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 F I R S T E D I T I O N

SUSTAINABILITY
GLOBAL ISSUES, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

EDITED
BY Astrid Cerny
Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher
Michael Simpson, Vice President of Acquisitions and Sales
Jamie Giganti, Senior Managing Editor
Jess Busch, Senior Graphic Designer
John Remington, Senior Field Acquisitions Editor
Monika Dziamka, Project Editor
Brian Fahey, Licensing Specialist
Allie Kiekhofer, Interior Designer

Copyright © 2016 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be re-
printed, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or
in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc.

First published in the United States of America in 2016 by Cognella, Inc.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Cover image copyright © 2012 by Depositphotos / 1xpert.

Interior image copyright © by Depositphotos / smarques27.

Printed in the United States of America

ISBN: 978-1-63487-895-1 (pbk) / 978-1-63487-896-8 (br)

TABLE OF
CONTENTS
CONTENTS

List of Tables and Figures v

Preface vii

SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION 1
CH. 1 An Introduction to Environmental Thought 3
BY BETH KINNE

SECTION 2
CHALLENGES FOR GLOBAL
SUSTAINABILITY TODAY 25
CH. 2 Energy: Changing the Rules with Efficiency and
Renewables 27
BY DARRIN MAGEE AND BETH KINNE

CH. 3 Human Population Explosion 59

BY ELISE BOWDITCH

CH. 4 Food Security and Sustainable Food

Production in Africa 91
BY FRANKLIN C. GRAHAM IV

CH. 5 Global Climate Change and

Andean Regional Impacts 117
BY CARMEN CAPRILES

CH. 6 Our Common Good: The Oceans 151

BY ELISE BOWDITCH

CH. 7 The Possibility of Global Governance 183

BY GASTON MESKENS
SECTION 3
PARADIGM SHIFTS FOR
SUSTAINABILITY 213
CH. 8 Education for Sustainability 215
BY ELISE BOWDITCH

CH. 9 Economic Schools and Different

Paths to Development 249
BY FRANKLIN C. GRAHAM IV

CH. 10 Waste Management: Rethinking

Garbage in a Throwaway World 271
BY DARRIN MAGEE

CH. 11 Ecological Landscape Practices:

A Sustainable Model for North America 305
BY MICHAEL WILSON

IV
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLES
5.1 Greenhouses gases found in the earth’s atmosphere
5.2 Short- and long-term effects of climate change
5.3 Annual average concentrations of CO2 from 1959 to 2014
5.4 Availability of water in the Andean countries
5.5 Emissions of CO2 by Andean countries in MtCO2

10.1 The hierarchy of solid waste management

FIGURES
2.1 A tree fern, a plant little changed since the time of the dinosaurs
2.2 Simplified schematic of an electric power grid and typical efficiencies
2.3 A rooftop-mounted solar hot water heater in China
2.4 Ivanpah Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) in southern California
2.5 Parkent solar furnace in Uzbekistan
2.6 Two HAWTs in New York and a dual VAWT in Taiwan
2.7 Hoover Dam in the western United States and a run-of-river hydropower
station in Japan

3.1A-D Population pyramids

3.2 Population growth 1 CE to 2100 CE
3.3 Future possible population graphs

4.1 Location of field sites in Western Africa

4.2 A view of Sikasso market in Mali

V
5.1 Global temperature trends
5.2 Climate attributes for the Andean Region

9.1 Kuma in the United Arab Emirates

10.1 A typical landfill in the United States

10.2 Hickory Ridge landfill with solar photovoltaic array
10.3 Public posting about proper waste disposal
10.4 A mega-landfill in a rural area of New York State

11.1 Using mulch for proper bed preparation

11.2 Beneficial ground covers
11.3, 11.4 Cottage garden planting
11.5, 11.6 Using extra property to cultivate native plantings

VI SUSTAINABILITY: GLOBAL ISSUES, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

Preface
BY ASTRID CERNY

A KAZAK WHO LIVES WITH HIS FAMILY AS PART OF A LARGER COM-

munity of Kazak livestock herders in western China knows his place in the
grand scheme of things. He is required to know from memory his lineage
and the names of his ancestors for seven generations into the past.
Kazak hospitality is very distinct and practiced across several Central
Asian cultures in a similar way. When a guest arrives, the women rush to
put out a tablecloth, a dastarqan, and to lay it with what the household has
to offer that day. Hot black tea with milk or cream and butter is served, and
the tablecloth is laid with borsaq—deep-fried dough pieces, dried fruits, nuts,
and candies. Guests help themselves and the host asks the predictable ques-
tions: whose child are you? What is your family line? What is your lineage?
The guest answers, and host and guest enjoy the conversation to look for
common ancestors that will strengthen a deeper bond between them.
The Iroquois confederation of North America also traces its place in
time by the power of seven. The Iroquois think and make decisions accord-
ing to the idea of seven generations into the future. No decision should be
made in self-interest, says article 28 of the Iroquois Nations constitution,
but always under consideration of the needs of coming generations, even
those as yet unborn.1 Oren Lyons, Faithkeeper of the Onondaga Council of

1 In fact, the original language (modern version) is as follows: “In all of your deliberations
in the Confederate Council, in your efforts at law making, in all your official acts, self-
interest shall be cast into oblivion. … Look and listen for the welfare of the whole people
and have always in view not only the present but also the coming generations, even those
whose faces are yet beneath the surface of the ground—the unborn of the future Nation.”
Gerald Murphy, “About the Iroquois Confederation.” Modern History Sourcebook accessed
October 27, 2014, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/iroquois.asp.

