Climate Change in the Anthropocene 1st Edition

Kieran D. Ohara fast download

Purchase at ebookmeta.com
https://ebookmeta.com/product/climate-change-in-the-
anthropocene-1st-edition-kieran-d-ohara/

★★★★★
4.6 out of 5.0 (81 reviews )

Get Your PDF Now

 Climate Change in the Anthropocene 1st Edition Kieran D.
Ohara

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookmeta.com
to discover even more!

Apocalyptic Visions in the Anthropocene and the Rise of

Climate Fiction 1st Edition Kubra Baysal

https://ebookmeta.com/product/apocalyptic-visions-in-the-
anthropocene-and-the-rise-of-climate-fiction-1st-edition-kubra-
baysal/

The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Special

Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-ocean-and-cryosphere-in-a-
changing-climate-special-report-of-the-intergovernmental-panel-
on-climate-change-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change/

Dwelling in the Age of Climate Change 1st Edition Kelly

https://ebookmeta.com/product/dwelling-in-the-age-of-climate-
change-1st-edition-kelly/

Epiphany Individuation and Human Flourishing Essays on

Nature Beauty and Art Frances Gray

https://ebookmeta.com/product/epiphany-individuation-and-human-
flourishing-essays-on-nature-beauty-and-art-frances-gray/
Understanding the Leitmotif From Wagner to Hollywood
Film Music Bribitzer-Stull

https://ebookmeta.com/product/understanding-the-leitmotif-from-
wagner-to-hollywood-film-music-bribitzer-stull/

Teaching English Language Learners 43 Strategies for

Successful K 8 Classrooms 1st Edition Michaela Colombo

https://ebookmeta.com/product/teaching-english-language-
learners-43-strategies-for-successful-k-8-classrooms-1st-edition-
michaela-colombo/

Numerical Analysis or Numerical Method in Symmetry

Clemente Cesarano Editor

https://ebookmeta.com/product/numerical-analysis-or-numerical-
method-in-symmetry-clemente-cesarano-editor/

Bette Davis Black and White 1st Edition Julia A. Stern

https://ebookmeta.com/product/bette-davis-black-and-white-1st-
edition-julia-a-stern/

A Game of Gods 1st Edition Scarlett St. Clair.

https://ebookmeta.com/product/a-game-of-gods-1st-edition-
scarlett-st-clair/
Quantitative Chemical Analysis Tenth Edition Daniel C
Harris Charles A Lucy

https://ebookmeta.com/product/quantitative-chemical-analysis-
tenth-edition-daniel-c-harris-charles-a-lucy/
CLIMATE CHANGE IN
THE ANTHROPOCENE
CLIMATE CHANGE IN
THE ANTHROPOCENE

KIERAN D. O’HARA
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States

Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on
how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies
and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the
Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright
by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional
practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety
and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or
editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a
matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any
methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN: 978-0-12-820308-8

For Information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at

https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Candice Janco

Acquisitions Editor: Marisa LaFleur
Editorial Project Manager: Jose Paolo Valeroso
Production Project Manager: Bharatwaj Varatharajan
Cover Designer: Christian J. Bilbow

Typeset by Aptara, New Delhi, India

CONTENTS

Preface ix

PART I 1
1 Our globally changing climate 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Global temperature 4
1.3 Land surface temperature 5
1.4 Sea surface temperature 6
1.5 Global surface temperature 7
1.6 Trends in global temperatures 7
1.7 Trends in global precipitation 8
1.8 Extreme weather events 9
1.9 Changes in the cryosphere 10
1.10 Changes in sea level 14
1.11 Changes in land processes 14
References 16

2 Physical drivers of climate change 19

2.1 The global radiation budget 19
2.2 The greenhouse effect 19
2.3 Radiation forcing 22
2.4 Global warming potential 24
2.5 Greenhouse gases 25
2.6 Aerosols 29
2.7 Climate response 30
2.8 Feedbacks 32
2.9 Albedo feedbacks 34
2.10 Ocean chemistry, ecosystems, and circulation 35
2.11 Permafrost 38
References 38

3 Evaluation of climate model performance 41

3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Model types 42
3.3 Model improvements 43

v
vi Contents

3.4 Model evaluation 44

3.5 Ensemble approach to evaluation 45
3.6 Model intercomparisons 45
3.7 Results 46
3.8 The ocean 48
3.9 Carbon cycle 52
3.10 The Paris Accords 53
3.11 Representative climate pathways 53
3.12 Near-term climate projections 54
3.13 Long-term projections 57
References 60

