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Scaling Machine Learning with
Spark
Designing Distributed ML Platforms with PyTorch,
TensorFlow, and MLLib

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Adi Polak
Machine Learning with Apache Spark
by Adi Polak
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978-1-098-10675-1
Chapter 1. Managing the ML
Experiments Lifecycle with
MLFlow

A NOTE FOR EARLY RELEASE READERS

With Early Release ebooks, you get books in their earliest
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If you have comments about how we might improve the content and/or
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In the field of machine learning development and data science, it is complex

to record, integrate and build models collaboratively while experimenting
with a combination of features, standardization techniques, and
hyperparameters. In addition, it’s a complete task to track experiments,
reproduce results, package models for deployment, store and manage
models without distorting the company’s core goals
Due to the above-given reasons, it is obvious there is a need to evolve ML
development and make it a more robust, predictable, standardized, and
filtered software development. To go further with this, many organizations
have started to build internal machine learning platforms to manage the ML
lifecycle, and yet they still face challenges like most of the ML platforms
often support only a small set of built-in algorithms of ML libraries which
are bound to each company’s infrastructure. Moreover, these platforms are
usually not open source, and users cannot easily leverage new ML libraries
or share their work with others in the community.
Managing ML Experiment lifecycle can be also referred to as MLOps,
which is a combination of machine learning, development, and operations.
Machine learning is all about the experiment itself, training, tuning, and
finding the optimal model. Development is about developing the pipelines
and tools to integrate and take the machine learning model from the
development / experimental stage to staging and production. And lastly,
operations is about the CI/CD tools, monitoring, and managing the models
at scale. Take a look at Figure 1-1, each step of the model lifecycle needs to
be supported by the team in charge of the overall MLOps.
 Figure 1-1. Machine Learning Model life cycle, from development to archiving

ML Experiments are ML pipeline code living in a repository, for example,

Git branch. They contain Code + Data + Model and are an integral part of
the R&D software lifecycle. For this book, we chose MLFlow because it is
open-source, natively integrated with Apache Spark, and allows us to
manage the ML experiment by abstracting away complex functionality
while allowing flexibility for collaboration and expanding to other tools.

What Is MLflow
MLflow is a platform that makes it simpler to manage the ML lifecycle. It
allows the user and its team to have a standardized structure to manage
data, including its experimentation, reproducibility, deployment, and a
central model registry.
MLflow redefines feature organization and integrates the entire ML
workflow. From overarching experiments to single-run trials to individual
members of the team, MLflow allows you to track your process efficiently.
Every hyperparameter tweak, every feature change, every possible metric
can be recorded in one organized location using MLflow. It is the tool that
keeps your team in sync and interconnected.
From a high-level approach, you can split it into two main components, the
tracking server and the model registry as shown in Figure 1-2, the rest are
supporting components of the flow. After the model is registered, the team
can build the automated jobs and REST serving to move it downstream.
Notice that the platform itself does not handle the model move from staging
all the way to archive, which requires dedicated engineering work.
 Figure 1-2. Databricks diagram of MLflow

Software Components of MLFlow Platform

To better understand how it works, let’s take a look at its software
components which consist of storage, a backend server, a front-end/UI
component, API, and CLI.
Storage
 MLflow provides support for connecting to multiple storage types and
leveraging them to track the ml workflow. Storage can be a directory of
files, databases, or any other notion of storage. It contains all the
information about the experiments, multiple runs, parameters, etc.

Backend server
Responsible for communicating information between the
database/storage, UI, SDK, and CLI to the rest of the components.
Capture logs from experiments, etc.

Front-end
This is the UI side, where we can interact/track experiments and runs in
a visual manner, as shown in figure 3-2.

API and CLI

The code we write and the command line we use with MLFlow.

We can interact with the MLFlow platform from the API, CLI, or its UI.
Behind the scenes, it tracks all the information we provide it with. The
API/CLI also generates dedicated directories that can be pushed to a git
repository for better collaboration. In Figure 1-3 you can see a UI example
of managing multiple runs within an experiment.
 Figure 1-3. shows multiple runs and their tracking as part of an experiment

Use of MLflow in Different Organizations

As you can imagine, many parts come together to complete the puzzle of
productionizing machine learning and building the lifecycle end-to-end.
Because of this, MLFlow is usable in different organizations, and many
technological personas are going to work with it. Some of these personas
include:
Individual Users
As an individual without organizational responsibility, you can use
MLFlow to track experiments locally on your machine, organize code in
projects for future use, and output models that you can later test on fresh
data. You can also use it for organizing your research work.

Data Science Teams

As a team, data scientists working on the same problem and
experimenting with different models can compare their results by
deploying MLflow Tracking. Anyone with access to the git repository
can download and run another team member’s model. Access MLflow
UI to track the various parameters and get a better understanding of the
experiment stage.

Organizations
From an organizational point of view, you can package training and data
preparation steps for team collaboration and compare results from
various teams working on the same task. For example, engineering
teams can easily move workflows from R&D to staging to production.
They can share projects, models, and results and run another team’s
code using MLflow Projects.

ML Engineers/ Developers
Often, data scientists will work together with ML/AI engineers. Using
MLflow, data scientists and engineers can publish code to GitHub in the
MLflow project format, making it easy for anyone to run their code. In
addition, ML engineers can output models in the MLflow Model format
to automatically support deployment using MLflow’s built-in tools. ML
 Engineering will also work together with the DevOps team to define the
webhooks around MLFlow databases for moving the model between
development stages, from development, validating, staging, production,
and retiring.

