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 DICTIONARY OF
ENVIRONMENT
& ECOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION
Also published by Bloomsbury Reference:

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Dictionary of Hotels, Tourism and Catering Management 1 9016 5999 2
Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management 0 7475 6623 2
Dictionary of ICT 0 7475 6990 8
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 DICTIONARY OF
ENVIRONMENT
& ECOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION

P.H. Collin
 A BLOOMSBURY REFERENCE BOOK

www.bloomsbury.com/reference

Originally published by Peter Collin Publishing

First published 1985

Second edition published 1992
Third edition published 1995
Fourth edition published 2001
Fifth edition published 2004

Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

38 Soho Square, London W1D 3HB

Copyright © P.H. Collin 1985, 1992, 1995, 2001

This edition copyright © Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 2004

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may

be reproduced in any form or by any means without the
prior written permission of the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0222-0

Text production and proofreading

Katy McAdam, Joel Adams, Charlotte Regan,
Sarah Lusznat, Heather Bateman, Emma Harris

All papers used by Bloomsbury Publishing are natural, recyclable

products made from wood grown in well-managed forests. The paper used
in this book is 100% recycled and contains 20 - 25% post-consumer waste
material which was de-inked using chlorine free methods. The
manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the
country of origin.

Text processing and computer typesetting by Bloomsbury

Printed and bound in Italy by Legoprint
Contents

Introduction
Preface
The Dictionary
Supplements
Nitrogen Cycle, Carbon Cycle
Beaufort scale
Richter scale
Outline Criteria for Threatened Species
Critically Endangered Species
Natural Disasters
Manmade Disasters
Introduction
Few things in the universe are constant over thousands or millions of
years, not the orbit of the Earth around the sun, the height of eroding
mountains, the distribution of boreal forests, or the abundance of a
particular species. As we shift our attention from the stellar and global to
the regional and local, then the more likely it is that we will encounter
things that change over even short spans of time.

Dictionaries contribute to communication by providing definitions which

deliver consistency of meaning. But consistency is not the same as
constancy. With the passage of time, new dictionaries, or new editions of
old ones, are necessary, because new subject areas develop, new terms are
introduced or the meanings of words change. Examples of all of these
developments are to be found in the following pages, as is to be expected
in such dynamic fields of study as environment and ecology. In
documenting change, dictionaries not only record developments in
language and human endeavour, but also reflect the reality of the natural
world.

As this dictionary goes to press it is perhaps global climatic change and

the high rate of extinction of species which are the best exemplars of this.
Change can be a challenge to those with an interest in ecology or the
environment, as that interest rightly engenders a commitment to seek to
conserve what we know and value. It can also create tensions between
competing interests within the same field, as conflict between the
protection of bird life and the perceived need for offshore wind farms has
illustrated. But the entities we are aware of are more than features in their
own right, they are also the products of fundamental processes which
seem remarkably constant over time. These processes, such as glaciation,
erosion, mutation, evolution, competition and decay have created the
landscapes, communities, plants and animals we observe and study. As
ecologists and environmentalists it is primarily these processes which we
study, and it is perhaps these which we should value and conserve as
much as their temporary products. This shift in emphasis may be one of
the future developments in thinking in ecology and environment and a
change to be recorded in later editions of this dictionary.

Dr John Harvey
Secretary, Eurosite
Preface
This dictionary provides the user with a wide range of vocabulary from
across the fields of environment and ecology, and also includes general
terms frequently used in scientific documents and reports, as well as some
more informal terms seen in the media. Words and phrases cover many
aspects from contaminated land and landfill sites to climate change and
biofuels.

The dictionary is designed for anyone who needs to check the meaning of
an environmental or ecological term, but especially for those for whom
English is an additional language. Each entry is explained in clear
straightforward English and examples are given to show how the words
are used in normal contexts. Quotations from reports and publications
give recent uses of some words. In some cases, additonal information
about a word is added in a Note, or a wider context is offered in a
Comment. Irregular plurals and verb forms, and other helpful usage points
are included.

Thanks are due to Dr John Harvey, Professor Graham Jellis, Judith

Cheney, Steven Griffiths and Susan Jellis for valuable comments and
advice on the text for this fifth edition.
EcolEnv.fm Page 1 Thursday, April 15, 2004 6:35 PM

A
absorption noun the process of taking in
abate absorption

abate verb to become less strong or in-

tense 쑗 The wind has abated. water, dissolved minerals and other nutri-
abatement

abatement noun a reduction in strength ents across cell membranes

absorptive capacity noun the ability
absorptive capacity

or intensity 쑗 water pollution abatement

abiotic
of a substance or part of an organism to take
abiotic adjective not relating to a living up something such as moisture or nutrients
organism
abstract noun a short summary of a doc-
abstract

abiotic factor

abiotic factor noun something which in- ument 쑗 It’s quicker to search through the
fluences the environment but which is not abstracts than the full text. 쐽 verb 1. to re-
produced by living organisms, e.g. wind, move water from a river or other source for
temperature or rainfall. Compare biotic industrial, horticultural or agricultural use
factor 2. to take something such as gas, oil, min-
abiotic stress

abiotic stress noun stress caused by the eral resources or gravel from the ground
physical and chemical aspects of an organ- abstraction noun 1. the removal of water
abstraction

ism’s environment from a river or other source for industrial,

horticultural or agricultural use 2. the re-
abiotic stress resistance

abiotic stress resistance noun resist-

ance in organisms to stress arising from moval of something such as gas, oil, miner-
non-biological causes such as drought or al resources or gravel from the ground
abstraction licence noun a licence
abstraction licence

salinity
ablation

ablation noun 1. the removal of the top issued by a regulatory body to allow
layer of something 2. the removal of snow abstraction, e.g. of water from a river, lake
or ice from the surface of a glacier by melt- or aquifer for domestic or commercial use
ing or by the action of the wind such as irrigation
abundance noun 1. a large amount or
abundance
abort

abort verb 1. to stop a process or the de- number of something 쑗 The area supports
velopment of something before it is fin-
ished, or to stop developing 쑗 The flowers an abundance of wildlife. 2. a measure of
quantity applied to plants or animals, often
abort and drop off in hot, dry conditions,
with no fruit developing. 2. to give birth be- based on density or frequency
abundant adjective occurring or availa-
abundant

