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 STEPHEN JAMES OMEARAS
,r «Mlfi «Hf»!’•’"

WITH BINOCULARS
A SIMPLE GUIDE TO THE HEAVENS
Stephen James O’Meara’s
Observing the Night Sky with
Binoculars

Month by month, constellation by constellation, star by

star, object by object, Stephen James O’Meara takes readers
on a celestial journey to many of the most prominent stars
and constellations visible from mid-northern latitudes.
Filled with interesting anecdotes about the stars and
constellations and their intriguing histories, this book is
both a useful guide for amateur astronomers, and a great
first-time reference for those just starting out. After
describing a constellation’s mythology, readers are guided
in locating and identifying its brightest stars in the sky, as
well as any other bright targets of interest - colorful stars,
double or multiple stars, star clusters and asterisms,
nebulae, galaxies, variable stars, and more.
This book will help beginning stargazers become
familiar with the stars and constellations visible from their
backyards, and explore the brightest and best stars,
nebulae, and clusters visible through inexpensive,
handheld binoculars.

Stephen James O’Meara has spent much of his

career on the editorial staff of Sky & Telescope, and is a
columnist and contributing editor for Astronomy magazine.
He is an award-winning visual observer. His remarkable
skills continually reset the standard of quality for other
visual observers, and he was the first to sight Halley’s
Comet on its return in 1985. The International
Astronomical Union named asteroid 3637 O’Meara in his
honor. Steve is the recipient of the prestigious Lone
Stargazer Award (2001) and the Omega Centauri Award
(1994) for “his efforts in advancing astronomy through
observation, writing, and promotion, and for sharing his
love of the sky.” He has also been awarded the Caroline
Herschel Award for his pre-Voyager visual discovery of the
spokes in Saturn’s B-ring and for being the first to
determine visually the rotation period of Uranus. Steve is
also a contract videographer for National Geographic Digital
Motion, and a contract photographer for National Geographic
Image Collection.
■
Stephen James O’Meara’
Observing the
Night Sky
with Binoculars
A Simple Guide to the Heavens

Cambridge
UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this tide: www.cambridge.org/9780S21721707

© S. J. O'Meara 2008

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2008

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data

O'Meara, Stephen James, 1956-
Stephen James O’Meara’s observing the night sky with binoculars : a simple guide to the heavens / Stephen James O’Meara.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-521-72170-7 (pbk.)
1. Stars - Observers’ manuals. 2. Constellations - Observers’ manuals. 3. Astronomy — Observers’ manuals. 4. Binoculars. I. Tide.
QB63.064 2008
523.8 -dc22 2008027706

ISBN 978-0-521-72170-7 paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibdity for the persistence or

accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to
in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
To Donna,
The love of my life
To Milky Way, Miranda Piewacket, and Pele,
You are my starlight
And to Daisy Duke Such a Joy
My little bit of Heaven here on Earth
Contents

