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 Essentials of
Meteorology

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 C. Donald Ahrens
Emeritus, Modesto Junior College

UCAR/Carlye Calvin

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea •

Mexico • Singapore • Spain •
United Kingdom • United States

ii
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 Essentials of
Meteorology
AN INVITATION TO THE ATMOSPHERE

Sixth Edition

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 This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights
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 Essentials of Meteorology: © 2012, 2008 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
An Invitation to the Atmosphere,
Sixth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by
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 Brief Contents

1 The Earth’s Atmosphere 2

2 Warming the Earth and the Atmosphere 26
3 Air Temperature 56
4 Humidity, Condensation, and Clouds 82
5 Cloud Development and Precipitation 116
6 Air Pressure and Winds 148
7 Atmospheric Circulations 176
8 Air Masses, Fronts, and Middle-Latitude Cyclones 212
9 Weather Forecasting 244
10 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes 272
11 Hurricanes 312
12 Climate Change 342
13 Global Climate 372
14 Air Pollution 404
15 Light, Color, and Atmospheric Optics 432

APPENDIXES
A Units, Conversions, Abbreviations, and Equations 455
B Equations and Constants 458
C Weather Symbols and the Station Model 461
D Humidity and Dew-Point Tables (Psychromatic Tables) 463
E Standard Atmosphere 467
F Beaufort Wind Scale (Over Land) 468
G Köppen's Climatic Classification System 469
H Average Annual Global Precipitation 470

v
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 Contents

Preface xiii

Chapter 1 Chapter 2
THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE 2 WARMING THE EARTH
Overview of the Earth’s Atmosphere 4 AND THE ATMOSPHERE 26
Composition of the Atmosphere 5 Temperature and Heat Transfer 28
The Early Atmosphere 9 Temperature Scales 29
Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere 9 Latent Heat—The Hidden Warmth 30
A Brief Look at Air Pressure and Air Density 9 Conduction 31
Layers of the Atmosphere 11 Convection 32
Focus on an Observation Focus on a Special Topic
The Radiosonde 12 Rising Air Cools and Sinking Air Warms 33
The Ionosphere 14 Radiation 34
Weather and Climate 15
A Satellite’s View of the Weather 15
Storms of All Sizes 16
A Look at a Weather Map 17
Focus on a Special Topic
Meteorology—A Brief History 18
Weather and Climate in Our Lives 20
Focus on a Special Topic
What Is a Meteorologist? 23
Summary 24
Key Terms 24
Questions for Review 24
Questions for Thought and Exploration 25
© C. Donald Ahrens

vii
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 viii Contents

Focus on an Environmental Issue

Sun Burning and UV Rays 36 Chapter 3
Balancing Act—Absorption, Emission, AIR TEMPERATURE 56
and Equilibrium 37
Warming and Cooling Air near the Ground 58
Selective Absorbers and the Atmospheric
Daytime Warming 58
Greenhouse Effect 38
Nighttime Cooling 59
Enhancement of the Greenhouse Effect 40
Cold Air Near the Surface 60
Warming the Air from Below 41
Shortwave Radiation Streaming from the Focus on a Special Topic
Sun 42 Record High Temperatures 60
Focus on an Environmental Issue Protecting Crops from the Cold Night Air 62
Ozone and the Ozone Hole: Their Influence on Climate Daily Temperature Changes 65
Change 42 Focus on a Special Topic
The Earth’s Annual Energy Balance 44 Record Low Temperatures 66
Why the Earth Has Seasons 46 Regional Temperature Changes 67
Focus on an Observation Focus on a Special Topic
The Aurora—A Dazzling Light Show 47 When It Comes to Temperature, What’s Normal? 68
Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere 49 Applications of Temperature Data 71
Focus on a Special Topic Air Temperature and Human Comfort 74
Is December 21 Really the First Day Measuring Air Temperature 76
of Winter? 51
Focus on a Special Topic
Seasons in the Southern Hemisphere 53 A Thousand Degrees and Freezing to Death 76
Local Seasonal Variations 53
Summary 54 Focus on an Observation
Why Should Thermometers Be Read in the Shade? 78
Key Terms 54
Questions for Review 54 Summary 79
Questions for Thought and Exploration 55 Key Terms 80
Questions for Review 80
Questions for Thought and Exploration 81