fore the usual end of a pregnancy

(technical) Also called miscarry ble in large quantities 쑗 a region of abun-
abrasion dant rainfall 쑗 The ocean has an abundant
abrasion noun the wearing away by fric- supply of krill.
tion of a material, especially the erosion of abyss noun a very deep part of the sea
abyss

rock by the action of particles suspended in abyssal adjective referring to the deepest
abyssal

water, ice or wind part of the sea

abscission

abscission noun the shedding of a leaf abyssobenthic adjective referring to an

abyssobenthic

or fruit due to the formation of a layer of organism living on the floor of the deepest
cells between the leaf or fruit and the rest of part of a sea or lake
the plant (NOTE : It occurs naturally in au- abyssopelagic adjective referring to an
abyssopelagic

tumn, e.g. leaf fall, or at any time of the year organism living in the deepest part of a sea
in response to stress.) or lake, at depths greater than 3 000m
absolute adjective 1. very great 쑗 abso-
absolute

acaricide noun a substance used to kill

acaricide

lute confidence in the results 2. complete or mites and ticks. Also called acaridicide
total 쑗 No absolute correlation with cli- acarid noun a small animal which feeds
acarid

mate change has yet been established. 3. on plants or other animals by piercing the
measured relative to a standard 쐽 noun an outer skin and sucking juices, e.g. a mite or
unchanging principle tick
absorb verb to take something in 쑗 Warm
absorb

Acarida noun the order of animals includ-

Acarida

air absorbs moisture more easily than cold ing mites and ticks. Also called Acarina
air. 쑗 Salt absorbs moisture from the air. acaridicide noun same as acaricide
acaridicide

absorbent

absorbent adjective able to absorb Acarina noun same as Acarida

Acarina
EcolEnv.fm Page 2 Thursday, April 15, 2004 6:35 PM

acceptable daily intake 2

acceptable daily intake noun the
acceptable daily intake

produced by plants such as dandelions and

quantity of a substance such as a nutrient, sunflowers.)
vitamin, additive or pollutant which a per- acid noun a chemical compound contain-
acid

son or animal can safely consume daily ing hydrogen which dissolves in water and
over their lifetime. Abbr ADI forms hydrogen ions, or reacts with an al-
acceptable limits plural noun the upper
acceptable limits

kali to form a salt and water, and turns lit-

and lower limits within which something is mus paper red
acid aerosol noun an acidic liquid or
acid aerosol

generally regarded as suitable by a large

number of people or by legislation 쑗 The solid particles that are small enough to be
noise from the road falls within acceptable propelled through the air
limits. 쑗 The acceptable limits for such acid deposition noun 쏡 acid rain
acid deposition

chemicals in food and animal feed are acid fallout noun an acid which forms in
acid fallout

strictly regulated. the atmosphere and falls as particles, with-

access noun 1. a place of entry, or the
access

out any water

right of entry, to somewhere 2. the right of acid grassland noun a type of vegeta-
acid grassland

the public to go onto uncultivated private tion that is typical especially on soils that
land for recreation. 쒁 Countryside and drain freely and are low in mineral nutri-
Rights of Way Act ents, and may also occur on post-industrial
access order noun a court order which sites. The range of plant species found is
access order

gives the public the right to go on private small. 쒁 calcareous grassland

land acidic adjective referring to acids 쑗 has
acidic

access road noun a road that allows

access road

acidic properties
only the properties on it to be reached and acidic rock noun a rock which contains a
acidic rock

is not for general traffic high percentage of silica

acclimatisation, acclimatization, ac- acidification noun the process of be-
acclimatisation acidification

climation noun the process of adapting to a coming acid or of making a substance more
different environment (NOTE: This process acid 쑗 Acidification of the soil leads to the
is known as acclimatisation if the changes destruction of some living organisms.
acidify verb to make a substance more ac-
acidify

occur naturally and acclimation if they are

produced in laboratory conditions.) id, or to become more acid 쑗 Acid rain
acclimatise, acclimatize verb 1. to make
acclimatise

acidifies the soils and waters where it falls.

an organism become used to a different en- 쑗 The sulfur released from wetlands as sul-
vironment, usually a change in climate 2. to fate causes lakes to acidify.
become used to a different sort of environ- acidifying compound noun a com-
acidifying compound

ment pound that contributes to acidification, e.g.

accretion noun 1. the growth of inorgan-
accretion

sulfur oxides, sulfates, nitrogen oxides, ni-

ic objects by the attachment of material to trates and ammonium compounds
acidity noun the proportion of acid in a
acidity

their surface 2. the growth of a substance

around an object 쑗 an accretion of calcium substance 쑗 The alkaline solution may help
round the joint 3. an accumulation of sedi- to reduce acidity.
ments acid mine drainage noun water con-
acid mine drainage

accumulate verb 1. to collect and in-

accumulate

taining acids, which drains from mine

crease 쑗 Cold air flows downwards and ac- workings or from heaps of mine refuse and
cumulates over low ground. 쑗 Sediment enters water courses
acid mine water noun water in mine
acid mine water

and debris accumulate at the bottom of a

lake. 2. to gather several things together workings which contains acid from rocks
over a period of time 쑗 We have gradually acid-neutralising capacity noun the
acid-neutralising capacity

accumulated a large collection of plant ability of water to neutralise acids, meas-

specimens. ured by the amount of bicarbonate it con-
accumulation noun 1. the process of be-
accumulation

tains. Abbr ANC

coming greater in size or quantity over a acid precipitation noun same as acid
acid precipitation

period of time 쑗 the risk of accumulation of rain

toxins in the food chain 2. something that acid-proof adjective able to resist the
acid-proof

has accumulated harmful effects of an acid

acer noun a maple or sycamore tree. Ge- acid pulse noun a sudden increase in
acer acid pulse

nus: Acer. acidity in rainwater or river water

achene noun a dry single-seeded fruit acid rain noun precipitation such as rain
achene acid rain

that does not split open (NOTE: Achenes are or snow which contains a higher level of
EcolEnv.fm Page 3 Thursday, April 15, 2004 6:35 PM