Preface page ix

1 A Dipper full of wonder 1

2 The spring stars 18

1 April 18

2 May 28

3 June 39

3 The summer stars 48

4 July 48

5 August 61

6 September 76

4 The fall stars 81

7 October 81

8 November 89

9 December 99

5 The winter stars 109

10 January 109

11 February 118

12 March 129

Appendix A: The constellations 138

Appendix B: Nova hunting with binoculars 139

Appendix C: Photo credits 142

Index 144

vii
*
Preface

T he night sky is full of wonder. It has a history as old

as human thought, and a scope that is truly infinite.
on binocular observing. Using the Big Dipper as a learning
center has several advantages. Its stars never set from mid¬
Seeing a star-filled sky from a dark location can inspire northern latitudes, they always circle the heavens in the
a lifetime of passion. And what the eye alone sees as an north, and the stars are bright and easy to see, even under
infinite expanse is suddenly and magnificently magnified city lights.
in binoculars. The view awakens the mind to the humbling What follows is a month-by-month journey to many
reality that the heavens are a vast and intangible wilderness of the most prominent stars and constellations visible
with a quiet spirit. There is so much to see, so much to from mid-northern latitudes within two hours of the time
explore, so much to experience, that knowing where to when they are highest in the sky. I encourage you to start
begin and where to look can present a challenge. Now with the opening chapter on the Big Dipper, which will
consider that the stars move as the Earth turns, and our introduce you to just about all the general and repetitive
perspective changes as our planet orbits the Sun. In a way, terms you’ll encounter throughout the book. After that
trying to befriend a star is like trying to grab hold of the you can start your observing program at any given month
golden ring on a merry-go-round. That’s why I created in any given season. Once you begin your journey, try to
this book, to help you make sense of the night sky while follow the progression I have laid out in the book. I have
guiding you to some of the brightest and most attractive carefully planned a very methodical approach to learning
deep-sky wonders visible through handheld binoculars. the stars, with repetition leading to familiarity.
Handheld binoculars are ones that can be held com¬ Each section opens with an introduction that sets the
fortably in the hand - such as 7 x 50 and 10 x 50 celestial stage. It then goes on to preview each constel¬
binoculars; these are, in fact, the binoculars that virtu¬ lation individually, introducing you to the constellation’s
ally all credible sources overwhelmingly recommend to mythology, how to locate and identify its stars in the sky,
beginners, because they have wide fields of view, the best and how to find any bright targets of interest - colorful
eye relief, and are comfortable to hold; they are also within stars, double or multiple stars, star clusters and asterisms,
the price range of most beginning observers. Expensive, nebulae, galaxies, variable stars, and more. Most of the
quality optics do make a great difference in the view. That objects are bright and should be easy to see under a dark
said, the binoculars I used to make the observations in sky, though occasionally, I toss out a challenge. One thing
this book were both inexpensive: one is a pair of old is certain. As the months go by and your observing skills
7 x 50s that I bought at a yard sale for $5; the other is a sharpen, you’ll find it easier and easier to see fainter and
pair of Meade 10 x 50s that I purchased at Radio Shack fainter objects.
for $20. While the objects in this book have been selected Much of the data concerning the stars and
with common optics in mind, they can also be enjoyed by their planets was gleaned from “Stars,” a wonder¬
owners of large binoculars, which will reveal them with ful website (http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/
greater ease and show them with greater clarity. The point sowlist.html) created by Jim Kaler, Professor Emeritus
is you do not have to spend a lot of money to enjoy the of Astronomy, University of Illinois. Variable star data is
stars, the enjoyment comes from within. mainly from the American Association of Variable Star
My approach to helping you get started is different. Observers. I’d like to thank Simon Mitton and Vince Higgs
The book opens by introducing you to the Big Dipper, at Cambridge University Press for encouraging the cre¬
the most recognizable star pattern in the night sky. I then ation of this book. This book also owes a lot to the lov¬
help you to explore many of the naked-eye and binocular ing support of my wife Donna. Finally, a deep bow to
wonders within it. In doing so, you will learn many of my copy-editor Zoe Lewin, whose curiosity for all things
the terms used in amateur astronomy and discover ways to beautiful in the night sky, and her attention to detail, made
measure sky distances, determine direction. You will also this a better book. I, of course, take full responsibility for
learn about star names, stellar magnitudes, spectral types, any slips of the tongue.
and the variety of deep-sky objects accessible through
binoculars. This section also includes several useful tips Stephen James O’Meara
Volcano, Hawaii
July 2007

IX
If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years,

how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many

generations the remembrance of the city of God which had

been shown! But every night come out these envoys of

beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.