Logic Components of MLflow

MLflow currently offers four logic components, tracking, for capturing the
parameters and information related to the experiment, a project component
that captures the whole project under a file system, models, a logic
component that tracks the models and is saved within the project, and lastly,
the registry abstract the storage that captures information related to the
experiment and state of a model. Let’s discuss them in detail.

MLflow Tracking
MLflow Tracking can be used in a standalone script (not bound to any
specific framework) or notebook. It provides an API, UI, and a CLI for
logging experiment parameters, code itself and its versions, ML metrics,
and output files when running your machine learning code to later visualize
them. It also enables you to log and query experiments using Python and
some other APIs.
MLflow Tracking is based on the concept of runs end experiments, which
are nothing but executions of some data science code. You can define how
to record MLflow runs, it can be to local files, databases, or remotely to a
tracking server. By default, the MLflow Python API logs run locally to files
in `mlruns` directory.
Runs
Generally speaking, run is an execution of some piece of data science
code that is logged and packaged as part of the experiment.

Experiments
 An experiment can have many runs. This is the primary access control
for the runs.

Runs are recorded for further use and tracked using MLflow Python, R,
Java, and REST APIs from anywhere you run your code. You can use
tracking capabilities in a standalone program, remote cloud machine, or a
notebook. It tracks the project URI and source version in recorded runs as
part of the MLflow Project. Which later allows you to query all the
recorded runs using Tracking UI or the MLflow API.

How to use MLflow Tracking to record Runs

Let’s assume we have a TensorFlow experiment that we want to run and
track with MLFlow. Our first step is to import the mlflow.tensorflow library.
After that, we can leverage auto logging capabilities or log the params and
metrics programmatically.
To start the run, in Python we can use the with operator - with
mlflow.start_run() - This API call singles a new run within an
experiment, if one exists. If no experiment exists, it automatically creates a
new one. You can create your own experiment with
mlflow.create_experiment() API or the UI. Within the run, you
develop your training code and leverage log_params and log_metric for
tracking important information. At the end, you log your model and all
necessary artifacts ( more on that later). Check out the code snippet in
Example 3-1 to better understand how the flow works:
Example 1-1. Example 3-1
[source,python]
import mlflow
import mlflow.tensorflow
# Enable mlflow autolog to log the metrics and model
mlflow.tensorflow.autolog()
with mlflow.start_run():
# Log parameters (key-value pairs)
mlflow.log_param("num_dimensions", 8)
...
# Log any float metric; metrics can be updated throughout the run
mlflow.log_metric("alpha", 0.1)
... some machine learning training code
...
# Log artifacts (output files)
mlflow.log_artifact("model.pkl")
mlflow.log_model(“ml_model_path”)
Auto logs metrics, parameters, and artifacts
Launch a new run under this experiment or launch an existing
experiment if one is given to it.
Log the partners we use in our ml algorithm.
Log the metrics that can be updated throughout the run.
Log the artifact of the project.
Log the machine learning model itself.

As of writing this book, mlflow.tensorflow.autolog() is an experimental

method in version 1.20.2. It uses the TensorFlow Callbacks mechanism to
hook various functionality into the training, evaluating, and predicting
phase.
Callbacks
Callbacks can be passed to TensorFlow methods such as fit, evaluate,
and predict in order to hook into the various stages of the model training
and inference lifecycle. For example, you can leverage them to stop the
training phase at the end of an epoch and cut costs on compute when
training has reached the desired accuracy by configuring the parameters
during the run. Callbacks in TensorFlow are part of Keras library
`tf.keras.callbacks.Callback`, whereas, in PyTorch, they
are part of `pytorch_lightning.callbacks’. PyTorch behaves
differently as callbacks are often done with extension to the PyTorch
library, where the most used one is the open-source PyTorch Lightning
library backed by Grid.AI company.

Epoch
Epoch indicated the number of passes machine learning training
algorithms do on the entire training dataset. One epoch is one pass over
the whole dataset. In each cycle of an epoch, you can access the logs
and programmatically make decisions using Callbacks.
At the beginning of the training, MLFlow AutoLog tries to log all the
configurations that are relevant for the training. Later, on each epoch cycle,
it captures the logs metrics, including updating the overall training t. At the
end of the training, it logs the model using `mlflow.keras.log_model`
functionality. Hence it covers logging the whole lifecycle, where you can
add additional parameters and artifacts you wish to log with it using the rich
functionality like mlflow.log_param’, `mlflow.log_metric`,
`mlflow.log_artifact`, and more.
Autolog is also available for PyTorch, as demonstrated in Example 3-2.
Example 1-2. Example 3-2
[source, python]import mlflow.pytorch
# Auto log all MLflow entities
mlflow.pytorch.autolog()

However, it is recommended that you programmatically log the params,

metrics, models, and artifacts as a general role. The same recommendation
applies to working with Spark MLlib.

Log your dataset path and version

For experiment tracking, reproducibility, and collaboration, I advise logging
the dataset path and version together with the model name and path, during
the training phase. In the future, it will allow you to reproduce the model
given the exact dataset when necessary and also differentiate between
models that were trained with the same algorithm but different versions of
the input.
For that, I recommend using the `mlflow.log_param()` functionality.
Example 1-3. Example 3-3
[source, python]
dataset_params = {"dataset_name": "twitter-accounts",
"dataset_version": 2.1}
# Log a batch of parameters
with mlflow.start_run():
mlflow.log_params(dataset_params)

Another recommended option is using the run tags as part of the start_run.
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