3 acute toxicity
acid than normal. Also called acid deposi- ous system 왍 to take action against some-
tion, acid precipitation thing or to stop something to work to pre-
COMMENT: Acid rain is mainly caused by vent something happening 쑗 The govern-
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and other ment is taking action to stop the spread of
pollutants being released into the atmos- pollution.
phere when fossil fuels such as oil or coal
action plan noun a detailed statement of
action plan

containing sulfur are burnt. Carbon com-

bines with sulfur trioxide from sulfur-rich how something that needs to be done will
fuel to form particles of an acid substance. be carried out 쑗 an action plan for conserv-
The effects of acid rain are primarily felt by ing species
wildlife. The water in lakes becomes very
activate verb to start a process or to make
activate

clear as fish and microscopic animal life

are killed. It is believed that it is acid rain something start working
activated sludge noun solid sewage
activated sludge

that kills trees, especially conifers, making

them gradually lose their leaves and die. containing active microorganisms and air,
Acid rain can damage surfaces such as mixed with untreated sewage to speed up
stone buildings when it falls on them.
the purification process
acid soot noun acid carbon particles
acid soot

activation noun the act of making some-

activation

which fall from smoke from chimneys

acorn noun the fruit of an oak tree
acorn
thing start to work
activator noun a substance which acti-
activator

acoustician noun a person who special-

acoustician

ises in the study of sound vates a process 쑗 a compost activator

active adjective 1. doing something, usu-
active

acoustics noun the study of sound, espe-

acoustics

cially noise levels in buildings ally energetically, or being alert 쑗 Kiwis

ACP abbr Advisory Committee on Pesti-
ACP
are only active after dark. 2. in action or in
cides use 3. (of a volcano) likely to erupt from
acquired character noun a characteris-
acquired character time to time
active ingredient noun the main effec-
active ingredient

tic that develops in response to the environ-

ment tive ingredient of something such as an
acquis noun in the European Union, a set
acquis
agrochemical, as opposed to the base sub-
of laws that potential member states have to stance. Abbr AI
active organic matter noun organic
active organic matter

adopt 쑗 an environmental acquis

acre noun a unit of measurement of land
acre
matter in the process of being broken down
area, equal to 4840 square yards or 0.4047 by bacteria. Abbr AOM
active packaging noun food packaging
active packaging

hectares
ACRE abbr Advisory Committee on Re-
ACRE
that interacts chemically or biologically
leases to the Environment with its contents so that shelf-life is longer
acreage noun the area of a piece of land
acreage
or the product is modified during storage
activity noun 1. the actions that humans
activity

measured in acres
acrid adjective having a strong bitter smell
acrid
and other living things undertake 쑗 re-
or taste 쑗 acrid fumes search activities 쑗 The hillside showed
actinide noun one of the radioactive ele-
actinide
signs of human activity. 쑗 We saw no activ-
ments which are in the same category as ity around the nest in several hours. 2. the
uranium in the periodic table and have effect that something has 쑗 Biopesticides
atomic numbers from 89 to 104 are being evaluated for their biological ac-
actinium noun a natural radioactive ele-
actinium tivity in a range of environments. 3. an ac-
ment, produced by the decay of uranium- tion or movement 쑗 volcanic activity
act on, act upon verb (of force) to pro-
act on

235 (NOTE: The chemical symbol is Ac; the

atomic number is 89 and the atomic weight duce an effect on something
acute exposure noun exposure to a pol-
acute exposure

is 226.)
actinomycete noun a bacterium shaped
actinomycete
lutant or radioactive substance for a short
like a rod or filament. Order: Actinomyc- period
acute health effect

etales. (NOTE: Some actinomycetes cause acute health effect noun a health prob-
diseases while others are sources of antibi- lem which lasts a short time, following ex-
otics.) posure to a pollutant or radioactive sub-
action noun 1. something done or to be
action
stance
done 쑗 Appropriate action should be taken acute toxicity noun the concentration of
acute toxicity

to avoid contamination. 2. the effect that a toxic substance which is high enough to
something has 쑗 worn away by the action make people seriously ill or can cause
of rain 쑗 the action of the drug on the nerv- death
EcolEnv.fm Page 4 Thursday, April 15, 2004 6:35 PM

adapt 4
adjustment noun 1. a change to improve
adapt adjustment

adapt verb 1. to change to suit new condi-

tions 쑗 People adapt to the reduced the setting or position of something 쑗 The
amounts of oxygen available at high alti- brightness needs adjustment. 2. a process
tudes. 2. to change or modify something for of physical change in response to external
special use 쑗 The engine has been adapted environmental changes
to use the new fuel. 3. to experience a herit- adjuvant noun something added to im-
adjuvant

able change in structure or function that prove the effectiveness of something else,
makes an organism better able to survive e.g. a substance added to a pesticide to
and reproduce, as part of the process of ev- make it stick to waxy leaves
olution adsorb verb (of a solid) to bond with a gas
adsorb

adaptation

adaptation, adaption noun 1. the act of or vapour which touches its surface
adsorbent adjective capable of adsorp-
adsorbent

changing, or of modifying something for

special use 2. a heritable change in an or- tion
adsorber noun a device which removes
adsorber

ganism so that it is better able to survive

and reproduce in an environment, as part of volatile organic compounds from gas by
the process of evolution adsorbing them to a carbon filter
adsorption noun the bonding of a solid
adaptive radiation adsorption

adaptive radiation noun the develop-

ment of different species from a single an- with a gas or vapour which touches its sur-
cestor in such a way that the different forms face
adult adjective having reached maturity 쑗
adult

have adapted to suit different environmen-

tal conditions takes two years to reach the adult stage 쐽
ADAS

ADAS noun a commercial research-based noun an organism that has reached maturity
advanced gas-cooled reactor noun
advanced gas-cooled reactor

organisation that offers technical advice on

agricultural, food and environmental mat- a type of nuclear reactor, in which carbon
ters to rural industries. Former name Agri- dioxide is used as the coolant and is passed
cultural Development and Advisory into water tanks to create the steam which
Service will drive the turbines. Abbr AGR
advection noun a movement of air in a
advection
additive

additive noun 1. a chemical which is add-

ed to food to improve its appearance or to horizontal direction 왍 advection fog fog
keep it fresh 쑗 The tin of beans contains a which forms when warmer moist air moves
over a colder surface (land or sea) 왘 com-
number of additives. 쑗 These animal food-
stuffs are free from all additives. 2. a chem- pare convection
adventitious adjective 1. on the outside
adventitious

