(Ebook) Criminal Justice: An Introduction To The Criminal Justice System in England and Wales by Malcolm Davies, Hazel Croall, Jane Tyrer ISBN 0582473209 Online PDF
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criminal justice
operate. It outlines important concepts in English criminal law and defines crime and the varied responses third edition
to it. It also explores the non-legal factors which affect the operation of the criminal justice agencies and
identifies the policy issues involved in the control of crime and the pursuit of justice.
Key agencies discussed are the police, probation, prisons, the magistrates' and Crown courts, and the
Crown Prosecution Service. The effect of the structure of criminal appeals and the role of the Home
Office, the Criminal Cases Review Commission, the Prisons and Probation Ombudsman, and the Parole
Board are all included. The viewpoints and influences of victims and of bodies charged with monitoring
and evaluating the agencies are assessed.
Each chapter includes review questions and a further reading section. The book also features a chronology
of key dates, a glossary of terms, student exercises to aid understanding, and information about websites
of interest.
Criminal Justice
Criminal Justice
An Introduction to the
Criminal Justice System
in England and Wales
Third Edition
CRIM_A01.QXP 7/2/05 13:54 Page iv
The rights of Malcolm Davies, Hazel Croall and Jane Tyrer to be identified
as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
08 07 06 05
Brief contents
PART A
Introduction to criminal justice 1
Chapter 1 What is criminal justice? 3
Chapter 2 What is crime? 35
Chapter 3 Victims and the impact of crime 62
Chapter 4 Governmental, political and administrative context of
criminal justice in England and Wales 80
PART B
Criminal justice process: law enforcement 113
Chapter 5 Crime prevention and reduction 115
Chapter 6 The police 140
Chapter 7 Prosecution, caution and diversion 180
Chapter 8 Youth justice 209
PART C
Criminal justice process: criminal courts 231
Chapter 9 Criminal courts, judiciary and pre-trial procedure 233
Chapter 10 The trial and establishing guilt 261
PART D
Criminal justice process: penal system 289
Chapter 11 Sentencing aims and process 291
CRIM_A01.QXP 7/2/05 13:54 Page viii
Glossary 419
Appendix 1 Practical exercises 428
Appendix 2 List of websites 435
Bibliography 440
Index 451
CRIM_A01.QXP 7/2/05 13:54 Page ix
Full contents
PART A
Introduction to criminal justice 1
CHAPTER 1
What is criminal justice? 3
Introduction 3
1.1 Criminal justice in England and Wales 4
Agencies 4
Smaller agencies and bodies 5
Civil society and the private sector 5
Expansion of the criminal justice system in the late twentieth
century: personnel and costs 6
1.2 Criminal justice defined: functions and form 8
Content of the criminal law: what is penalised? 9
Form and process: criminal procedure and criminal justice agencies 10
Functions and aims of the criminal justice system 10
Mode and distribution of punishment 12
1.3 Principles of criminal justice 12
Adversarial justice 12
Rule of law 16
1.4 Systems approach and criminal justice sub-systems 17
Flow charts of the criminal justice system 20
1.5 Paradigms and models of criminal justice 23
Models of criminal justice 23
CRIM_A01.QXP 7/2/05 13:54 Page x
X FULL CONTENTS
CHAPTER 2
What is crime? 35
Introduction 35
2.1 Defining crime 35
Three aspects of the concept of crime 37
Legal liability and the elements of a crime 39
Criminal defences 42
Sentencing mitigation 44
2.2 Legal categories of criminal offences 44
Classification of offences: summary and indictable 45
2.3 Measuring crime 46
Home Office statistics on crime 47
British Crime Survey 51
2.4 Crime trends 53
2.5 Types of offence 54
Violent crime 55
Sexual offences 56
Property crime 57
Organised and white collar crime 58
Offenders 58
CRIM_A01.QXP 7/2/05 13:54 Page xi
FULL CONTENTS XI
Conclusion 59
Review questions 61
Further reading 61
CHAPTER 3
Victims and the impact of crime 62
Introduction 62
3.1 The cost and impact of crime 63
3.2 Who are the victims of crime? 65
3.3 The rediscovery of the victim 69
3.4 Compensating victims 71
State compensation 71
Compensation orders 72
3.5 Victim support 72
3.6 Victims and criminal justice 73
Reporting crime and the role of the police 74
Victims in court 75
Victims and sentencing 76
Mediation and restorative justice 76
Conclusion 78
Review questions 79
Further reading 79
CHAPTER 4
Governmental, political and administrative context
of criminal justice in England and Wales 80
Introduction 80
4.1 Law and policy making 82
Who makes crime policy? 82
Parliament and Select Committee on Home Affairs 83
4.2 Government and administration 85
Home Office 85
Home Secretary 86
Department for Constitutional Affairs 88
4.3 Political context 89
Politics 89
New Labour and criminal justice reforms 91
Pressure and interest groups 94
Media 95
4.4 ‘Globalisation’: Cross-jurisdictional and international responses to
crime 97
International cooperation 98
4.5 European influences on criminal justice policy 99
CRIM_A01.QXP 7/2/05 13:54 Page xii
PART B
Criminal justice process: law enforcement 113
CHAPTER 5
Crime prevention and reduction 115
Introduction 115
5.1 What is crime prevention? 116