- Emerson, from Nature

CHAPTER 1

A Dipper full of wonder

T here is no better way to start our journey than by in horror as Juno, red with rage, transformed her into a
admiring the Big Dipper (also known as the Plough giant bear. First Callisto’s arms turned hairy, then her legs.
or Wagon), the most famous star pattern in the world. Her sensitive jaw became crooked. Her gentle lips peeled
Spending your first nights with this easily seen star pat¬ back to reveal sharp teeth. When the deed was done, Cal¬
tern is also an excellent way to learn the basics of obser¬ listo fled into the woods on all fours. She became terrified
vational astronomy. Doing so will teach you how to use of her new situation, because, although Callisto looked
your binoculars to full advantage; besides, if you’re just like a beast, she had retained her human thoughts and
beginning in'this hobby, you’ll need to know the basics, heart.
which are the building blocks of a strong foundation. I’ve One day, many years later, a young hunter encountered
always been a proponent of learning by doing. So let’s a foraging bear and startled it. Out of surprise, the mighty
get started. But before we do, understand that there’s no bear stood on its hind legs, opened wide its paws, and let
need to rush. The stars, just like our friends, will always out a terrifying roar. The hunter jumped back. The bear
be there for you, night after night, month after month, charged. But just as the hunter raised his spear to lance
year after year. It’s the beauty of longevity. the beast, Jupiter appeared on the scene in time to stop
Let’s start our journey with some understanding. First, the killing. Yes, the bear was Callisto, who, forgetting
the Big Dipper is not a constellation. It is an asterism in the her appearance, was racing toward her long-lost son to
constellation Ursa Major, the Great Bear. An asterism is a embrace him!
familiar pattern of stars that forms part of one or more of To prevent any future tragedy, Jupiter turned Areas into a
the 88 officially recognized constellations (see Appendix A). bear, so he could forever enjoy the company of his mother.
The bowl of the Big Dipper lies in the body of the Bear, The great god then grabbed the two bears by their tails
while the Dipper’s handle is the Bear’s tail — at least that’s and swirled them high over his head. As he swirled the
how the early Greek and Roman stargazers saw it; other massive beasts, their tails stretched to great length before
cultures, such as the Cherokee Indians of the southern Jupiter finally flung them into the heavens. Today we see
Appalachian Mountains, saw the three handle stars as three Callisto and Areas, as Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, the
hunters in pursuit of a bear. Great and Little Bear, respectively.
But the story is not over. When Juno discovered what
Jupiter had done, she was outraged. How could her hus¬
How the Bear got its tail band place that adulteress and her spawn in the night sky

Anyone who has seen a bear knows that its tail is nothing
but a short stub. So why is Ursa Major’s tail so long? The
answer, though a bit of a stretch, comes from the mytho¬
logical tale of Callisto — one of several chaste maidens
who cared for Diana (Artemis),1 the virgin goddess of
the Moon. As fate would have it, Callisto caught the ever-
roaming eye of Jupiter (Zeus), the thunderbolt-wielding
King of the Gods. After a roll in the hay, the maiden bore
Jupiter a son, who she named Areas (Arctos).
Jupiter never could keep a secret from Juno (Hera), Iris
wife and twin sister, who became enraged with jealousy.
When Juno sought out and found Callisto, she grabbed
the nymph by her long golden locks and threw her to
the ground, screaming, “Curse your beauty! I’ll make
sure that no one will desire you ever again!” With those
words, Juno raised her arms. Lightning flashed, and thun¬
der pealed. Powerless to defend herself, Callisto watched

1 The names in parentheses are the Greek counterparts of the

Roman or Latin names.
2 I Observing the Night Sky with Binoculars

so near the heavenly pole? Seeking comfort, she went to If you lived on the equator (latitude 0°), the North Star
her foster parents who ruled the seas and complained: would sit on the north horizon (altitude 0°). Likewise, if,
“Why should anyone fear offending Jupiter when he you live in New York City (40° latitude), the North Star
rewards them for causing me displeasure?” She beseeched is 40° above the north horizon (40° altitude). How high
her relatives to grant her one request: that the bears never is 40°? Draw an imaginary line from the north horizon
set foot in her parents’ sacred waters, as do the other stars to the point overhead (the sky’s zenith). That line spans an
on their nightly courses; instead, she wanted the bears angular distance of 90°. Forty degrees is almost one-half
to circle the pole, night after night, without time to rest. of the way from the horizon to the zenith. Now hold an
And so it is today that observers from mid-northern lati¬ upright fist at arm’s length and look at it with one eye
tudes never see Ursa Major or Ursa Minor set below the closed. The amount of sky covered by the fist is about
horizon; they are circumpolar constellations - ones that cir¬ 10°.
cle the north celestial pole without ever setting, which is
why finding the Big Dipper is always a good way to start
your skywatching experience. Given a low horizon, you
can see it at any time of the year or night.

How to find the Big Dipper Big Dipper %

To find the Big Dipper, you’ll need to get your bearings.

