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Feminist Global Health Security
 ox ford studie s in g en der
a nd inte rnational rel ation s
Series editors: J. Ann Tickner, American University, and Laura Sjoberg,
University of Florida

Gender and Private Security in Global From Global to Grassroots: The European
Politics Union, Transnational Advocacy, and
Maya Eichler Combating Violence against Women
This American Moment: A Feminist Celeste Montoya
Christian Realist Intervention Who Is Worthy of Protection? Gender-​
Caron E. Gentry Based Asylum and US Immigration Politics
Troubling Motherhood: Maternality in Meghana Nayak
Global Politics Revisiting Gendered States: Feminist
Lucy B. Hall, Anna L. Weissman, and Imaginings of the State in International
Laura J. Shepherd Relations
Breaking the Binaries in Security Studies: A Swati Parashar, J. Ann Tickner, and
Gendered Analysis of Women in Combat Jacqui True
Ayelet Harel-​Shalev and Shir Out of Time: The Queer Politics of
Daphna-​Tekoah Postcoloniality
Scandalous Economics: Gender and the Rahul Rao
Politics of Financial Crises Narrating the Women, Peace and Security
Aida A. Hozić and Jacqui True Agenda: Logics of Global Governance
Rewriting the Victim: Dramatization as Laura J. Shepherd
Research in Thailand’s Anti-​Trafficking Gender, UN Peacebuilding, and the Politics
Movement of Space: Locating Legitimacy
Erin M. Kamler Laura J. Shepherd
Equal Opportunity Peacekeeping: Women, Capitalism’s Sexual History
Peace, and Security in Post-​Conflict States Nicola J. Smith
Sabrina Karim and Kyle Beardsley A Feminist Voyage through International
Gender, Sex, and the Postnational Relations
Defense: Militarism and Peacekeeping J. Ann Tickner
Annica Kronsell The Political Economy of Violence
The Beauty Trade: Youth, Gender, and against Women
Fashion Globalization Jacqui True
Angela B. V. McCracken Queer International Relations: Sovereignty,
Global Norms and Local Action: The Sexuality and the Will to Knowledge
Campaigns against Gender-​Based Violence Cynthia Weber
in Africa Bodies of Violence: Theorizing Embodied
Peace A. Medie Subjects in International Relations
Rape Loot Pillage: The Political Economy of Lauren B. Wilcox
Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict
Sara Meger
Feminist Global Health
Security
C L A R E W E N HA M

1
 3
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press

198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.

© Oxford University Press 2021

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction
rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form

and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Library of Congress Cataloging-​in-​Publication Data

Names: Wenham, Clare, author.
Title: Feminist global health security / Clare Wenham.
Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2021] |
Series: Oxford studies in gender and international relations |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020048717 (print) | LCCN 2020048718 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780197556931 (hardback) | ISBN 9780197556955 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: World health. | Women—Health. | Health policy. |
Women—Diseases—Prevention. | Equality—Health aspects.
Classification: LCC R A441 .W398 2021 (print) | LCC R A441 (ebook) |
DDC 613/.04244—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020048717
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020048718

DOI: 10.1093/​oso/​9780197556931.001.0001

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed by Integrated Books International, United States of America
For Scarlett
 Contents

Acknowledgements  ix
List of Acronyms  xiii

1. Introduction: Where are the women?  1

2. Theorizing Feminist Health Security  31
3. The Zika Virus  53
4. Zika and In/​visibility  81
5. Clean Your House and Don’t Get Pregnant: Reproduction
and the State  107
6. Violence and Everyday Crises  139
7. Conclusion: Making feminist global health security  165
Epilogue: COVID-​19  191