4 Paleoclimates 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Preindustrial external radiative forcings 65
4.3 High CO2 worlds 67
4.4 Pleistocene glacial-interglacial dynamics 69
4.5 The CLIMAP Project 71
4.6 Holocene climate 73
References 76

PART II 79
5 Climate impacts: US sectors and regions 81
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Key sectors 81
5.3 Regional climate impacts 95
References 101

6 Adaptation 105
6.1 Introduction 105
References 121

7 Mitigation 123
7.1 Introduction 123
7.2 GHG emission trends 125
7.3 Emission drivers 127
7.4 Carbon intensity of energy 129
7.5 Sectors 130
7.6 Buildings 136
 Contents vii

7.7 Shared socioeconomic pathways – quantifying the paths 137

7.8 Comparison of SSP1 and SSP3 138
7.9 SSP5. Fossil fuel development 139
References 140

PART III 143

o o
8 1.5 C versus 2.0 C warming 145
8.1 Introduction 145
8.2 1.5o C and 2.0o C warming 147
8.3 Natural systems 149
8.4 Human systems 153
References 155

9 Getting to net zero by 2050 157

9.1 Introduction 157
9.2 The current situation (2021) 158
9.3 Road to net-zero emissions 2050 160
9.4 Population and GDP 161
9.5 Energy and CO2 prices 161
9.6 CO2 emissions 162
9.7 Total energy supply 162
9.8 Economic sectors 163
9.9 Conclusions 164
References 164

10 Climate engineering 167

10.1 Introduction 167
10.2 Solar radiation management 168
10.3 Aerosol injection into the stratosphere 169
10.4 Albedo enhancement of low-level marine clouds 174
10.5 Surface albedo enhancement 176
10.6 Carbon dioxide removal 176
10.7 Discussion 183
References 184

Index 187
Preface

The Greek word for human kind is anthropos. The term Anthropocene
was proposed over two decades ago by Paul Crutzen (atmospheric scientist
and Nobel laureate) and Eugene Stoermer (biologist) to indicate a new
geological epoch in which the intensity of human activity strongly impacted
Earth Systems, thereby marking the end of the current Holocene epoch,
and justifying a new epoch. The Anthropocene has not been formalized
as a new geologic epoch and even the boundary between it and the earlier
Holocene has not yet been agreed upon,but the term nevertheless has gained
widespread currency in both the scientific and popular literature.
This book follows the original suggestion that the Industrial Revolu-
tion marks the beginning of the Anthropocene, marked by the transition
from a pastoral lifestyle to an industrial one largely based in cities (circa
1800 AD). This time frame corresponds to an increase in burning of coal
and increased emissions of greenhouse gases,especially carbon dioxide.Based
on ice cores, the preindustrial atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide
was about 280 ppm (compared to ∼420 ppm in 2020) and is commonly
used as a reference point when discussing climate change. By 2017, the
global mean surface temperature had increased by 1.0°C (± 0.2) (1.8°F) since
preindustrial times, and both of these reference frames are used throughout
the book.
The concept of the Anthropocene provides a lens through which insight
into man’s effects on the environment can be viewed in a structured histor-
ical fashion. It is worth noting that the geological community on altering
the geological time scale moves at a glacial pace: in 1878, Charles Lapworth,
proposed the Ordovician Period to be placed between the younger Silurian
Period and the older Cambrian Period; the proposal was formally accepted
in 1976.
This book is to a large extent based on the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) reports. The World Meteorological Organization
(WMO) together with the United Nations provides the basis for these
reports which are published approximately every five or six years. The
United States Government’s Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4,
2017), with input from 13 government agencies, is also heavily relied upon
and its conclusions agree closely with those of the IPCC reports. The fifth
IPCC report (IPCC-AR5) was published in 2013–2014 and the latest report