Go outside when twilight ends and allow at least 15 min¬
-/
utes for your eyes to adapt to the growing darkness. As
\ Little Dipper
you wait, determine which way is north; use a compass
i
or the compass setting on your Global Positioning Ser¬
West East
vice (GPS), if necessary. When you face north, your left
arm will point west, your right arm will point east, and
south will lie directly behind you. Find a tree, house, or
other landmark at these cardinal points, and record them
in your observing log. When outside observing, be sure
to use a red flashlight to record your notes; the eye’s rod
cells, which are responsible for our keen night vision, are
insensitive to red light.
The landmarks you select will serve as guides to cer¬
tain stars or constellations mentioned later in this book.
For instance, if I were to tell you to look for a bright star June 20tl»
Looking North 9:00 p m
halfway up the northeastern sky, you will know how to
position your body (say, halfway between an oak tree in
the north and a neighbor’s house in the east) before look¬ For an observer living in New York City to find the
ing up. That said, your first challenge is to find Polaris, North Star, he or she would face north, place the base
the North Star, which will serve as your faithful guiding of their upright fist on the horizon line, make a fist
light. Be warned, despite popular myth, the North Star is with his or her other hand, and place it on top of the
not the brightest star in the night sky; it ranks 48th. But it first fist (like one potato, two potato). Four fists equals
is solitary and obvious; it also shines with a yellow light, about 40°. The North Star should be sitting on the top
so it’s not difficult to detect. fist.
The height of the North Star above your horizon (its Now let’s look for the Big Dipper. Since the Dipper is
altitude) is the same as your latitude on Earth. (Latitude circumpolar, you can go out at any time of the night,
is measured from 0° at the equator to 90° at the pole.) at any time of the year to find it. If you go outside
If you lived on the North Pole (latitude 90°), the North and observe the Big Dipper and the North Star at, say,
Star would be at the zenith (the point in the sky directly 9:00 pm on April 1, then observe them again on the same
overhead; altitude 90°). The reason for this coincidence night three hours later, you will see that the Dipper has
is that the North Star happens to be within 1° of the rotated counterclockwise around the north celestial pole
/
point where Earth’s imaginary axis of rotation intersects
the dome of the sky.2
wobble takes 26,000 years to complete, Earth’s imaginary axis
slowly precesses over the years, transcribing an invisible circular
path in the northern sky. Right now, that point on the circle just
1 It is only by chance that Polaris is so close to the north celestial happens to bring it dose to Polaris, our present day North Star. In
pole. It was not always our pole star and it will not always be our AD 14,000, the bright star Vega will be our pole star. This polar
pole star. As the Earth spins on its axis, gravitational tugs by the precession is also responsible for the dawning of new zodiacal
Sun and Moon cause our planet to wobble like a top. Since one ages, such as the Age of Aquarius.
 A Dipper full of wonder I 3

(from east to west). The pole star will not have moved 9:00 pm but almost directly below it on October 15 at
perceptibly. That’s because the Earth spins on its axis once 9:00 pm.
every 24 hours, which causes us to see the entire sky turn
like a giant wheel at a speed of about 15° per hour. Just as
the Sun rises and sets each day so too do the stars (except
for the circumpolar constellations). Since the North Star
is very close to the point where Earth’s imaginary axis
intercepts the celestial sphere, it stays relatively fixed as
all the other stars rotate around it. Imagine an umbrella April 15: 9 pm
February 15: 1 am
dappled with dots representing the stars. If you spin the December 15: 5 am
axis of the umbrella, the axis will remain fixed while all
the “stars” on the umbrella turn around the axis. This
eternal parade happens in the sky night after night, year
after year.

North Star
July 15: 9 pm
April 15: 3 am
April 15: 3 pm
.January 15: 9 pm
October 15: 3 am