Chapter 4
HUMIDITY, CONDENSATION, AND CLOUDS 82
Circulation of Water in the Atmosphere 84
Evaporation, Condensation, and Saturation 85
Humidity 86
Vapor Pressure 87
Relative Humidity 87
Relative Humidity and Dew Point 89
Relative Humidity and Human Discomfort 92
Measuring Humidity 94
Focus on a Special Topic
Humid Air and Dry Air Do Not Weigh the Same 95
Dew and Frost 96
© C. Donald Ahrens

Fog 97
Foggy Weather 100
Focus on an Environmental Issue
Fog Dispersal 101

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 Contents ix

Clouds 102 Summary 146

Classification of Clouds 103 Key Terms 146
Cloud Identification 103 Questions for Review 146
High Clouds 103 Questions for Thought and Exploration 147
Middle Clouds 104
Low Clouds 105
Clouds with Vertical Development 107
Some Unusual Clouds 109
Chapter 6
Summary 113 AIR PRESSURE AND WINDS 148
Key Terms 113 Atmospheric Pressure 150
Questions for Review 113 Horizontal Pressure Variations—A Tale
Questions for Thought and Exploration 114 of Two Cities 150
Measuring Air Pressure 152
Focus on a Special Topic
The Atmosphere Obeys the Gas Law 153
Chapter 5 Pressure Readings 154
CLOUD DEVELOPMENT AND PRECIPITATION 116 Surface and Upper-Air Charts 156
Atmospheric Stability 118 Focus on a Special Topic
Determining Stability 119 Isobaric Maps 157
A Stable Atmosphere 119 Why the Wind Blows 158
An Unstable Atmosphere 120 Newton’s Laws of Motion 158
A Conditionally Unstable Atmosphere 122 Forces That Influence the Wind 158
Cloud Development and Stability 124 Pressure Gradient Force 159
Convection and Clouds 124 Coriolis Force 160
Topography and Clouds 125 Straight-Line Flow Aloft 162
Focus on a Special Topic Curved Winds Around Lows and Highs Aloft 163
Atmospheric Stability and Windy Afternoons—Hold on Winds on Upper-Level Charts 164
to Your Hat 126
Precipitation Processes 128
Collision and Coalescence Process 128
Ice-Crystal Process 130
Cloud Seeding and Precipitation 132
Precipitation in Clouds 133
Focus on an Environmental Issue
Does Cloud Seeding Enhance Precipitation? 134
Precipitation Types 135
Rain 135
Snow 136
Focus on a Special Topic
Are Raindrops Tear-Shaped? 136
Sleet and Freezing Rain 138
Snow Grains and Snow Pellets 139
Hail 140
Focus on an Observation
Aircraft Icing 141
© C. Donald Ahrens

Measuring Precipitation 143

Instruments 143
Doppler Radar and Precipitation 144
Measuring Precipitation from Space 145

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49311_00_FM_pi_xvii.indd ix 15/11/10 4:08 PM

 x Contents

Surface Winds 165 Sea and Land Breezes 182

Focus on an Observation Seasonally Changing Winds—The Monsoon 184
Winds Aloft in the Southern Hemisphere 166 Mountain and Valley Breezes 186
Katabatic Winds 187
Winds and Vertical Air Motions 167
Chinook (Foehn) Winds 188
Focus on an Observation
Focus on a Special Topic
Estimating Wind Direction and
Snow Eaters and Rapid Temperature Changes 189
Pressure Patterns Aloft by Watching Clouds 167
Santa Ana Winds 190
Determining Wind Direction and Speed 169
Desert Winds 191
The Influence of Prevailing Winds 170
Global Winds 193
Wind Instruments 170
General Circulation of the Atmosphere 193
Focus on a Special Topic Single-Cell Model 193
Wind Power 173 Three-Cell Model 194
Summary 173 Average Surface Winds and Pressure: The Real
Key Terms 174 World 197
Questions for Review 174 The General Circulation and Precipitation
Questions for Thought and Exploration 175 Patterns 199
Westerly Winds and the Jet Stream 199
Global Wind Patterns and the Oceans 202
Winds and Upwelling 203
Chapter 7 El Niño and the Southern Oscillation 204
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATIONS 176 Other Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions 207
Summary 209
Scales of Atmospheric Motion 178 Key Terms 210
Eddies—Big and Small 180 Questions for Review 210
Local Wind Systems 180 Questions for Thought and Exploration 211
Thermal Circulations 180
Focus on an Observation
Eddies and “Air Pockets” 181
Chapter 8
AIR MASSES, FRONTS, AND MIDDLE-LATITUDE
CYCLONES 212
Air Masses 214
Source Regions 214
Classification 215
Air Masses of North America 216
Continental Polar (cP) and Continental Arctic (cA)
Air Masses 216
Focus on a Special Topic
Lake-Effect (Enhanced) Snows 218
Maritime Polar (mP) Air Masses 219
Focus on a Special Topic
The Return of the Siberian Express 220
Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Masses 222
Continental Tropical (cT) Air Masses 224
Fronts 225
Stationary Fronts 225
Cold Fronts 226
Warm Fronts 228
Occluded Fronts 231
NASA