ical which is added to something to im-

prove it 쑗 A new fuel additive made from or in an unusual place 2. referring to a root
plants could help reduce energy costs. which develops from a node on a plant stem
and not from another root
COMMENT: Colour additives are added to
adverse adjective 1. bad or poor 쑗 Ad-
adverse

food to improve its appearance. Some are

natural organic substances like saffron, verse weather conditions delayed planting.
carrot juice or caramel, but others are syn- 2. harmful or unfavourable 쑗 adverse ef-
thetic. Other substances added to food to fects 3. moving in the opposite direction 쑗
prevent decay or to keep the food in the adverse winds
right form are emulsifiers, which bind dif-
adverse health effect noun a harmful
adverse health effect

ferent foods together as mixtures, and sta-

bilisers, which can keep a sauce semi-liq- effect on a person’s health as a result of
uid and prevent it from separating into sol- coming into contact with pollutants or al-
ids and liquids. The European Union lergens
allows some additives to be added to food advisory adjective giving advice and in-
advisory

and these are given E numbers.

ADI formation
ADI abbr acceptable daily intake advisory board, advisory committee
advisory board

adiabatic

adiabatic adjective referring to a change noun a group of specialists who can give
in temperature in a mass of air as a result of advice
compression or expansion caused by an in- Advisory Committee on Pesticides
Advisory Committee on Pesticides

crease or decrease in atmospheric pressure noun a statutory body set up under the UK
without loss or gain of heat to or from its Food and Environment Protection Act 1985
surroundings to advise on all matters relating to the con-
adjust

adjust verb to change something to be trol of pesticides. Abbr ACP

more suitable or so that it works better 쑗 Advisory Committee on Releases
Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment

We will have to adjust the next trial to take to the Environment noun an independ-
account of recent results. ent advisory committee giving statutory ad-
EcolEnv.fm Page 5 Thursday, April 15, 2004 6:35 PM

5 agency
vice to UK Government Ministers on the sure, which is used to spray the liquid in the
risks to human health and the environment form of tiny drops 3. a quantity of tiny par-
from the release and marketing of geneti- ticles of liquid or powder which stay sus-
cally modified organisms (GMOs). It also pended in the atmosphere
advises on the release of some non-GM aesthetic argument noun reasoning
aesthetic argument

species of plants and animals that are not for conservation based on the view that the
native to Great Britain. Abbr ACRE beauty of scenery or nature should be pre-
AE abbr assimilation efficiency
AE

served
AEA noun 쏡 UKAEA
AEA

aesthetic injury level noun the level at

aesthetic injury level

AEBC abbr Agriculture, Environment and

AEBC

which the amenity benefits of pest control

Biotechnology Commission become acceptable. Abbr AIL
AEC abbr Atomic Energy Commission
AEC

aestivation noun 1. dormancy in some

aestivation

aeon noun 쏡 geological aeon animals such as lungfish during the sum-
aeon

AEPS abbr Arctic Environmental Protec-

AEPS
mer or periods of drought. Compare hiber-
tion Strategy nation 2. the arrangement of sepals and
aerate verb to allow air to enter a sub-
aerate
petals in a flower bud
stance, especially soil or water 쑗 Worms aetiological agent noun an agent
aetiological agent

play a useful role in aerating the soil. which causes a disease

aetiology noun the causes of a disease, or
aetiology

aeration noun the process of putting air

aeration

into a substance 쑗 aeration of the soil the study of those causes

affect verb to have an influence on or to
affect

COMMENT: The process of aeration of soil

is mainly brought about by the movement change something. Compare effect
of water into and out of the soil. Rainwater
affluent adjective referring to water
affluent

drives out the air and then, as the water

drains away or is used by plants, fresh air which is flowing freely 쐽 noun a stream
is drawn into the soil to fill the spaces. The which flows into a river
aeration process is also assisted by afforest verb to plant an area with trees
afforest

changes in temperature, good drainage,

afforestation noun 1. the growing of
afforestation

cultivation and open soil structure. Sandy

soils are usually well aerated; clay soils trees as a crop 쑗 There is likely to be an in-
are poorly aerated. crease in afforestation of upland areas if
aerator noun a device to put a gas, espe- the scheme is introduced. 2. the planting of
aerator

cially carbon dioxide or air, into a liquid. 쒁 trees on land previously used for other pur-
de-aerator poses
aerial adjective referring to the air 쑗 Some
aerial

aflatoxin noun a toxin produced by spe-

aflatoxin

orchids have aerial roots. cies of the fungus Aspergillus, especially

aerobe noun a living thing, particularly a
aerobe

Aspergillus flavus, which grows on seeds

microorganism, that needs oxygen for me- and nuts and affects stored grain
tabolism. Compare anaerobe afrormosia noun a hardwood tree from
afrormosia

aerobic adjective needing oxygen for its West Africa, now becoming scarce. Latin
aerobic

existence or for a biochemical reaction to name: Pericopisis elata.

occur. Compare anaerobic afterburner noun a device which reduces
afterburner

aerobic digester noun a digester which

aerobic digester

pollution by burning out organic gases

operates in the presence of oxygen aftercare noun 1. arrangements for pre-
aftercare

aerobic digestion noun the processing

aerobic digestion

venting future pollution from an environ-

of waste, especially organic waste such as mentally sensitive activity that has ceased
manure, in the presence of oxygen 2. the continuing management of the soil or
aerobiosis noun a biological activity
aerobiosis

vegetation of an area that has been restored

which occurs in the presence of oxygen or replanted 쑗 vegetation management
aerogenerator noun a windmill with
aerogenerator
practices during aftercare 쑗 an aftercare
fast-moving sails used to generate mechan- agreement to restore a disturbed site
ical power or electricity aftershock noun a weaker shock which
aftershock

aerolisation, aerolization noun the follows the main shock of an earthquake.

aerolisation

transmission of a substance in the form of a Compare foreshock

vapour or fine particles in the air agency noun 1. an organisation or com-
agency

aerosol noun 1. a quantity of tiny parti-

aerosol

pany that acts as a representative for a per-

cles of liquid suspended in a gas under son or business 2. a government organisa-
pressure, sprayed from a container 2. a can tion with a specific role 3. the act of causing
of liquid with a propellant gas under pres- something to happen 쑗 The disease devel-
EcolEnv.fm Page 6 Thursday, April 15, 2004 6:35 PM

