buciuni, for showing me the amazing
stories of innovation in northeastern Italy, and for far too many craft beers
(yes Giulio, unlike coffee, red wine, whiskey, and Armagnac, there is such
a thing as too many beers). Gilles Rabin has opened my eyes to the many
facets of innovation in France and Europe, giving me companionship along
the road. Thanks to you, my friend, I now go and explore the main public
transportation terminals in every city I visit around the world. In Finland,
Petri Rouvinen gave me a crash course in Finnish innovation and economic
policies, while introducing me to everyone, everywhere. Serving with you
on the committee to evaluate the Finnish Innovation System was one of the
most valued educational and public service experiences of my life. More
importantly, however, was your help in fulfilling my childhood dream, and
hooking my children up to the best stories in the world—​the Moomins.
In the fair city of Atlanta, Georgia Tech has been a wonderful home for
eight years, shaping me as a scholar and letting me wonder wider and wilder
than many other universities would allow young assistant professors. I will
forever be grateful to William Long and Diana Hicks for their instrumental
role in bringing me there, and the many friends in the Sam Nunn School and
the School of Public Policy who made it a home for the first five years. Special
thanks are owed to Kirk Bowman, who taught me how to think outside the
box. I’m looking forward to many more opportunities to do so together in all
of the Americas, and to Brian Woodall, Sy Goodman, Adam Stulberg, and
Michael Best for making us feel at home and making the Sam Nunn School
such an interesting place to be. Doug Noonan, Hans Klein, John Walsh, Phil
Shapira (in both Atlanta and Manchester, UK), Aaron Levine, and last, out-​
smiling them all, Paul Baker did the same in the School of Public Policy,
demonstrating that friendly intellectual competition does wonders for eve-
rybody involved.
Jerry and Marie Thursby hold a special place of honor, together with
the strategy group they built and ran at the Scheller College of Business at
Georgia Tech. The intellectual vibrancy and camaraderie I enjoyed during
my three years there were second to none. I still miss our weekly seminars.
If you ever get bored with retirement, you are always welcome to come to
Toronto for a week, a month, or a few years. In the strategy groups, having
daily discussions with Matt Higgins, Alex Oettl, Marco Ceccagnoli, and
 Acknowledgments xi

Annamaria Conti defiantly shaped my thinking. Just as important were the

interactions with PhD students in all three schools, especially Vincenzo
Palermo. Stu Graham should be thanked for giving me his office while he
was seconded as the very first Chief Economist of the US Patent Office. Last,
but certainly not least, having Chris Forman around the corner to work with
was an immense pleasure, which continues even after we both moved North.
Georgia Tech is also a magical place for the many activities it does in ec-
onomic development throughout the state, led by truly exceptional people.
The amount of help in developing, and experimenting with what can only be
called whacky innovation policy ideas is a unique experience I am not sure
many other assistant professors have anywhere else in the world. Standing
tall among them are Robert Lann, Stephen Fleming, and Greg Laudeman.
Being able to call Stephen Cross a friend, mentor, and my VP Research all at
the same time was both a true honor and enormous help. I will forever be in
debt to Georgia Tech and its people; it is a blessing to call so many of them
friends.
Janice Stein and Joe Wong are both good friends and scholars, but here
they should be thanked for orchestrating our move to Toronto. Once we
arrived, Ron Levi, Mark Manger, Randall Hansen, Sarah Namer, and the
magical Margaret McKone helped us feel at home. At the Munk School, the
thrill of working together with David Wolfe in expanding and co-​directing
the Innovation Policy Lab (IPL) has been a true intellectual joy. David’s lead-
ership of The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC)
collaborative project on creating digital opportunities served as the best plat-
form one can have as an introduction to and embeddedness into Canadian
public policy. At the IPL I had the unique fortune to meet Peter Warrian,
who soon became a friend on the road both physically and intellectually in
multiple continents of soil and spirit. Co-​directing the IPL also allowed me
to get back in touch with another former MITer, Dan Munro, who has since
made sure I consider ethics when I think about innovation and growth. The
members of the IPL, including our post-​docs throughout the years, helped
me to transit the focus of my research to explore more deeply the societal
outcomes of innovation. Steven Samford not only turned into a partner for
the road, but into a good friend as well. All my post-​docs from now on will
have to live in your shadow. Kristen Pue was a star PhD student and an inval-
uable research assistant. Nicolas Conserva did heroic work on the history of
Cleveland. Alix Jansen and Prashant Rayaprolu did the same on the question
of workers and skills, with Prashant being sent as an advance scout every
xii Acknowledgments