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 Contents xi

Mid-Latitude Cyclonic Storms 233

Polar Front Theory 234 Chapter 10
Where Do Mid-Latitude Cyclones Tend to Form? 235
Developing Mid-Latitude Cyclones and THUNDERSTORMS AND TORNADOES 272
Anticyclones 237 Thunderstorms 274
Focus on a Special Topic Ordinary Cell Thunderstorms 275
Northeasters 237 Multicell Thunderstorms 277
The Gust Front 278
Jet Streams and Developing Mid-Latitude
Microbursts 279
Cyclones 239
Squall-Line Thunderstorms 281
Focus on a Special Topic Mesoscale Convective Complexes 282
A Closer Look at Convergence and Divergence 239 Supercell Thunderstorms 283
Focus on a Special Topic Thunderstorms and the Dryline 286
Waves in the Westerlies 240 Thunderstorms and Flooding 287
Summary 242 Distribution of Thunderstorms 287
Key Terms 242 Focus on a Special Topic
Questions for Review 242 The Terrifying Flash Flood in the Big Thompson
Questions for Thought and Exploration 243 Canyon 288
Lightning and Thunder 290
Electrification of Clouds 290
Chapter 9 The Lightning Stroke 291
Types of Lightning 293
WEATHER FORECASTING 244 Lightning Detection and Suppression 294
Acquisition of Weather Information 246 Tornadoes 295
Weather Forecasting Tools 247
Focus on an Observation
Focus on a Special Topic Don’t Sit Under the Apple Tree 296
Watches, Warnings, and Advisories 248
Tornado Life Cycle 297
Satellites and Weather Forecasting 250 Tornado Occurrence and Distribution 297
Weather Forecasting Methods 254 Tornado Winds 299
The Computer and Weather Forecasting: Numerical
Weather Prediction 254
Why NWS Forecasts Go Awry and Steps to
Improve Them 255
Other Forecasting Methods 258
Focus on an Observation
TV Weathercasters—How Do They Do It? 258
Types of Forecasts 260
Accuracy and Skill in Forecasting 261
Predicting the Weather from Local Signs 263
Weather Forecasting Using Surface Charts 264
Determining the Movement of Weather Systems 264
A Forecast for Six Cities 264
Weather Forecast for Augusta, Georgia 265
Rain or Snow for Washington, D.C.? 266
Big Snowstorm for Chicago 268
Mixed Bag of Weather for Memphis 268
Cold Wave for Dallas 268
Clear but Cold for Denver 269
Summary 270
Key Terms 270
Questions for Review 271
NASA