Bibliography  207
Index  267
 Acknowledgements

This book has been through several iterations. It started whilst I was preg-
nant in 2016 and recognising my good fortune to be pregnant in the UK, safe
from the “threat” of Zika. Due to unforeseen stressors, and a second preg-
nancy of my own, this became a larger theoretical, and considerably longer,
project, with a better result. Taking three years to write a book and reflect on
the issues raised by Zika has allowed me time to consider the outbreak and
feminist knowledge in the context of global health security more broadly. As
I simultaneously become more disillusioned with global health security as a
concept, and in particular as a policy space for women, Zika has offered the
“perfect” viewpoint to assess these concerns, notably those of representation,
the failure to serve those who are most at risk, and the lack of sustainability
in securitized activity. Whilst I don’t assume to have the complete picture,
my only request for this book is that whoever reads it questions the inherent
assumptions of global health security and what is missed when this frame is
applied to a global health issue.
The first thanks must go to all those people who agreed to talk to me as
part of the process, whether formally or informally. It is these conversations
that inspired me, challenged me, and made me reflect over the years. I hope
I have represented our conversations fairly, and any errors are exclusively
mine. This book is the product of several conversations with colleagues,
without which it would have been infinitely inferior. The second big thank
you goes to Sophie Harman and Sara Davies; they allowed me to brainstorm
ideas with them over lunches, drinks, Whatsapps and emails off and on for
three years which has significantly improved this book and kept me motiv-
ated to see it through to the end. Sophie Harman read an earlier iteration
of the first chapters of this book and suggested a significant restructure that
made so much sense. For having friends willing to support and provide such
sage advice, I shall forever be grateful.
A Wellcome Trust funded project “Zika and the Regulation of Health
Emergencies: Medical Abortion in Brazil, Colombia and El Salvador”
(210308/​Z/​18/​Z) facilitated much of the learning for this book. My col-
leagues in this work, Sonia Corrêa, Sandra Valongueiro, Camila Abagaro,
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x Acknowledgements

Amaral Arévalo, Katherine Cuéllar, Ernestina Coast and Tiziana Leone were
vital to the development of my thinking, particularly in chapter five, and
I hope that I have done our conversations and advocacy justice. Katherine
sadly died whilst I was finalising this book, and her support in analysing
Colombian health politics, as well as the fun we had in Bogota, Barranquilla
and Cartagena will stay with me and in this book in her memory. I am
grateful for participants at a workshop we hosted as part of this project on the
intersection between health emergencies and reproductive health in Rio de
Janeiro in September 2018.
Moreover, the broader Zika and Social Science network hosted at Oswaldo
Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) has provided thought provoking discussions
in Brazil and the UK for the last three years. Particular thanks go to Denise
Nacif Pimenta, Gustavo Matta, Carol Nogueira, Juliana Correa and Camila
Pimentel. Further thanks go to other Zika and health security experts Joao
Nunes and Deisy Ventura for discussions on this project during the process
and for a Santander travel grant, which funded an additional visit to Brazil
in 2019.
When I pressed send to submit this manuscript for review in December
2019, I never imagined I would be writing a COVID-​19 epilogue. This is only
a small flavour of the important work that I and many others are doing to
understand the gendered effects of coronavirus, and governments’ ensuing
response as part of the Gender & COVID-​19 project, with the most fabu-
lous of colleagues: Julia Smith, Rosemary Morgan, Karen Grépin, Sara
Davies, Sophie Harman, Huiyun Feng, Asha Herten-​Crabb, Ingrid Lui, Alice
Murage, Connie Gan and Ahmed Al-​Rawi, funded by the Canadian Institute
of Health Research, and we have recently embarked on a much bigger pro-
ject across multiple locations with a host of new colleagues including Naila
Kabeer, Sabina Faiz Rashid, Selima Sara Kabir, Antonu Rabbani, Germaine
Furaha, Valerie Mueller, Anne Ngunjiri, Amy Okekunle, Kelley Lee, Denise
Nacif Pimenta, Brunah Schall, Mariela Rocha and Kate Hawkins, funded by
the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The Gender and COVID-​19 working
group, which we set up as part of this, has also been a source of thought-​
provoking discussion.
My knowledge and critiques of global health security have benefited from
the considerable wisdom of colleagues from the broader global health and
politics field—​particularly the first two chapters of this book—​and I want
to thank Sonja Kittelsen, Simon Rushton, Colin McInnes, Jeremy Youde,
Owain Williams, Emma-​ Louise Anderson, Christian Enemark, Adam
 Acknowledgements xi