time I had a new idea. In the final stages, as I was gasping without breath,
Reuben Aboye calmly stepped in and masterfully took all the dispersed data
collected, arranged it, and . . . suddenly it made sense. Also, once in Canada,
interactions with The Centre for International Governance Innovation
(CIGI), under the tutelage of my friend Rohinton P. Medhora, kept me en-
gaged, enraged, and sharp on the issues of innovation and growth. The third
part of this book owes a lot to those interactions.
As I transitioned to thinking more and more about distribution and in-
novation, and not just growth and profits, my dear friend and mentor Peter
Cowhey at UC San Diego asked me to join him in organizing an eye-​opening
project on innovation and production in the United States. We could not
have done it without the Connect Innovation Institute under the leadership
of the late Duane Roth and the very much alive and active Mary Walshock.
Here I had the immeasurable opportunity to work together with Susan
Helper, William Lazonick, Erica Fuchs, Josh Whitford, Elisabeth Reynolds,
and Jenny Kuan, and to collaborate in disseminating our findings with Mark
Muro, Howard Wial, and Bruce Katz. Luckily for me, at the exact same time
my main mentor and dear friend at MIT, Suzanne Berger, was also working
on the same issues. Thus, I just sat at the perfect structural hole gobbling
up knowledge for two years. Thanks to Suzanne, I was also introduced to
William Bonvillian, who urged me to continue with this line of work when-
ever I faltered.
All of this came together when the impressive, resolute, and tenacious
Rachel Parker convinced me to organize a scholarly network to think about
the questions of innovation, equity, and the future of prosperity, and apply to
the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR)’s global competition.
Feeling emboldened with Susan Helper and Amos Zehavi at my side, we did.
After which the (far smarter than I) fellows and advisers of the Innovation,
Equity and the Future of Prosperity (IEP) network became the perfect invis-
ible college.
Some of the most important people for this book, many of them now
friends, work in numerous innovation agencies and development banks
across the world. Without them this book would never have been written,
and my life would have been a pale, uninteresting shadow of itself. Many
of them prefer to stay anonymous, but of those that do not, special thanks
are owed to Yevgeny Kuznetsov at the World Bank; Alexander Lehmann at
the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now at Bruegel);
Claudia Suaznabar, Pablo Angelelli, and Facundo Luna of the Inter-​American
 Acknowledgments xiii

Development Bank; and Kirsten Bound and Alex Glennie of Nesta, UK. In
Chile, Pablo Catalan was a friend and a wise guide, in both Concepción and
Santiago, and the people of Corporación de Fomento de la Producción de
Chile (CORFO) and its many programs were a constant source of informa-
tion and ideas. In Panama, Victor Sánchez of SENACYT has become our
wise and gentle friend, protector, and partner in designing innovation poli-
cies. Here also, Julio Escobar, Eli Faskha, and the people of CAPTEC formed
an amazing team of friends, thinkers, and doers to work with. Taiwan is filled
with friends; of them, Otto Lin was especially helpful (also in Hong Kong
and China). In Argentina, Miguel Lengyel was instrumental in introducing
me to doing innovation policies in times of (repeated) national turmoil. In
China, there are hundreds of people to thank, the most courageous of whom
has been Xielin Liu of the Chinese Academy of Science. In Poland, my friend
Andrzej Sławiński was the perfect host, and under his directorship the re-
search unit of the national bank was a home away from home. In Canada, the
list of amazing civil servants I need to thank is too long to fit in one book; it is
also not clear to me that they wish their names to appear in this book. Hence
for all of you in the Ontario, Newfoundland, and Labrador, Alberta, Quebec,
and the federal public and civil service (IRAP included), especially CL and
BK, keep on doing what you know should be done.
One of the most important experiences in helping me formulate this book
was the advanced experimental and experiential MGA course I co-​taught
with different international innovation agencies at the Munk School. Over
five years we immersed ourselves in the strategic concerns of some of those
organizations, working with their directors on devising new policies on is-
sues they always wanted to touch, but never had the time. In Ireland, Seán
Coughlan, being the amazing person he is, agreed to make himself and the
remarkable organization he co-​founded, Social Entrepreneurs Ireland, be
the first guinea pig for me and my MGA students. In Mexico, Ruy Cervantes,
and the team of the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation, proved
invaluable as we expanded on this approach. In Israel, our partner was the
Office of the Chief Scientist, just as it restructured itself during our three
years of joint work in the Israeli Innovation Authority. Here Uri Gabai was
our guardian angel, with Sagi Dagan playing the sage mentor and Aharon,
the IIA’s CEO, welcoming us in. Uri was also partner to many voyages to dif-
ferent countries, always trusting (one does wonder why) that he really should
come with me to this out-​of-​the-​way-​place to interact with local innovation
policymakers. The openness of those innovation agencies to working with
xiv Acknowledgments