Questions for Thought and Exploration 271

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 xii Contents

Seeking Shelter 299 Some Notable Hurricanes 331

The Fujita Scale 300 Camille, 1969 331
Tornado Outbreaks 301 Hugo, 1989 331
Tornado Formation 302 Andrew, 1992 332
Supercell Tornadoes 302 Ivan, 2004 333
Nonsupercell Tornadoes 305 Katrina, 2005 333
Observing Tornadoes and Severe Weather 306 Focus on an Observation
Waterspouts 308 The Record-Setting Atlantic Hurricane Seasons of
Summary 309 2004 and 2005 334
Key Terms 309
Other Devastating Hurricanes 335
Questions for Review 310
Hurricane Watches, Warnings, and Forecasts 337
Questions for Thought and Exploration 310
Focus on an Environmental Issue
Hurricanes in a Warmer World 338
Modifying Hurricanes 339
Chapter 11 Summary 340
HURRICANES 312 Key Terms 340
Questions for Review 341
Tropical Weather 314 Questions for Thought and Exploration 341
Anatomy of a Hurricane 314
Hurricane Formation and Dissipation 316
The Right Environment 317
The Developing Storm 318 Chapter 12
The Storm Dies Out 319
Hurricane Stages of Development 320 GLOBAL CLIMATE 342
Hurricane Movement 321 A World with Many Climates 344
Eastern Pacific Hurricanes 322 Global Temperatures 345
Focus on a Special Topic Global Precipitation 346
How Do Hurricanes Compare with Middle-Latitude Climatic Classification—The Köppen System 348
Cyclones? 322 Focus on a Special Topic
North Atlantic Hurricanes 324 Precipitation Extremes 350
Naming Hurricanes and Tropical Storms 325 The Global Pattern of Climate 351
Devastating Winds, the Storm Surge, and Tropical Moist Climates (Group A) 351
Flooding 325 Dry Climates (Group B) 356
Focus on a Special Topic Focus on an Observation
Devastating Tropical Storms 329 A Desert with Clouds and Drizzle 359
Moist Subtropical Mid-Latitude Climates
(Group C) 360
Moist Continental Climates (Group D) 362
Focus on a Special Topic
When Does a Dry Spell Become a Drought? 364
Polar Climates (Group E) 368
Highland Climates (Group H) 369
Summary 370
Key Terms 370
Questions for Review 370
Questions for Thought and Exploration 371
NASA

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 Contents xiii

Chapter 13 Chapter 14
THE EARTH’S CHANGING CLIMATE 372 AIR POLLUTION 404
Reconstructing Past Climates 374 A Brief History of Air Pollution 406
Climate Throughout the Ages 377 Types and Sources of Air Pollutants 407
Focus on a Special Topic Principal Air Pollutants 408
The Ocean’s Influence on Rapid Climate Change 378 Ozone in the Troposphere 412
Ozone in the Stratosphere 413
Temperature Trends During the Past 1000 Years 379 Air Pollution: Trends and Patterns 415
Temperature Trends During the Past 100-Plus
Years 379 Focus on an Environmental Issue
The Ozone Hole 416
Climate Change Caused by Natural Events 380
Climate Change: Feedback Mechanisms 381 Factors That Affect Air Pollution 419
Climate Change: Plate Tectonics and Mountain The Role of the Wind 419
Building 382 The Role of Stability and Inversions 419
Climate Change: Variations in the Earth’s Orbit 383 Focus on an Observation
Climate Change: Variations in Solar Output 385 Smokestack Plumes 422
Climate Change: Atmospheric Particles 386
The Role of Topography 423
Particles Near the Surface 386
Severe Air Pollution Potential 423
Volcanic Eruptions 386
Air Pollution and the Urban Environment 424
Climate Change Caused by Human (Anthropogenic)
Activities 388 Focus on an Observation
Climate Change: Aerosols Injected into the Lower Five Days in Donora—An Air Pollution Episode 425
Atmosphere 388 Acid Deposition 427
Climate Change: Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Summary 429
Gases 389 Key Terms 429
Climate Change: Land Use Changes 389 Questions for Review 430
Focus on an Environmental Issue Questions for Thought and Exploration 431
Nuclear Winter, Cold Summers, and Dead
Dinosaurs 390
Climate Change: Global Warming 391
Recent Global Warming: Perspective 391
Radiative Forcing Agents 391
Climate Models and Recent Temperature Trends 391
Focus on a Special Topic
The Sahel — An Example of Climatic Variability and
Human Existence 392
Future Climate Change: Projections 393
Uncertainties about Greenhouse Gases 395
The Question of Clouds 396
The Ocean’s Impact 397
Consequences of Climate Change:
The Possibilities 397
Climate Change: Efforts to Curb 400
Climate Change: A Final Note 401
Summary 401
© C. Donald Ahrens