Agenda 21 6
ops through the agency of bacteria present agriculture noun the cultivation of land,
agriculture

in the bloodstream. including horticulture, fruit growing, crop

Agenda 21 noun a global environmental
Agenda 21

and seed growing, dairy farming and live-

programme and statement of principles stock breeding
Agriculture, Environment and Bio-
Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology Commission

concerning sustainable development for the

21st century, agreed in 1992 at the Earth technology Commission noun the
Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil UK Government advisory body on biotech-
agent noun 1. a chemical substance which
agent
nology issues affecting agriculture and the
causes a change 쑗 an anti-icing agent 2. a environment
agri-environmental indicator noun
agri-environmental indicator

substance or organism which causes a dis-

ease or condition 쑗 They identified the dis- an indicator designed to provide informa-
ease agent. tion on the complex interactions between
agglomerate noun a rock made up of
agglomerate
agriculture and environment
agri-environment scheme noun a fi-
agri-environment scheme

fragments of lava fused together by heat

aggravate verb to make something worse
aggravate
nancial incentive given to farmers to adopt
쑗 The effects of acid rain on the soil have environmentally beneficial land manage-
been aggravated by chemical runoff. ment practices, e.g. the Countryside Stew-
aggregate noun 1. crushed stones used to
aggregate
ardship Scheme
agro- prefix referring to agriculture or to
agro-

make concrete or road surfaces 2. a mass of

soil and rock particles stuck together 쐽 the cultivation or management of land. 쒁
verb to make up a whole or total 쑗 Ice crys- agri-
agrobiodiversity noun the aspects of
agrobiodiversity

tals aggregate to form snowflakes.

aggregation noun a dispersal pattern of
aggregation
biodiversity that affect agriculture and food
plants or animals, where the individuals re- production, including within-species, spe-
main quite close together cies and ecosystem diversity
agrochemical industry noun the
agrochemical industry

AGR abbr advanced gas-cooled reactor

AGR

branch of industry which produces pesti-

Agreement on the conservation of
Agreement on the conservation of small cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas

cides and fertilisers used on farms

small cetaceans of the Baltic and agrochemicals plural noun pesticides
agrochemicals

North Seas noun an agreement made be- and fertilisers developed for agricultural
tween European countries in 1991. Abbr use
ASCOBANS
agroclimatology noun the study of cli-
agroclimatology

agri- prefix referring to agriculture or to

agri-

mate and its effect on agriculture

the cultivation or management of land. 쒁 agroecology noun the ecology of a crop-
agroecology

agro-
producing area
agribusiness noun a large-scale farm-
agribusiness

agroecosystem noun a community of

agroecosystem

ing business run along the lines of a con- organisms in a crop-producing area
ventional company, often involving the
agroforestry noun the growing of farm
agroforestry

processing, packaging and sale of farm crops and trees together as a farming unit
products
agroindustry noun an industry dealing
agroindustry

agricultural adjective referring to farm-

agricultural

with the supply, processing and distribution

ing of farm products
agricultural burning noun the burning
agricultural burning

AI abbr 1. active ingredient 2. artificial in-

AI

of agricultural waste as part of farming semination

practice, e.g. stubble burning aid noun 1. something which helps some-
aid

agriculturalist noun a person trained in

agriculturalist

one do something 쑗 The computer is a

applying the principles of science to farm- great aid to rapid processing of large
ing amounts of information. 쑗 Crop sprayers
agricultural waste noun waste matter
agricultural waste

are useful aids in combating insect-borne

produced on a farm, e.g. plastic containers disease. 2. help such as food, medicines,
for pesticides equipment or people offered to somewhere
Agricultural Waste Stakeholders’
Agricultural Waste Stakeholders’ Forum

that has experienced difficult conditions or

Forum noun a group that includes repre- a disaster 쑗 sent food aid to the famine zone
sentatives of government, farming organi- 쐽 verb to help or give support to someone
sations, waste companies and farm suppli- or something 쑗 They were aided in their re-
ers with the aim of identifying and dealing search by the detailed records kept by ob-
with issues of waste management in agri- servers. 쑗 Changing to lead-free petrol has
culture aided the fight against air pollution.
EcolEnv.fm Page 7 Thursday, April 15, 2004 6:35 PM

7 alkyl benzenesulfonate
AIL abbr aesthetic injury level aldrin noun an organochlorine insecticide
AIL aldrin

aim noun a goal or objective 쐽 verb to in-

aim
that is banned in the European Union
alga noun a tiny single-celled or multicel-
alga

tend or to try to do something

air noun a mixture of gases forming the
air
lular organism living in water or in moist
Earth’s atmosphere, which cannot be seen conditions, which contains chlorophyll but
air basin noun an area of land which has
air basin
has no stems, roots or leaves (NOTE: The
plural is algae.)
uniform climate and geographical features
COMMENT: Algae were formerly regarded
air bladder noun an air-filled sac that
air bladder

as plants because they contain chloro-

helps the fronds of a seaweed to float in the phyll, but are now classified separately.
water Seaweeds are forms of algae. Algae grow
airborne adjective carried in the air 쑗 air-
airborne
rapidly in water which is rich in phosphates
and/or nitrates. When these levels in-
borne particles 쑗 airborne spores creases, for example when fertiliser runoff
airborne lead noun particles of lead car-
airborne lead

enters the water, the algae multiply to form

ried in the air, causing pollution huge floating mats called blooms, blocking
out the light and inhibiting the growth of
air gas noun a mixture of carbon monox-
air gas

other organisms. When the algae die, they

ide and nitrogen made by passing air over combine with all the oxygen in the water so
hot coke and used as a fuel. Also called that other organisms suffocate.
producer gas algaecide noun same as algicide
algaecide

air monitoring noun the taking of regu- algal adjective referring to algae 쑗 Algal
air monitoring algal

lar samples of air to check pollution levels populations increase rapidly when phos-
air pollutant noun a substance such as
air pollutant

phates are present.

algal bloom noun a mass of algae which
algal bloom

gas or smoke that contaminates the air in a

specific place or the Earth’s atmosphere. develops rapidly in a lake as a result of eu-
Also called atmospheric pollutant trophication
algal control noun the prevention of the
air pollution algal control

air pollution noun the contamination of

the air by substances such as gas or smoke. growth of algae
algicide noun a substance used to kill al-
algicide