October 15: 9 pm
August 15: 1 am
April 15: 9 am

If you were standing at the North Pole, Earth’s axis Unless it’s spring, you’ll need to observe from a location
would intersect the sky at a point directly overhead (a that offers a clear, low horizon. Otherwise, the Big Dip¬
point we call the north celestial pole). No stars would rise per may be obstructed by houses or trees. Let’s assume
and set because they are moving parallel to the horizon. If it is April 1 at 9:00 pm. Go outside, face north, then
you were at the equator, the north celestial pole would be look high overhead — high enough to get a crick in
on the horizon, so all the stars would rise and set. For an the neck. The seven stars of the Big Dipper should be
observer halfway between the pole and the equator, the prominently placed with the Dipper’s bowl “pouring” its
north celestial pole is halfway (45°) above the horizon. celestial waters down to the thirsty Earth (April show¬
Therefore, any star within 45° of the north celestial pole ers bring May flowers). To confirm you have the right
is circumpolar, meaning that as the Earth turns, it will star pattern, hold out your hand at arm’s length, close
remain in view all night and never set. one eye, and spread your fingers; the Big Dipper should
If the Earth did not orbit the Sun, this eternal parade stretch fully from the tip of your thumb to the tip of
would always start and end at the same point in the sky. your pinky. The photo on the next page illustrates this
In other words, the Big Dipper would be in the same technique.
position in the sky on April 1 at 9:00 pm as it would Once you’re certain you have found these stars, turn
be on December 1 at 9:00 pm. But the Earth does orbit your attention to Dubhe and Merak, the two stars at the
the Sun - once every 365^ days. As a result, the part of end of the Big Dipper’s bowl. These are the famous Pointer
the sky that we see each night changes. Each night any stars, because if you extend an imaginary line from Merak,
given star will rise four minutes earlier than it did on the through Dubhe away from the Bowl, they will point io
previous night. The change adds up. A star that rises in the North Star. Extend your hand once again and spread
the east at 9:00 pm on April 1 will be high in the south your fingers. If you place the pinky of your right hand
at 9:00 pm on July 1. At 9:00 pm on October 1, the star at the position of Dubhe, and twist your thumb toward
will be setting in the west. Although the circumpolar con¬ the horizon, the North Star should be a short distance
stellations never rise or set, we still see them perform a beyond your thumb. The North Star marks the tip of the
yearly, counterclockwise march around the north celes¬ Litde Bear’s tail, but we will not concern ourselves with
tial pole. Look at the chart on this page. The Big Dipper the rest of that dim constellation right now, because it is
is almost directly above the North Star on April 15 at best seen in the autumn.
4 I Observing the Night Sky with Binoculars

binocular field, being near opposite edges. Throughout

this book I have adopted a binocular field of view of 7°
to help you find objects in the sky.

Name those stars

The chart on the next page shows the constellation of Ursa
Major labeled with lower-case Greek letters and numbers.
The Greek letters are a system of stellar nomenclature
introduced in 1603 by Bavarian astronomer Johann Bayer,
Sky measures who labeled stars in each constellation according to their
brightness. The most prominent star was given the letter
The Big Dipper should also be three fists above the North Alpha (a); the faintest became Omega (to).
Star. Of course, the amount of sky your fist covers will
depend on the size of your hand and the length of your
arm. For instance, I find my fist covers a little more than The Greek alphabet (lower case)
10°, and that I’m more comfortable using just my four
fingers. ot Alpha i Iota P Rho
You can determine more precisely how your fingers (3 Beta K Kappa cr Sigma
and hands measure up by using the stars of the Big Dip¬ Y Gamma A Lambda T Tau
6 Delta Mu V Upsilon
per to help you visualize apparent sky distances. Hold up
e Epsilon "V Nu 4) Phi
a fist against the bowl of the Big Dipper. It should fit con¬
veniently inside the stars that mark the open part of the
C Zeta Xi X Chi
Eta o Omicron Psi
bowl, which are separated by 10°. Your hand with out¬
0 Theta 7T Pi UJ Omega
stretched fingers spans about 22°, which, again, is nearly
the full length of the Big Dipper — from tip of the bowl
to tip of the handle. To make life easier, most sources There are exceptions, though, such as with the stars in the
round that number off to 20° (which I’ve done in this Big Dipper, which are labeled in order of celestial longi¬
book), though I find my outstretched hand covers about tude (as measured from west to east), not by brightness.
25°(see the photo at above). So measuring sky distances So Dubhe is the Alpha (a) star of Ursa Major. Astronomers
with your hands is a rough sport but one that at least gets condense it all by saying that Dubhe is Alpha (a) Ursae
you in the ballpark. That said, the distance between Dubhe Majoris, which is the Greek letter followed by the Latin
and Merak is only 5° - about the width of two or three genitive of the constellation name (see Appendix A).
fingers held at arm’s length; you decide. Now take your Other stars have number identifications. These are Flam¬
binoculars and hold them up to the Pointer stars in the steed numbers. Like the Greek letters, a Flamsteed num¬
Big Dipper’s bowl. Most binoculars give a field of view ber precedes the Latin genitive of the constellation: 80
around 7 , so the pointer stars should fit nicely in the Ursae Majoris (Alcor), for example. John Flamsteed was
 A Dipper full of wonder I 5