my students, and the impact the students’ work had on those agencies pol-
icies, demonstrated the amazing potential of human resourcefulness. They
also demonstrated how those agencies are ahead of the curve and how fortu-
nate I am to work in the Munk School and the University of Toronto, which
not only allows those educational experiments, but encourages them.
Then there is, and always will be, Cobalt. Seán Fran and Vivian Eyolfson
are the heroes here, when everything else failed, and when the computer just
refused to write this book for me, they took me up north, put me in their
house near Cobalt, and told me not to come back until I finished the first two
chapters. Since then I have found that all roads do lead to Cobalt. You should
go there yourself; there is no place in which to think like the Tri-​Towns.
Go to Bass Lake to enjoy a day, or stroll down White Wood Avenue in New
Liskeard, and go for a coffee or board game in Chat Noir, after which have
a bite to eat in the Country Kitchen, and go talk to Tom as you buy the best
steaks and summer sausages in the world at Quality Meats. Just remember
they are Mennonites, so the store is open only on Friday and Saturday. Go to
Mowat Landing, rent a boat, and try to convince Trevor to sell you one of the
last copies of the Tri-​City Monopoly edition. If even that does not help, then
rent a canoe and more from Smoothwater on Temagami Lake, and get lost in
crown land wilderness; if you are lucky and determined enough you will be
the only human you will see for two weeks.
There is also a gallant set of special people, without whom this book
would have never been written, since I would not have had the courage to
even start it. Daniel Isenberg was the first to set me down this road, after
reading my first two books and admonishing me for not writing in forms
and forums that can influence public debate. Dan also introduced me to the
marvelous Andrew O’Connell, editor supreme and a friend, who guided me
into the art of translating social science into writing for HBR and the edu-
cated public. Without knowing that Andy was on call, always willing to help
when my writing veered off course, I would have never started this book.
William and Weslie Janeway, through many talks, convinced me that there is
a need for such a book. When I dithered with uncertainty when they housed
me in Maine, Weslie just looked at me and said, “Why do you not just call it
the Little Beige Book of Innovation-​Based Growth and start writing?” I sat
down and did just that. Also, in New York, David Adler, once he heard that
I was thinking about writing such a book, proved to be a good friend and
fellow traveler down the path of asking how all communities in America can
enjoy prosperity. I am not quite so sure I helped him find the answers he
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Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Lesson 5: Ethical considerations and implications
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 44: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 49: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Topic 6: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 56: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 58: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Section 7: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 61: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 63: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 64: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 65: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 68: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Exercise 8: Best practices and recommendations
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 72: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 72: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 74: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 75: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 9: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Practice Problem 80: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 81: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 87: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 10: Literature review and discussion
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 91: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 92: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 93: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 97: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 99: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Section 11: Literature review and discussion
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 106: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 12: Practical applications and examples
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 111: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 113: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 114: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 119: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 120: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Quiz 13: Ethical considerations and implications
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 121: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 122: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 124: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 125: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 129: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 14: Study tips and learning strategies
Practice Problem 130: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 134: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Discussion 15: Interdisciplinary approaches
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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