Key Terms 401

Questions for Review 402
Questions for Thought and Exploration 402

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

49311_00_FM_pi_xvii.indd xiii 15/11/10 4:08 PM

 xiv Contents

Chapter 15 Appendixes
LIGHT, COLOR, AND
A Units, Conversions, Abbreviations, and
ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS 432
Equations 455
White and Colors 434
White Clouds and Scattered Light 435 B Equations and Constants 458
Blue Skies and Hazy Days 436
Red Suns and Blue Moons 438 C Weather Symbols and the Station Model 461
Twinkling, Twilight, and the Green Flash 439
The Mirage: Seeing Is Not Believing 442 D Humidity and Dew-Point Tables
Halos, Sundogs, and Sun Pillars 443 [Psychromatic Tables] 463
Focus on an Observation
The Fata Morgana 444 E Standard Atmosphere 467
Rainbows 447 F Beaufort Wind Scale (Over Land) 468
Coronas and Cloud Iridescence 449
Focus on an Observation G Köppen’s Climatic Classification System 469
Glories and the Heiligenschein 451
Summary 452 H Average Annual Global Precipitation 470
Key Terms 452
Questions for Review 452
Questions for Thought and Exploration 453 Additional Reading Material 473
Glossary 475
Index 493

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

49311_00_FM_pi_xvii.indd xiv 15/11/10 4:08 PM

 Preface
The world is an ever-changing picture of naturally oc- up-to-date information on important topics, such as
curring events. From drought and famine to devastating global warming, ozone depletion, and El Niño. Discus-
floods, some of the greatest challenges we face come in sion of weather events, such as the devastation wrought
the form of natural disasters created by weather. Yet, deal- by Hurricane Katrina over portions of Louisiana,
ing with weather and climate is an inevitable part of our Mississippi, and Alabama during August, 2005, as well
lives. Sometimes it is as small as deciding what to wear as the devastating fires associated with strong Santa Ana
for the day or how to plan a vacation. But it can also have winds that roared through areas of Southern California
life-shattering consequences, especially for those who are during October, 2007.
victims of a hurricane or a tornado. Written expressly for the student, this book emphasizes
In recent years, weather and climate have become front the understanding and application of meteorological prin-
page news from devastating flooding in Pakistan during ciples. The text encourages watching the weather so that it
the summer of 2010 to environmental issues, such as cli- becomes “alive,” allowing readers to immediately apply text-
mate change and ozone depletion in the stratosphere. The book material to the world around them. To assist with this
dynamic nature of the atmosphere seems to demand our endeavor, a color Cloud Chart appears at the back of the text.
attention and understanding more these days than ever The Cloud Chart can be separated from the book and used
before. Almost daily, there are newspaper articles describ- as a learning tool at any place one chooses to observe the sky.
ing some weather event or impending climate change. For To strengthen points and clarify concepts, illustrations are
this reason, and the fact that weather influences our daily rendered in full color throughout. Color photographs were
lives in so many ways, interest in meteorology (the study carefully selected to illustrate features, stimulate interest, and
of the atmosphere) has been growing. This rapidly devel- show how exciting the study of weather can be.
oping and popular science is giving us more information This edition, organized into fifteen chapters, is de-
about the workings of the atmosphere than ever before. signed to provide maximum flexibility to instructors
The atmosphere will always provide challenges for us, of weather and climate courses. Thus, chapters can be
but as research and technology advance, our ability to un- covered in any desired order. For example, Chapter 15,
derstand our atmosphere improves, as well. The informa- “Light, Color, and Atmospheric Optics,” is self-contained
tion available to you in this book, therefore, is intended to and can be covered earlier if so desired. Instructors, then,
aid in your own personal understanding and appreciation are able to tailor this text to their particular needs. This
of our earth’s dynamic atmosphere. book basically follows a traditional approach. After an
introductory chapter on the origin, composition, and
structure of the atmosphere, it covers solar energy, and air
About This Book temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, and winds.
Then comes a chapter on air masses, fronts, and middle-
Essentials of Meteorology is written for students taking latitude cyclonic storms. Weather prediction and severe
an introductory course on the atmospheric environ- storms are next. A chapter on hurricanes is followed by a
ment. The main purpose of the text is to convey mete- chapter on global climate. A chapter on climate change is
orological concepts in a visual, practical, and nonmath- next. A chapter on air pollution precedes the final chapter
ematical manner. In addition, the intent of the book on atmospheric optics.
is to stimulate curiosity in the reader and to answer Each chapter contains at least two Focus sections,
questions about weather and climate that arise in our which either expand on material in the main text or
day-to-day lives. Although introductory in nature, this explore a subject closely related to what is being dis-
sixth edition maintains scientific integrity and includes cussed. Focus sections fall into one of three distinct