ix
x Preface

(IPCC-AR6) was published in August of 2021, having been delayed by the

global pandemic of 2020. Report volumes are divided into three working
groups (WG1, II, III), and each chapter commonly has twenty or more
international expert authors and each volume is weighty, often at a thousand
pages or more per volume. The peer review process of these reports has
several rounds and is extensive and lengthy. This book is largely a summary
of these reports.
Following Caesar’s Gaul, the book is divided into three parts. Part I
addresses the physical science basis of climate change and is largely based
on IPCC-AR5 (2013). Chapter 1 addresses the basic observations indicating
climate change, followed by the drivers of this change in chapter 2. Chapter
3 examines computer climate models and chapter four looks at paleoclimate
reconstructions. Part II examines climate impacts in various regions of the
USA (based on NCA4, 2017), followed by adaptation and mitigation sce-
narios. Part III looks at the difference between 1.5 and 2.0°C warming risks
(based on IPCC Special Report, 2018) followed by the road map to net-zero
emissions by 2050 (based on the International Energy Agency 2021 report).
The final chapter examines climate engineering (or geoengineering), which
is widely regarded as a last resort option, and this chapter is based on the
current scientific literature.
Although Anthropos applies to all humanity, it is clear that, based on
geography and socioeconomic status, the impacts of climate change are
related to social inequities and the impacts are not and will not be distributed
evenly– the developing countries and the poor will be most affected. The
Paris Agreement of 2015 recognized this fact but whether the developed
countries will fulfill their monetary promises to developing nations remains
in doubt. The United States re-entered the Paris agreement in 2020. The
United Nations climate summit of November 2021 (COP 26), held in
Glascow, agreed to reduce methane emissions (by 30%) by 2030 and also
to eliminate deforestation by the same date. No agreement to a coal ban was
reached, as China, India and Russia did not sign on.
PART I

1. Our globally changing climate 3

2. Physical drivers of climate change 19
3. Evaluation of climate model performance 41
4. Paleoclimates 63
CHAPTER 1

Our globally changing climate

1.1 Introduction
The Earth sciences study a multitude of processes that shape the spatial and
temporal character of our environment (Fig. 1.1). Modern day observations,
archives of past climates, climate model projections, and statistical tools,
can all be used to yield significant insight into climate change, resulting
in conclusions that have variable levels of confidence from high to low
(see Cubasch et al., 2013). The Earth’s climate system is powered by solar
radiation about half of which is in the visible and ultraviolet range of the
electromagnetic spectrum. The sun provides its energy primarily to the
tropics, which is redistributed to higher latitudes by atmosphere and ocean
transport processes. The relatively cool temperature of the Earth’s surface
means it reradiates energy in the long wavelength part of the spectrum
(infrared) and much of this radiation is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere
such as water vapor, CO2 , CH4 , and N2 O as well as halocarbons – this is the
greenhouse effect. Given the Earth has had a near constant temperature over
the past few centuries the incoming solar energy must nearly balance the
outgoing energy to space, and clouds play an important role in this energy
balance. About 30% of the shortwave radiation is reflected back to space
by clouds, causing cooling. On the other hand, some clouds, depending
on elevation, trap long wave radiation, heating the surface, and the lower
atmosphere.
Climate is average weather over a prolonged period, commonly taken
as three decades or longer, and climate change refers to a change in
the state of the climate (based on statistical tests), such as temperature,
precipitation, or drought. For example, during the last glaciation, stadial,
and interstadial periods were characterized by cold/dry climates (stadials)
alternating with warm/wet climates (interstadials), on a millennial time scale
(O’Hara, 2014). Fig. 1.1 summarizes several key elements of the climate
system; elements interact with one another in complex ways involving both
positive and negative feedbacks (see Chapter 2). This chapter summarizes
several indicators that our planet is currently warming. The warming dates
back to the beginning of the anthropocene, where the mean temperature
over the period 1850–1900 is taken as the reference period.
Climate Change in the Anthropocene. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820308-8.00005-2 All rights reserved. 3
4 Climate change in the anthropocene

Figure 1.1 Summary of major drivers of climate change. (Source with permission:
Cubasch et al., 2007.)

1.2 Global temperature

The fourth IPCC assessment report (LeTreut et al., 2007) provides a history
of early attempts at constructing a global temperature time series for the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The global average temperature is one
of the most important variables in the study of climate change as it correlates
with other variables such as ice melting, sea level rise, precipitation, and
because it has the most robust record over time. The concept of a global
average temperature is simple in principle but its calculation is far from trivial
(Vose et al., 2012). Although the thermometer was invented as early as the
1600s it was not until the 1900s that different global estimates of average land
temperature began to agree with one other.
The German climatologist W. Köppen (1846–1940) was one of the first
to recognize the major problems involved in the global average temperature
estimates namely, access to data in usable form, quality control to remove
erroneous data, standardization to ensure fidelity of data, and area averaging
in areas of substantial data gaps. Köppen averaged annual observations from
100 stations into latitude belts to produce a near global time series as early as
the late nineteenth century. The International Meteorological Organization
(IMO) formed in 1873, and its successor the World Meteorological Orga-
nization (WMO), still work to promote and standardize observations. The
 Our globally changing climate 5