North

24* 0* ,
fJI*
Ursa Major CTl W T

(The Great Bear) • •

0
3

a
•
*v
’• - • .5 Big Dipper
C e •
•
B
26®*
• Y
T) e m1
K
East West
(•:
Y
•
#^

*
U
*

«: V

South

a prodigious eighteenth-century observer who dedicated around 6 th magnitude. The faintest stars visible at a glance
30 years of his life to measuring star positions, which in 10 X 50 binoculars shine at about 9 th magnitude. Lim¬
he dutifully cataloged in his Historia Coelestis Britannica iting magnitude is a very conservative number; your visual
(1725) in order of their celestial longitude, again from limit will vary depending on your location, the clarity of
west to east. Note that, on occasion, I have also added the atmosphere, the degree of light pollution, your binoc¬
to the charts some stars that have an italicized lower¬ ulars, your visual acuity, the time you spend looking, and
case letter, like a or b; these are additional guide stars your expertise.
(those with no Greek letter or Flamsteed designations), Mathematically, a 1 st-magnitude star is 2.512 times
which you’ll find described in the text as Star a or Star brighter than a 2nd-magnitude star, which is 2.5 12 times
b, etc. brighter than a 3rd-magnitude star, and so on. The math
works out nicely so that a star of 1 st magnitude is exactly
100 times brighter than a star of 6th magnitude. Since
Delta Ursae Majoris shines at 3rd magnitude, it appears
Star brightness about 2 y times fainter than the other stars in the Big Dip¬
per, which are all 2nd magnitude. (Think of magnitude as
Look carefully at the seven stars of the Big Dipper with “class,” where a first-class star is brighter than a second-
your unaided eyes. At first glance all of the Dipper’s stars class star, and so on.)
will appear to shine at about the same brightness. But The chart on the next page shows some star mag¬
notice how Delta (8) Ursae Majoris, the star in the bowl nitudes (placed in parentheses) in and around the Big
closest to the handle, is slighdy dimmer than the rest. Dipper’s handle. The magnitudes have been rounded off.
Astronomers refer to an object’s apparent brightness as Learn to discern the difference between these magnitudes,
its magnitude. The brighter an object appears, the smaller because throughout the book I will refer to stars by their
the numerical value of its apparent magnitude. On the rounded-off magnitudes, telling you to look, say, for a
brighter side of the magnitude scale, the values soar into 4th-magnitude, or an 8th-magnitude, star. Having a clear
the negative numbers; Sirius, for example, the bright¬ idea of how bright or faint a star will appear with your
est star in the night sky, shines at magnitude —1.5. The unaided eyes or through binoculars will help you in your
faintest stars visible at a glance to the unaided eye hover searches.
6 I Observing the Night Sky with Binoculars

now and try to perceive these different distances. It’s hard

Stellar magnitudes to do because we see the sky as a two-dimensional sphere,
in the but the night sky really is a vast and deep sea of space. (Try
Big Dipper’s handle to imagine the stars, as bioluminescent deep-sea creatures,
at different depths.) Come back to Earth 100,000 years
from now, and the Big Dipper will no longer appear as
it does today. As Dubhe-and Alkaid move on their own
separate ways, the familiar Dipper pattern will change to
what looks more like a scoop than the Plough so familiar
to British observers.

The slowly changing shape of the Big Dipper

Distance and depth perception

Look at the chart below. It gives the distances to the stars
in the Big Dipper as measured in light years (ly). A light
year is the distance light will travel in one year. At a rate Another member of the Ursa Major Moving Group can
of 186,000 miles per second, light will travel 6 trillion be seen with the naked eye. Look at Zeta (£) Ursae Majoris
miles in a year, so 1 light year equals 6 trillion miles. (Mizar), the second star from the tip of the Bear’s tail. Do
Notice how the five central stars of the Big Dipper — you see its 4th-magnitude companion immediately to the
Beta (P), Gamma (y), Delta (8), Epsilon (e), and northeast? If so, you’ve seen the lightweight Rider (Alcor)
Zeta (^) - all lie at similar distances (roughly 80 ly). That’s of the ancient Arabian Horse (Mizar). You’ve also seen
because they are the brightest members of the Ursa Major your first optical double star and perhaps your first physical
Moving Group - a loosely bound open star cluster that has, binary star as well.
in addition to the five stars of the Big Dipper mentioned An optical double star is a pair of stars that, to the eye,
above, about a half dozen fainter members splashed across appear very close together on the celestial sphere. Some
a volume of space that measures 18 by 3 0 light years. double stars will look single to the unaided eye but appear
as two close objects through binoculars. Although the two
Distances of the Big Dipper’s stars stars look like physical companions, they’re actually many