xv
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

49311_00_FM_pi_xvii.indd xv 15/11/10 4:08 PM

 xvi Preface

categories: Observations, Special Topics, and Environmental at the end of the book, a compilation of supplementary mate-
Issues. Some include material that is not always found in in- rial, as well as an extensive glossary, is presented.
troductory meteorology textbooks—subjects such as the au- On the inside back cover of the book is a new feature: a
rora, temperature extremes, and cloud seeding. Others help geophysical map of North America. The map serves as a quick
to bridge theory and practice. Focus sections new to this edi- reference for locating states, provinces, and geographical fea-
tion include “Ozone and the Ozone Hole: Their Influence on tures, such as mountain ranges and large bodies of water.
Climate Change" in Chapter 2, and "Atmospheric Stability
and Windy Afternoons—Hold on to Your Hats" in Chapter 5.
Set apart as “Did You Know?” features in each chapter is
weather information that may not be commonly known, yet Supplemental Material
pertains to the topic under discussion. Designed to bring the and Technology Support
reader into the text, most of these weather highlights relate
to some interesting weather fact or astonishing event. Many
TECHNOLOGY FOR THE INSTRUCTOR
new “Did You Know?” items have been added to this edition.
Each chapter incorporates other effective learning aids: PowerLecture This DVD-ROM, free to adopters, includes
art, photos, and tables from the text, as well as prepared lecture
■ A major topic list begins each chapter. outlines in PowerPoint to get you started. Stepped art figures,
■ Interesting introductory pieces draw the reader naturally
zoom art, video library, and an instructor’s manual and test
into the main text. bank are also included, to help create dynamic presentations.
■ Important terms are boldfaced, with their definitions ap-

pearing in the glossary or in the text. Online Instructor’s Manual Free to adopters. Also avail-
■ Key phrases are italicized. able on PowerLecture.
■ English equivalents of metric units are immediately pro- ExamView Quickly create, deliver, and customize tests for
vided in parentheses. class in print and online formats.
■ A brief review of the main points is placed toward the mid-
WebTutor Toolbox for WebCT or Blackboard Jump-
dle of most chapters.
start your course with customizable, rich, text-specific con-
■ Intext callouts direct the student to the CourseMate for
tent within your Course Management System. WebTutor
Essentials of Meteorology website. offers a wide array of web quizzes, activities, exercises, and
■ Each chapter ends with a summary of the main ideas.
web links. Robust communication tools—such as a course
■ A list of key terms with page references follows each chapter, calendar, asynchronous discussion, real-time chat, a white-
allowing students to review and reinforce their knowledge board, and an integrated e-mail system—make it easy to stay
of key concepts. connected to the course.
■ Questions for Review act to check how well students assimi-
Global Geoscience Watch Updated several times a day, the
late the material.
Global Geoscience Watch is an ideal one-stop site for classroom
■ Questions for Thought and Exploration encourage students
discussion and research projects for all things geoscience! Bro-
to synthesize learned concepts for deeper understanding.
ken into the four key course areas (Geography, Geology, Meteo-
■ References to 14 new animations are spread throughout the
rology, and Oceanography), you can easily get to the most rel-
chapters. These new animations help students visualize the
evant content available for your course. You and your students
more difficult concepts in meteorology.
will have access to the latest information from trusted academic
■ Active Figures link art in the text to animations of impor-
journals, news outlets, and magazines. You also will receive ac-
tant concepts, and processes discussed throughout the
cess to statistics, primary sources, case studies, podcasts, and
book. These animations convey an immediate appreciation
much more!
of how a process works in a way that cannot be shown ef-
fectively in a static series of illustrations.
TECHNOLOGY FOR THE STUDENT
Both Animations and Active Figures can be found on the
CourseMate Make the most of your study time by
password protected CourseMate for Essentials of Meteorology
accessing everything you need to succeed in one place.
website.
Read your textbook, take notes, review flashcards, watch
Eight appendixes conclude the book. Some are more
videos, animations, and active figures, and take practice
technical than the main text, such as Appendix B, “Equations
quizzes—online with CourseMate.
and Constants.” Others can be used in observing the weather,
such as Appendix F, “The Beaufort Wind Scale.” In addition,

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

49311_00_FM_pi_xvii.indd xvi 15/11/10 4:08 PM

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