Also called atmospheric pollution

air quality noun the state of the air in a
air quality
gae
algoculture noun the growing of algae
algoculture

specific place in terms of the degree of pol-

lution measured commercially or for scientific purposes
alien adjective same as exotic 쑗 A fifth of
alien

Air Quality Framework Directive

Air Quality Framework Directive

noun a European Commission directive the area of the national park is under alien
that provides a framework for setting limits conifers. 쑗 Alien species, introduced by
for a range of pollutants, for assessing their settlers as domestic animals, have brought
concentrations and for managing air quality about the extinction of some endemic spe-
so that it remains within the set limits cies. 쐽 noun same as exotic
alkali noun a substance which reacts with
alkali

air quality index noun a numerical scale

air quality index

that indicates how polluted the air is in a an acid to form a salt and water. It may be
specific place either a soluble base or a solution of a base
air quality monitoring station noun
air quality monitoring station
that has a pH value of more than 7. (NOTE:
The plural is alkalis; an alternative US plu-
a facility that measures the concentration of
ral is alkalies.)
pollutants in the air of a specific place
alkaline adjective containing more alkali
alkaline

air quality standards

air quality standards plural noun legal than acid and having a pH value of more
limits on specific pollutants in the air than 7
air stripping noun a technique for re-
air stripping

alkalinity noun the amount of alkali in

alkalinity

moving pollutants from water in which wa- something such as soil, water or a body 쑗
ter is split into minute particles The alkalinity of the soil makes it unsuita-
Al symbol aluminium
Al

ble for growing rhododendrons

albedo noun a measurement of the ability
albedo

alkaloid adjective similar to an alkali 쐽

alkaloid

of a surface to reflect light, shown as the noun one of many poisonous substances
proportion of solar energy which strikes the found in plants which use them as a defence
Earth and is reflected back by a particular against herbivores (NOTE: Many alkaloids
surface such as atropine, morphine or quinine are
alder

alder noun a hardwood tree in the birch also useful as medicines.)

alkyl benzenesulfonate, alkyl benze-
alkyl benzenesulfonate

family. Genus: Alnus. (NOTE: The wood is

resistant to decay in wet conditions.) nesulphonate noun a surface-acting agent
EcolEnv.fm Page 8 Thursday, April 15, 2004 6:35 PM

Allee effect 8
used in detergents, which is not biodegrad- allogenic succession noun the estab-
allogenic succession

able and creates large amounts of foam in lishment of different communities in a par-
sewers and rivers ticular area as a result of external environ-
Allee effect noun an effect of population
Allee effect

mental factors such as climatic change

density on population growth, by which allopatric adjective referring to plants of
allopatric

there is a fall in reproductive rate at very the same species which grow in different
low population densities and a positive re- parts of the world and so do not cross-breed
lationship between population density and allopatric speciation noun the devel-
allopatric speciation

the reproduction and survival of individuals opment of new species which are geo-
allele noun one of two or more alternative
allele

graphically isolated from each other

forms of a gene, situated in the same area alluvial adjective referring to alluvium
alluvial

(locus) on paired chromosomes and con- alluvial deposit noun a deposit of silt
alluvial deposit

trolling the inheritance of the same charac- formed on the bed of a river or lake and car-
teristic ried and laid down elsewhere, often on
allelopathy noun the release by one plant
allelopathy

flood plains. Also called alluvial soil

of a chemical substance that restricts the alluvial fan noun a fan-shaped deposit of
alluvial fan

germination or growth of another plant sediment built up by a river where the slope
Allen’s rule noun a rule that shows that
Allen’s rule

of the bed becomes less steep

warm-blooded animals from cold regions alluvial flat noun a flat area along a river
alluvial flat

have smaller ears and legs than animals where silt is deposited when the river
from warmer regions, reducing the ratio of floods. Also called alluvial plain
body volume to body surface alluvial mining noun the extraction of
alluvial mining

allergen noun a substance which produc-

allergen

minerals from alluvial deposits, e.g. pan-

es a hypersensitive reaction in someone. ning for gold
Allergens are usually proteins, and include alluvial plain noun same as alluvial flat
alluvial plain

foods, the hair of animals and pollen from alluvial soil noun same as alluvial de-
alluvial soil

flowers, as well as dust. posit

allergenic

allergenic adjective producing an allergy alluvial terrace noun a flat plain left
alluvial terrace

쑗 the allergenic properties of fungal spores when a river cuts deeply into the bottom of
allergic adjective affected by an allergy 쑗
allergic

a valley. Also called river terrace

allergic to penicillin alluvium noun the silt deposited by a riv-
alluvium

allergy noun a sensitivity to substances

allergy

er or a lake
such as pollen or dust, which cause a phys- alpha diversity noun the number of spe-
alpha diversity

ical reaction 쑗 She has an allergy to house- cies occurring in a small area
hold dust. 쑗 He has a penicillin allergy. alpine adjective referring to the European
alpine

alleviate verb to reduce or lessen the

alleviate

mountains known as the Alps, or to other

harmful effect of something high mountains 쐽 noun a plant that grows
alleviation noun a reduction or lessening
alleviation

on mountains between the tree line and the

of the harmful effect of something snow line
alley cropping noun the planting of alternate adjective referring to flowers,
alley cropping alternate

crops such as maize or sorghum between buds, or leaves that are arranged singly at
trees (NOTE : The trees help to prevent soil different heights on either side of a stem,
erosion, especially on slopes, and may rather than being in pairs or groups
benefit soil fertility if the leaves are used as alternative adjective 1. different 쑗 an al-
alternative

mulch or they are legumes.) ternative means of achieving the same re-
Alliance of Small Island States sult 2. not traditional or conventional 쑗
Alliance of Small Island States

noun a group of states made up of islands or searching for alternative sources of energy
low-lying areas in the Pacific, Caribbean alternative energy noun the energy
alternative energy

and Indian Oceans that negotiate within the produced by tidal, wind, or solar power, or
United Nations to show how vulnerable by burning biomass rather than by fossil fu-
they are to climate change. Abbr AOSIS els or nuclear power
allo- prefix different
allo-

alternative fuel noun a fuel which is

alternative fuel

allochthonous adjective relating to flo-

allochthonous

promoted as a cleaner alternative to petrol,

ra, fauna, material or inhabitants that have e.g. methanol
alternative technology noun the use
alternative technology

moved from elsewhere to the region in

which they are found. Compare autoch- of traditional techniques and equipment
thonous and materials that are available locally for
EcolEnv.fm Page 9 Thursday, April 15, 2004 6:35 PM