measured in light years (ly) light years apart and just happen to appear in nearly the
same line of sight; imagine two ships a mile apart passing
mfAlcor) one another on a distant horizon.
r (Mizar)
Now imagine that the closer the ships appear to get, the
#_—'* 'U*ly
T1 (Alkaid) • more difficult they become to see as two objects. But if
g (Mcgrez) m a (Dubhe)
,2Jly him?' • III ly J 140 ly
you were to look at the ships with binoculars, they would
Ml ly
\
once again be separated by a respectable distance. In time,
/
n (Merak) they would once again blend. But if you looked at them
Y (Phad)
79 ly
K4 ly
through a telescope, they would split once again and so
on. And so it is with the night sky and the chance align¬
ment of stars. Some pairs of stars are easily seen with the
unaided eye, others require either binoculars or a tele¬
Alpha (a) Ursae Majoris (Dubhe) and Eta (t|) Ursae scope to detect.
Majoris (Alkaid) are not members of the Moving Group, If two close stars are physically related, meaning that
being 140 and 124 light years distant, respectively. They they lie at the same distance and orbit one another around
are moving in their own separate paths. Take a moment a common center of gravity, then we call it a binary star
 A Dipper full of wonder I 7

new planet, which he named after his sovereign, the Land¬

Ships passing in the night grave Ludwig of Hessen-Darmstadt. Liebknecht’s contem¬
poraries were not convinced, and they quickly proved that
Sidus Ludoviciana is a fixed star. Furthermore, the noted Ger¬
man philosopher L. P. Thule distributed his own pamphlet
criticizing Liebknecht’s claim, adding that it was hardly
necessary for Liebknecht to announce every telescopic star
as new and to give it a special name.

system. Since Alcor and Mizar are part of the Ursa Major
Moving Group, they are, in fact, relatively close, being sep¬
arated by only three light years. Although it’s uncertain as
to whether the two stars can be physically attracted at that
distance, it is possible that they may be weakly associated,
taking at least 750,000 years to orbit one another!
If you have a telescope, you’ll see that Mizar splits Averted vision
again, having another faint, companion nearby. In fact,
astronomers with powerful telescopes have found that If you cannot see Sidus Ludoviciana using direct vision, try
each of these two components is again double! So Mizar looking out of the corner of your eye. The star should snap
is not a double star but a quartet of stars, a double-double. clearly into view. This observing technique, called averted,
It becomes a quintuple star if you include Alcor. or peripheral, vision, is used by all visual astronomers.
So far, we’ve only encountered angular sky measures Averted vision places the object we want to study on the
on the order of degrees. But they also divide into smaller eye’s night-sensitive (low-light) rod cells, which line the
units called arc minutes (') and arc seconds ("): 10 is outer surface of the retina (the layer of cells at the back
of a circle; 1 arc minute (1') is of a degree, and 1 arc of the eye). When you use direct vision, the star’s light
second (1") is ^ of an arc minute. Your pinky held at falls on the retina’s fovea (central portion), which is lined
arm’s length covers about 1° of sky; half a pinky, then is with day-sensitive (bright-light) cone cells, so it does not
equal to 30 arc minutes (30'). The full Moon measures appear as prominent.
30' across, as does the Sun. The unaided eye can resolve The more you practice using averted vision, the easier it
objects that are separated by about 4' and greater, while a becomes to see fainter and fainter objects. If you still can’t
pair of 10 X 50 binoculars can split double stars on the see the star, don’t worry. Try again on another night. Your
range of 34 arc seconds (34") and greater, depending on eyes might be fatigued, or the sky conditions might not be
your expertise or whether you use a tripod. optimal. Note, however, that sometimes when objects are
Look at Alcor and Mizar with your unaided eyes. These bright enough, and close enough, direct vision will help
stars are separated by a respectable 14 arc minutes (147), you to resolve them best. Be sure to record the details
which is about half the apparent diameter of the Moon of each observation in your observing log. Throughout
or Sun. Now use your binoculars to look for an 8 th- the book, I will remind you when to use averted vision,
magnitude star almost midway between them and a bit especially if the object being discussed is faint.
south. This is Sidus Ludoviciana. While surveying the heav¬ Your retina may also have a specific spot that’s highly
ens with a small telescope on December 2, 1722, J. G. sensitive to dim light. You can find that spot by trial and
Liebknecht, a German theologian and mathematician, error. Once that visual “hot spot” is located, you will
chanced upon this star. After making some crude and know how to position your head to best see dim objects.
inaccurate measurements of the star’s position, he con¬ I find, for instance, that if I direct my gaze at the 4:00
vinced himself that the object had moved. He then wrote position angle from the object, I have the best chance of
and distributed a pamphlet announcing his discovery of a seeing it clearly. Note, however, that the eye has a blind
8 I Observing the Night Sky with Binoculars