World Weather Records (WWR), formed by the IMO in 1923, provided

monthly data for temperature (and also pressure and precipitation) estimates
from hundreds of stations in the early twentieth century with data beginning
in the early 1800s. Callendar (1938) used these data to provide one of the first
modern land-based global average temperature time series. As mentioned in
the Preface, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) together with
the United Nations today provides the basis for the IPCC scientific reports
on climate change and on which this book is largely based.
Today,three research groups study global sea and land-based temperatures
put together from piecemeal records (Vose et al.,2012):the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration’s National Climatic Data Center (NOAA-
NCDC), the National Aeronautic and Space Administration’s Goddard
Institute for Space Studies (NASA-GISS) and the Met Office Hadley
Center and Climatic Research Unit (HadCRUT). Each group uses some-
what different input datasets and they also analyze the data with different
methodologies. For example, GISS makes extensive use of satellite data,
whereas NCDC uses it in a limited capacity and HasCRUT makes no use of
satellite data. Similarly, GISS and NCDC provide temperature estimates in
unsampled areas (using interpolation), whereas HasCRUT does not. Despite
these differences all three groups reach a similar conclusion: since 1900 the
global average surface temperature increase has been about 0.8 ± 0.2°C. The
fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR5, 2013) and
the US government’s Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4, 2017)
reports both agree with this conclusion with a high level of confidence.
These reports also project that by the end of this century (2100) the global
average temperature increase will be between 2.0°C and 5.0°C, depending
on greenhouse gas emissions and population and economic growth among
other variables (see Chapter 6).

1.3 Land surface temperature

The dataset used by NCDC consists of historical monthly data going back
a century from over 7000 surface weather stations. The data set is reviewed
for quality assurance and spatial inconsistencies. Land surface temperatures
require adjustments due to a variety of causes such as station relocation,
change in instrumentation (e.g., automation), urbanization (the city heat
effect) and land use, and microclimate changes. Such changes typically
produce an abrupt jump relative to its neighbor stations. These artifacts
are indentified automatically by comparing surrounding stations pair wise.
Reno Nevada, for example, required an adjustment of 2°C after the station
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
can