Kamradt-​Scott, Rebecca Katz, Alexandra Phelan, Mark Eccleston-​Turner,

Stephen Roberts, Steven Hoffman, Gorik Ooms and many, many others for
the numerous conversations over the years, which have all given me food for
thought.
At LSE, Kate Millar gauged the way through my introduction to feminist
security studies, and in Aberystwyth Jenny Mathers provided similar guid-
ance. I also extend my deepest thanks to the Department of Health Policy at
LSE which has facilitated my work on this book; to Gareth Jones and the LSE
Latin America and Caribbean Centre for continued support; and to the col-
leagues who have kept me sane through the process, Mylene Lagarde, Irini
Papanicolas, Beth Kreling, Liana Rosenkrantz-​Woskie, Justin Parkhurst, Cat
Jones, Andrew Street. Keri Rowsell and Farnaz Ayrom-​Walsh helped with
administrative nightmares during the fieldwork processes, including stolen
grant money!
Importantly, I am so grateful to Angela Chnapko at Oxford University
Press for seeing potential in this book when it was still incoherent and Alexcee
Bechthold for managing the process. I also want to thank, and visibilise, the
unpaid and paid labour of Philippa Russell, Rosie Wenham, Liz Evans and
Jean-​Louis Evans who provided much needed childcare whilst I was on field-
work trips. Parts of this book have benefited from presentations and feedback
in a range of forums. This has included departmental presentations in the
Department of Health Policy, LSE; Department of International Relations,
LSE; WPS Working Group, LSE; Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fiocruz,
Rio de Janeiro; Universidade de São Paulo; Universidad de La Habana; and
York University. It has also significantly benefitted from two anonymous re-
viewers who pushed me to nuance and finalise my analysis, and from the
research assistance support from Daniela Meneses-​Sala and Corina Rueda
Borrero.
Finally, this book would not have not been possible without the continued
love and support of my best pal and husband, Philip. For not being phased
by the early morning tapping away in the bed next to you to hash out para-
graphs before the kids wake up, for my continued accusations of your role in
patriarchy, and for all the additional parenting you’ve done whilst I was in
Latin America and in the final stages of the project; you are the person who
kept me sane. I dedicate this book to our daughter, Scarlett, born during the
peak of the Zika outbreak, albeit thousands of miles away from Brazil where
I never had to worry about the risks to her health posed by a mosquito. I con-
tinue to push for gender equality for you.
 Acronyms

ABRASCO Associação Brasileira de Saûde Coletiva (Brazilian Public Health

Association)
ARVs Antiretroviral Drugs
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
BPC Benefício de Prestação Continuada (Continuous Cash Benefit
Programme, Brazil)
BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
BWC Biological Weapons Convention
CDC Centers for Disease Control Prevention (USA)
CZS Congenital Zika Syndrome
DALY Disability Adjusted Life Year
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Insecticide)
DG Director General
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
ESPIN Emergência em Saúde Pública de Importância Nacional (Public
Health Emergency of National Concern, Brazil)
ETU Ebola Treatment Unit
EU European Union
FCTC Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association
FSS Feminist Security Studies
GBS Guillain Barre Syndrome
GBV Gender Based Violence
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHS Global Health Security
GHS2019 First Global Health Security Conference
GHSA Global Health Security Agenda
GPMB Global Preparedness Monitoring Board
HEP Health Emergencies Programme (WHO)
HICs High Income Countries
HIV/​AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/​Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
HRW Human Rights Watch
IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
IHR International Health Regulations
ILO International Labour Organization
xiv List of Acronyms

IMF International Monetary Fund

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPE International Political Economy
IR International Relations
IUD Intrauterine Device
JEE Joint External Evaluation
LMICs Low and Middle Income Countries
LSHTM London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
NCD Non-​Communicable Disease
NERC National Ebola Response Centre (Sierra Leone)
NGOs Non-​Governmental Organizations
NTD Neglected Tropical Disease
OPP Out of Pocket Payment
PAHO Pan American Health Organization (WHO)
PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
PEF Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility (World Bank)
PHEIC Public Health Emergency of International Concern
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
R&D Research and Development
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SARS-​CoV-​2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus—​2 (COVID-​19)
SGBV Sexual and Gender-​Based Violence
SICA Sistema Integración de Centro-​América (Central American
Integration System)
SRH Sexual and Reproductive Health
SUS Sistema Único de Saúde (National Health System, Brazil)
TPP Target Product Profile
TRIPS Agreement on Trade-​Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
UHC Universal Health Coverage
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/​AIDS
UNASUR Union of South American Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNSC United Nations Security Council
USA United States of America
USD United States Dollars
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WEF World Economic Forum
WHA World Health Assembly
WHO World Health Organization
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 Mathematics - Field Notes
Second 2025 - Institute

Prepared by: Prof. Williams

Date: August 12, 2025

References 1: Current trends and future directions

Learning Objective 1: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 2: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 5: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 6: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 9: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Section 2: Best practices and recommendations
Practice Problem 10: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 14: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 15: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 19: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 3: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 21: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 22: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Lesson 4: Experimental procedures and results
Practice Problem 30: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 31: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 32: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 33: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 5: Research findings and conclusions
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 46: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 47: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 6: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Example 50: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 56: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 57: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 58: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Part 7: Critical analysis and evaluation
Example 60: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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