diately apparent: All the stars in the Big Dipper have a

Why averted vision works whitish, or bluish-white hue, except for Dubhe, which
has a distinct golden patina. Actually Dubhe is a double
Rod cells Cone cells Rod cells treat. Not only is the star colorful, but it has a striking (but
(Night sensitive) (Day sensitive) (Night sensitive)
physically unrelated), 7 th-magnitude binocular compan¬
Rlitul cnnl
ion about 5 arc minutes (5') away, roughly in the direction
of Beta (p) Ursae Majo'fis.
A star’s color depends on the temperature of its surface
gases. Think of molten metal when it cools: the color
gradually shifts from blue-white, to yellow, to orange, to
red, before it turns completely black. Each color in this
spectrum (rainbow) corresponds to a specific wavelength of
light, which emits a certain amount of heat energy. Like
the hottest metals, the hottest stars shine with a bluish-
white hue, while the coolest stars have a reddish tint.
(Thus the saying “Red-giant stars aren’t so hot.”)
Ironically, in the visual arts, warmer colors have the
coolest thermal properties, and vice versa, so don’t be
confused. The visual warmth of color refers to the appear¬
ance of an object as if its surface were being warmed by
the rich golden shades of sunset, or by the orange glow
of a distant fire; cool colors on the other hand refer to
those that remind one of snow or ice. So, while Dubhe
has a warmer visual hue than Alkaid, Dubhe’s physical
temperature is actually much lower, although still hot by
Earth standards.
Using the color spectrum as a guide, astronomers have
created a classification scheme for stars based largely on
their surface temperatures. The scheme uses seven let¬
ters to represent the seven main spectral types. Rang¬
ing from hot to cold, they are 0, B, A, F, G, K, M. (One
favorite mnemonic for memorizing the spectral types of
stars is Oh, Be A Fine Guy/Gal, Kiss Me.) For precision,
spot at the position of the optic nerve; if starlight hits that astronomers have further subdivided the spectral types
spot, it will disappear. It takes practice to know just how into 10 subclasses (which range from 0 to 9). If you
far away from the object you have to look in the direction know a star’s spectral type, then you’ll know its temper¬
of your visual “hot spot” to get the maximum benefit. ature range. A star’s temperature is measured in Kelvin (K),
Observing, like any sport, requires practice if you want which begins at absolute zero (—273 degrees Celsius, or
to be good at the game. —459 degrees Fahrenheit). The chart below shows the

Star color
The classification of stars by spectral type

One of the many enjoyable aspects of binocular observing

Examples in
is looking for color differences among the stars. For this Spectral Ursa Major
you want to use direct vision, so that the star’s light falls type Color range Temperature (K) (UMa)
directly onto the eye’s color-sensitive, cone cells. While
most stars look white at a glance, a careful survey of the 0 Blue 31,500-50,000
sky will show that some have a bluish tint (like glacial B Blue-white 10,000-31,500 Eta (»/) UMa
ice), others look more yellow (like our Sun); still others A White 7,500-10,000 Beta (j8),

can appear orange or red. The color differences you see Gamma (y).
Delta (<5),
might be negligible or subtle at first, but they do become /

Epsilon (e),
more apparent with experience. It’s a skill (or perception)
Zeta (f) UMa
that grows with time.
F Yellow-white 6,000-7,500 Theta (6) UMa
Start by looking at Eta (t|) Ursae Majoris (Alkaid), the
G Yellow 5,300-6,000 Xi ($) UMa
star at the end of the Big Dipper’s handle. Now move
K Orange 3,800-5,300 Alpha (or) UMa
star by star along the Big Dipper until you reach Alpha
M Orange-red 2,100-3,800 Iota (() UMa
(a) Ursae Majoris (Dubhe). Two things should be imme-
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