9 anabatic wind
agriculture, manufacturing and other proc- There has been some amelioration in pollu-
esses tion levels.
alternator noun a device for producing
alternator

amenity noun something which makes

amenity

alternating current electricity that can be surroundings more pleasant, e.g. a park,
driven by a motor, or by water or wind pow- swimming pool or sports centre
er amenity society noun a group of people
amenity society

altimeter noun a pressure or radio instru-

altimeter

who are concerned about the protection and

ment for measuring vertical distance or al- improvement of their local surroundings
titude amenity value noun the degree to which
amenity value

altitude noun the height of an object

altitude

something makes its surroundings more

above sea-level pleasant 쑗 A particular hedgerow has his-
altitudinal zonation noun changes in
altitudinal zonation

toric, archaeological, wildlife, landscape

the structure of plant or animal communi- or amenity value.
ties in zones according to altitude amensalism noun symbiosis between
amensalism

altocumulus noun a layer of small white

altocumulus

two different species that is harmful to one

cumulus clouds at moderate altitude above but not the other
3000m, usually resulting in fair weather. amensualism noun a situation where a
amensualism

Compare stratocumulus species is adversely affected by another

altostratus noun a high thin uniform
altostratus

americium noun an artificial radioactive

americium

cloud above 3000 m, usually seen as a front element (NOTE: The chemical symbol is
is approaching Am; the atomic number is 95 and the atom-
altruism noun the behaviour of an animal
altruism

ic weight is 243.)
that reduces its chances of survival or of
amino acid noun a chemical compound
amino acid

producing offspring, but increases those

chances for another closely related individ- which is a component of proteins
ammonia noun a gas with an unpleasant
ammonia

ual of the same species

aluminium noun a metallic element ex-
aluminium
smell that is easily soluble in water. Formu-
tracted from the ore bauxite (NOTE: The la: NH3.
ammonification noun the treatment or
ammonification

chemical symbol is Al; the atomic number

is 13 and the atomic weight is 26.98.) soaking of something with ammonia
ammonium noun an ion formed from
ammonium

Am symbol americium
Am

AMAP abbr Arctic Monitoring and As-

AMAP
ammonia
amorphous adjective with no regular
amorphous

sessment Programme
amber noun a yellow translucent sub-
amber
shape
amount noun a quantity of something 쑗
amount

stance that is the fossilised resin of coni-

fers. It sometimes contains fossilised in- Global warming and climate change
sects. caused by increasing amounts of green-
ambient adjective referring to back-
ambient

house gases will have wide-ranging conse-

ground conditions quences.
ambient air noun the air around a build- Amphibia plural noun a class of egg-lay-
ambient air Amphibia

ing or other point ing animals which live partly in water and
ambient climate noun the atmospheric
ambient climate

partly on land and whose larvae live in wa-

conditions surrounding a specific geo- ter (NOTE: Amphibia include frogs, toads
graphical point and newts.)
ambient conditions plural noun the at- amphibian noun 1. an animal which lives
ambient conditions amphibian

mospheric conditions such as humidity, both in water and on land, e.g. a frog, toad
temperature or air pressure in which some- or newt 2. a vehicle which can travel both
thing exists 쑗 The ambient conditions are on water and on land 쐽 adjective referring
ideal for the development of fungi. to an organism which lives both in water
ambient environment noun the envi- and on land
ambient environment

ronment which surrounds an ecosystem amphibious adjective 1. referring to an

amphibious

ambient quality standards plural animal which lives both in water and on
ambient quality standards

noun the levels of acceptable clean air land 2. referring to a vehicle which can
which a regulatory body tries to enforce travel both on water and on land
ambient temperature noun the tem-
ambient temperature

anabatic wind noun a stream of wind

anabatic wind

perature of the air surrounding something currents which are caused by solar heating
amelioration noun an improvement or of the land and rise up south-facing moun-
amelioration

the process of improving something 쑗 tainsides. Compare katabatic wind

EcolEnv.fm Page 10 Thursday, April 15, 2004 6:35 PM

anabolism 10
anabolism noun the process of building ancient tree noun a tree, generally in a
anabolism ancient tree

up complex chemical substances on the ba- place where it is not surrounded by other
sis of simpler ones trees, that is of great age and biological in-
anadromous adjective referring to a
anadromous
terest
ancient woodland noun a wooded area
ancient woodland

species of fish such as salmon which hatch-

es in fresh water and becomes adult in salt which has been covered with trees for many
water. Compare catadromous hundreds of years
anemograph noun an instrument which
anemograph

anadromy noun a form of migration of

anadromy

fish such as salmon which hatch in fresh maintains a continuous recording of wind
water, migrate to the sea and then return to direction and speed on a graph
anemometer noun an instrument, usual-
anemometer

fresh water to spawn. Compare catadromy

anaerobe noun a microorganism which
anaerobe
ly attached to a building, which provides
lives without oxygen, e.g. the tetanus bacil- wind-speed information
aneroid barometer noun a device that
aneroid barometer

lus or blue-green algae. Compare aerobe

anaerobic adjective not needing oxygen
anaerobic
shows the changes in atmospheric pressure
angiosperm noun a plant in which the
angiosperm

for existence. Compare aerobic

anaerobic decomposition noun the
anaerobic decomposition sex organs are carried within flowers and
breakdown of organic material by microor- seeds are enclosed in a fruit. Compare
gymnosperm
ganisms without the presence of oxygen
animal noun an organism which can feel
animal

anaerobic digester noun a digester

anaerobic digester

sensations and move voluntarily 쐽 adjec-

which operates without oxygen 쑗 Anaero- tive referring to organisms which can feel
bic digesters can be used to convert cattle sensations and move voluntarily
manure into gas.
animal ecology noun the study of the
animal ecology