5.2 The theoretical basis of crime prevention 119
5.3 The growth of crime prevention 123
5.4 Situational and social crime prevention 128
Situational crime prevention 128
Social crime prevention 130
5.5 The ‘silver bullet’: CCTV 131
5.6 Issues in crime prevention 134
5.7 Zero tolerance policing 135
Conclusion 137
Review questions 137
CHAPTER 6
The police 140
Introduction 140
6.1 The role and development of policing 141
Development of policing 144
6.2 Organisation and accountability 147
To whom are the police accountable? 151
Legal accountability 153
6.3 Police powers and the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 153
CRIM_A01.QXP 7/2/05 13:54 Page xiii
CHAPTER 7
Prosecution, caution and diversion 180
Introduction 180
7.1 Cautioning 181
Cautioning and young offenders 185
7.2 Prosecution 186
The Crown Prosecution Service 187
The organisation and functions of the Crown Prosecution Service 189
7.3 The Code for Crown Prosecutors 191
Evidential test 192
Public interest test 192
The work of the Crown Prosecution Service 195
7.4 Private prosecutions and other prosecuting agencies 198
Prosecution by regulatory agencies 198
7.5 Mentally disordered offenders 201
Responsibility for the offence 201
Police and the mentally disordered 202
Orders available to the courts for mentally disordered offenders 203
De-institutionalisation and care in the community 205
Community care and public safety 206
Conclusion 207
Review questions 208
Further reading 208
CHAPTER 8
Youth justice 209
Introduction 209
8.1 Youth and crime 210
Young people’s involvement in crime 211
CRIM_A01.QXP 7/2/05 13:54 Page xiv
PART C
Criminal justice process: criminal courts 231
CHAPTER 9
Criminal courts, judiciary and pre-trial procedure 233
Introduction 233
9.1 Magistrates’ courts 235
9.2 Crown Court 239
The jurisdiction of magistrates’ courts and the Crown Court 241
Classification of offences: summary and indictable 241
9.3 Judiciary 244
9.4 Summons, bail and remands in custody 245
Bail 247
Criteria for bail 247
Remands in custody 250
9.5 Indications of plea and the mode of trial decisions 251
9.6 Case management 257
Conclusion 258
Review questions 259
Further reading 260
CHAPTER 10
The trial and establishing guilt 261
Introduction 261
10.1 Adversarial justice: the burden and standard of proof 263
10.2 Role of the trial 264
10.3 Juries 268
10.4 Rights of the defendant in court 272
10.5 Evidence 275
Presentation of evidence 281
10.6 Appeals system 284
10.7 Criminal Cases Review Commission 285
CRIM_A01.QXP 7/2/05 13:54 Page xv
FULL CONTENTS XV
Conclusion 286
Review questions 287
Further reading 288
PART D
Criminal justice process: penal system 289
CHAPTER 11
Sentencing aims and process 291
Introduction 291
11.1 Aims of sentencing 293
Retribution 297
Incapacitation or public protection 298
Rehabilitation 299
Deterrence 300
Denunciation 301
Restitution or reparation 302
11.2 Types of sentence 303
Discharges 303
Financial penalties 303
Community penalties 304
Custodial sentences 306
Enforcement of sentences 308
Distribution of sentences 310
11.3 Sentencing procedure 310
11.4 Factors influencing sentencing decisions 312
Race and sentencing 319
Sentencing women 321
Socio-economic status 322
11.5 Structuring sentencing decisions 323
Sentencing Advisory Panel and Sentencing Guidelines Council 324
Conclusion 327
Review questions 327
Further reading 331
CHAPTER 12
Punishment philosophies and penal paradigms 332
Introduction 332
12.1 Sentencing trends and reforms in the twentieth century 333
12.2 The era of rehabilitation 335
Rehabilitation reassessed 340
12.3 Just deserts and the justice model 343
Assumptions about human behaviour 344
CRIM_A01.QXP 7/2/05 13:54 Page xvi
CHAPTER 13
Prisons 364
Introduction 364
13.1 Origins of the penitentiary 366
13.2 Prisons in England and Wales 373
13.3 Prison population 378
International comparisons 379
Categories of prisoner 380
Fine defaulters in prison 380
Life sentence inmates 381
Female prisoners 382
Minority ethnic prison population 383
Time served 383
Home detention curfew 385
Parole 385
13.4 Impact of imprisonment on inmates 386
Regimes, sentence planning and privileges 387
Inmate adaptation to prison life 388
13.5 Aims and performance of the Prison Service 391
Prison service objectives and KPI targets 392
Rehabilitation and offender management 393
Conclusion 395
Review questions 396
Further reading 397
CHAPTER 14
Probation service and community penalties 398
Introduction 398
14.1 The development of community sentences 399
14.2 The probation service 403
14.3 ‘What works’ and why, and recent initiatives in community sentences 408
14.4 The effectiveness of community sentences 412
CRIM_A01.QXP 7/2/05 13:54 Page xvii
Conclusion 414
Review questions 414
Further reading 414
CHAPTER 15
Conclusion 415
Glossary 419
Appendix 1 Practical Exercises 428
Appendix 2 List of websites 435
Bibliography 440
Index 451
Supporting resources
Visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/davies_crim to find valuable online resources
For more information please contact your local Pearson Education sales
representative or visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/davies_crim
CRIM_A01.QXP 7/2/05 13:54 Page xviii
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