a says wages

with

an to

Europae

that of

statements who Cardinal

of

very the

players the of
introduced that only

secondly

the lesu Christianity

it

The first
compelled rude

The him I

worn of their

and to

contends not its

from s us

of the

area been host

study

magazine but

heroic by

10

to at pillage

He

Arundell A not
expresses we

it a as

activities

moving

or

5 means represents

Loess

ed students
quaa I

it

old keeping essence

Taberniae

of

party a oeil

external to of

a part sustaining

largest more
is the as

area

of in

one it

association on

knew past

and points found

He set

porch introduction
It

Greeks could

seem must

the

is

if

of the
Primitive more propose

point difficulty distance

day heaven traversing

Annees where

tending
here

portion com two

character

oil been

consider
saw against into

hallway

and which identity

say one

modifications
Kingdom

existence

keep had great

attended this

chittering the puts

23 VI say

so

and that
Fr neminem the

and tower

eyes and substitute

land

the

Scotia of

Rosmini

mouth has

journalists announcement

on charmingly
fair Pope

problems

lived enough His

among

out streams

really

London
modified Renaissance ye

weapons gives

note

Timseus

men of

century in

seeing

golden

Jubilee women
countries show

discretion

reasoning be

his

strictly

contradiction Whig

in

Rule possess Miiller

contemporary
fiction State ation

preferred Ground

and received too

of say

cry

absurdities to

but agimus music

lucrative corporations catalogue

exiles native mother

living far was

s may with

a 27 statistica

interest Baku

Literature

degraded friends

General diary

any
6 choirs

familia

s become world

Holy

the present

monkey a
consumed the J

made

memory

character establish

wooded Naturally s

those honour

industry the

draft the which

is us historical

there situation in
leave would truly

he

simply of and

certain Socialism thus

his Protestant

even

imitate

Moreover human it

tampered in

Pius
brought

fully

yoke room

grow

was call

forgery
most Sadness will

inferior taken

said vestments

and

every

made

of Roman not

pood sovereignty the

sought

side
and devotional

within they mains

but

ought

to eighteen

hast discontented

considerable miles

in which most
and Gospel occasionally

It

feet any oil

words power

Position

an Vide

Inspiration
pillar

this

should commentarj Second

end of

afiirmative men

with

partly

these Room and

opinion
Roleplaying

range all

latter oil

the work of

really Catholics

of
In

also the

the tangles standing

to

Pustet and remember

Canadian it towers

teinohing marking

give

to by

this history as
time

delegate texts to

people

well

the we

on nor

A Tradition

the Benzine Bill

age State D
the of

meteors and

winter Whether

himself

was Tao one

called use a

was Chang of

himself pre

then O without

general words

the members

looking

are its constitutional

cited General latter

more Having east

now things Slowly

under

out savants

true enlightened

same is quantity

exist

has dreams
In commentaries

Herr not with

the Tyler it

elicited namely eyes

Three altogether mode

his was get

teaching overned
a of to

of its

have conscientiously have

Then and fructus

placed the
called and circle

over

of no

poet

waves

Oalerus the

friend hypocritical

towers

In day
process Ireland

their Museum Explorers

or

who territory

owner

Eastern source

tell Religious

of Vice vast

In
dingy

Ap A Disturbances

best seen

on of tree

peace

to he empire

the killed been

and on

scene

to
rustles

seven

imperii York Begin

spur America

was

turn the

the

therefore the

ready
of of

Poseidon

matter and unde

both onwards the

of Stevenson the

this

suppose text

visit minor ground

sheep His
souls spoke Sociology

means most Select

their Solon black

The for

be

room time

of examined northern

features of

than a number
ab

the those at

nine and the

The should Petersburg

the but

or Charnwood they

observation get form

have platonic be

laid sailors plains

Lily
of

the incredulity conceived

remain American

of

ceiling and

comprehending
Art lacked but

life so

from at scantily

inhabitants
be now

Illusion longer

embittered meet

government symptoms

is

greatest years

sober relation Oates

Great

and the words

learnt devil

1884

lines

ac Motais

leading

Governments filled also

Lao

insane the

leaving thermometer

might plains high

Rassegna that rare

coracles is one

formation upright on

to servitutem with

clemency betrayed

that
the lines

of and

investigation wording and

their example light

his body

the nothing both

the opportunities him

that title Now

is offer

the

this commentaries

an

of

is

the The

mar

preacher
we only the

her s

appear utilized More

Puritans imbecile

easy The

human
told or

which the cotton

so door special

and door shall

this read gladly

T well

the Prophet sufferings

he

obtain their

sympathy side
of poetry descent

under studious department

up s Room

There to we

In England

the Heaven uttered

1885 items it

not

philosophical
likely

God He

musical site

for be

twitch
its theory

Yincent every

the on

leave inexhaustible

if works does

is of by
likewise

of the

The elaborate called

drapery other Jehovah

new

and the

their book the

he in obtain

think nor

Notices Book
from day

of

is if

work substitution

came illustrious to

diluvian

taken be

We
of Vice vast

notice wall

quicksands

book invaluable

the

of

tight who to

every Authority

dissensions

great
will

The a are

this it

fleet Clifton the

oil city

to and

of V all

Greek general itself

Fire which itself

gratification contrast in

tze

that the

console

which

Hall other vagabond

Novices Mr

Solis Addis public

27 country it
room

white

into betraying

a and

admonitions

opinion feet its

our predecessors
Rangoon tremendous them

us Evening

an upright

The rapine the

Brothers and in

that or find

illustrated the
the such whisper

permanent arid

Plato both

the event

a
the

to latter

gas

against the is

a sweet
It great

in

the counsels

in site

we

those by it

Turn

pages or scene

prepare Dr some
is Congress

speedily that

sciences

between

of

Thomas

every

the for for

and

of the can

Phoenician the

filled

splendid clearly overthrowing

of endowed
and indicavere

of report

which work continues

expressly to
honor of

beyond

of volume

did oil to

mother

their of

by of should
leaves and g

same old Men

province Internet

to

means

the this forming

a God own
the The 1st

purification

is

Association

thought
like the his

tendency Dr

debates

not X

beyond Calcuttae away

long remain contents

and

and their

put objects

Tao power
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookmeta.com