COMMENT: Anaerobic digesters for pig,

cattle and poultry waste feed the waste relationship between animals and their en-
into a tank where it breaks down biologi- vironment
animal inspector noun an official
animal inspector

cally without the presence of oxygen to

give off large amounts of methane. This whose job is to inspect animals to see if
gas is then used to generate electricity. they have notifiable diseases and are being
The remaining slurry can be applied direct-
ly to the land. kept in acceptable conditions
animal kingdom noun the category of
animal kingdom

anaerobiosis noun a biological activity

anaerobiosis

which occurs without the presence of oxy- all organisms classed as animals
anion noun an ion with a negative electric
anion

gen
charge
analyse verb 1. to examine something in
analyse

Annex I parties plural noun industrial-

Annex I parties

detail 쑗 We’ll need to analyse the effect of

the new reporting procedures. 2. to separate ised countries which, as parties to the
a substance into its parts 쑗 The laboratory Framework Convention on Climate
is analysing the soil samples. 쑗 When the Change, agreed to reduce their greenhouse-
water sample was analysed it was found to gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year
contain traces of bacteria. 2000
annoyance scale noun a system of
annoyance scale

analysis noun 1. the process of examin-

analysis

classifying the amount of nuisance, harm or

ing something in detail 2. the process of offence caused by something
breaking down a substance into its parts in
annoyance sound level noun the
annoyance sound level

order to study them closely 쑗 Samples of

material were removed for analysis. 쒁 data point at which a noise begins to cause a nui-
analysis
sance or become offensive
annual adjective happening or done once
annual

analyst

analyst noun 1. a person who examines a year 쐽 noun a plant whose life cycle of
samples of substances to find out what they germination, flowering and fruiting takes
are made of 2. a person who carries out a place within the period of a year. 쒁 bienni-
study of a problem 쑗 a health and safety al, perennial
analyst
annual ring noun a ring of new wood
annual ring

analyte noun the chemical for which tests

analyte

formed each year in the trunk of a tree

are made on a sample which can easily be seen when the tree is
ANC abbr acid-neutralising capacity
ANC

ancient forest
cut down. 쒁 dendrochronology. Also
ancient forest noun a forest which has called growth ring, tree ring (NOTE: As a
existed for many years, containing very old tree grows, the wood formed in the spring
trees and of great biological interest has more open cells than that formed in lat-
EcolEnv.fm Page 11 Thursday, April 15, 2004 6:35 PM

11 aphicide
er summer. The difference in texture forms fine dry weather in summer and fog in win-
the visible rings. In tropical countries, trees ter (NOTE: Winds circulate round an anticy-
grow all the year round and so do not form clone clockwise in the northern hemi-
rings.) sphere and anticlockwise in the southern
COMMENT: As a tree grows, the wood hemisphere.)
formed in the spring has more open cells anticyclonic adjective 1. referring to
anticyclonic

than that formed in later summer. The dif-

ference in texture forms the visible rings. In anticyclones 2. referring to the opposite di-
tropical countries, trees grow all the year rection to the rotation of the Earth
anticyclonically adverb in the opposite
anticyclonically

round and so do not form rings.

anomaly noun something which differs
anomaly

direction to the rotation of the Earth

from the expected order or range 쑗 Any antidote noun a substance which controls
antidote

anomalies in the results will be detected the effects of a poison 쑗 There is no satis-
during checking. factory antidote to cyanide.
anoxia noun a complete lack of oxygen 쑗
anoxia

antifoam, anti-foaming agent noun a

antifoam

The investigation established that the cause chemical substance added to a detergent or
of death was anoxia. to sewage to prevent foam from forming
anoxic adjective referring to water which
anoxic

antifouling paint noun a pesticide

antifouling paint

lacks oxygen painted onto the bottom of a ship to prevent

anoxybiosis noun a biological activity
anoxybiosis

organisms growing on the hull. 쒁 TBT

occurring where there is a lack of oxygen (NOTE: It may be toxic enough to pollute sea
Antarctic noun the area of land around
Antarctic

water.)
the South Pole, largely covered with snow antifungal adjective referring to a sub-
antifungal

and ice 쐽 adjective referring to the Antarc- stance which kills or controls fungi
tic
antigen noun a substance in the body
antigen

Antarctica noun the continent at the

Antarctica

which makes the body produce antibodies

South Pole to attack it, e.g. a virus or germ
‘About 90 per cent of the world’s fresh water is
antigenic adjective referring to antigens
antigenic

held in Antarctica and, if it all melted, sea levels

could rise as much as 60 metres’ [Times] antigenic stability noun the condition
antigenic stability

Antarctic Circle noun the parallel run-

Antarctic Circle

of an individual who has been infected by a

ning round the Earth at latitude 66°32’S, to disease, and then remains immune to fur-
the south of which lies the Antarctic region ther infection in later life. This is the case in
Antarctic Treaty noun a treaty signed by
Antarctic Treaty

most childhood diseases.

all countries with territorial claims to the antiknock additive noun a substance
antiknock additive

Antarctic continent, by which military use which is added to petrol to improve engine
of the continent and dumping of nuclear performance, e.g. tetraethyl lead
waste are prohibited antioxidant noun a substance which pre-
antioxidant

anther noun the part of the stamen of a

anther

vents oxidation, used to prevent materials

flower that produces pollen such as rubber from deteriorating and add-
anthocyanin noun a water-soluble plant
anthocyanin

ed to processed food to prevent oil going

pigment responsible for blue, violet and red bad (NOTE: In the EU, antioxidant food addi-
colours tives have numbers E300–321.)
anthracite noun a type of shiny hard
anthracite

antipodes plural noun two points on op-

antipodes

black coal which burns well and does not posite sides of the Earth
produce much smoke anti-pollution adjective intended to re-
anti-pollution

anthropogenic adjective caused by or

anthropogenic

duce or stop environmental pollution

resulting from human activities
anti-pollution legislation noun a set
anti-pollution legislation

anti- prefix against or opposing

anti-

of laws designed to control pollution

antibacterial adjective preventing or re-
antibacterial

anti-predator net noun a net designed

anti-predator net

ducing the growth of bacteria

to prevent predators from entering an area
anticline noun (in rock formations) a fold
anticline

AOM abbr active organic matter

AOM

where the newest layers of rock are on the

AONB abbr Area of Outstanding Natural
AONB

surface. Compare syncline

anticondensation paint noun a paint
anticondensation paint
Beauty
AOSIS abbr Alliance of Small Island
AOSIS

which prevents the formation of condensa-

tion States
anticyclone noun an area of high atmos- aphicide noun a pesticide designed to kill
anticyclone aphicide

pheric pressure, usually associated with aphids on plants

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