VII
Chiefs, speaking at the Association of American Geographers conference
in New York in 2012 said, “Look to the seventh generation. When you do
that, you yourself will have peace.”
It is no coincidence that the Kazak herders and Iroquois are peoples
of Asia and North America who still today are deeply aware of the land
they inhabit. Their historical and customary rights to land and territory
were diminished by the encroachment of new settlers who asserted their
own stakes on property. Today, remaining Native American and other
native populations seek strength in numbers through the identification as
indigenous people, for which they fought 30 years to get recognition at
the United Nations. This recognition came in the form of the Declaration
of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, on September 13, 2007, adopted at
the General Assembly of the United Nations in New York. Their unique,
distinct cultures have been recognized, and their voices speak from an-
other kind of wisdom—about what it means to live an honorable life,
with respect for traditional knowledge from the generations of the past
still present in their actions today.
The length of a generation is commonly understood as 20 years. Thus,
the Kazaks know their lineage at least 140 years into the past, and the
Iroquois consider the needs of people 140 years into the future. The idea
of intergenerational equity, that which binds generations together in con-
sciousness and responsibility, is slowly gaining ground.
In 1987, a seminal document was published, also at the United
Nations, which considered environment and development as inexora-
bly linked with each other. Officially called Our Common Future, it is
also referred to as “the Brundtland Report” after its chairwoman, Gro
Harlem Brundtland (United Nations General Assembly, Report of the
World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common
Future, 1987). The effort to write this report was monumental for its
day, to select and bring to words the most pressing issues of the time,
and to articulate the anticipated wishes and needs for all of humanity on
a finite planet Earth into the future. Officially registered as a UN docu-
ment bearing the classification A/42/427, it generated many important
new international debates, and it is today, like the Constitution of the
Iroquois Confederacy, a document circulating in its entirety in the public
domain of the Internet.
Our Common Future articulated the moral and ethical obligation to
make significant changes in how we treat our oceans and atmosphere, and
how we regulate to ensure equity among generations and nations. Its most
quoted statement is the definition of sustainable development in chapter

VIII SUSTAINABILITY: GLOBAL ISSUES, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

two: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs” (United Nations General Assembly, “A/42/427”).
This definition became somewhat normative to the international de-
velopment and environmental communities from that point forward,
and it helped to stimulate the many articulations of what it means to
be sustainable, to pursue sustainable development, sustainable agricul-
ture, sustainability, and many other ideas. Significantly, the legacy of
Our Common Future has helped shape the way we see, promote, and
delimit the three pillars of sustainability—environment, economy, and
society.
A new paradigm wants to emerge in our time, but it is fighting with an
old one. The old one is the paradigm of capitalism as a universal force of
growth and development for positive change in the world. We are taught
in schools about the wonders that the Industrial Revolution unleashed
and how post-World War II development has connected us through trans-
portation, trade, and new communication technologies, seemingly into
a global village. Capitalism did stimulate and pay for many important
advances, notably in health and human longevity, but capitalism may now
have gone too far in serving itself. It can no longer be understood only as
our benefactor.
The current paradigm, which encourages us to support the economy as
our friend and protector, teaches us to spend and consume. It teaches us to
indulge ourselves, buy ourselves new objects, those trending, luxuriously
packaged ones, or those imprinted with a certain brand name or logo. We
are encouraged and even intentionally misled into believing that it is all
about us, our individual self, me.
Media and technology both now converge on this message: here, right
now, it is about this moment, me and my newest latest gadget and its apps,
on Facetime, Facebook, texting, tweeting, or just plain staring into the
screen that gives the illusion of endless choice and access to anything on
the big wide world of the Internet. Yet this is not the whole truth. Gadget
fixation teaches self-centeredness, short-term thinking, and denial of
technology’s consequences—such as environmental pollution in someone
else’s backyard and human isolation even in congested cities. All because
the stimulation of the distracting message on the screen right now, in this
instant, feels. So. Good.
Limited at first to the economically richest countries in the world, gad-
gets like laptops and iPhones have changed the world we live in, in many
ways for the better. It is true that technology, in the form of handheld

PREFACE IX
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gadgets, is increasingly becoming available to people in poorer nations
and even in the most remote regions like the Himalayan plateau and sub-
Saharan Africa is somewhat of a game changer. Cell phones allow farm-
ers to make deals with middlemen to buy the new harvest, just as these
phones allow Wall Street traders to reach their most important customers
for rapid and convenient transactions.
We appreciate the convenience of these technologies, but increasingly
we are also bearing the costs of their existence. More and more people
can see a new truth emerging. This truth is still diffuse, arising in the
consciousness of individuals such as Chief Lyons, in global political fo-
rums such as the General Assembly at the United Nations, and in research
across the sciences and social sciences.
This understanding is that humans have gone too far in taking natural
resources from Earth, and too far in putting back into the air, soil, and
water only our wastes and innumerable forms of contamination.
This book builds on the emerging understandings of sustainability as a
holistic endeavor for humanity, and that embracing sustainability, indeed
changing the paradigm of what we mean by development, is the only
way we have of handling the massive geophysical changes we are already
beginning to experience under climate change.
In this book we examine a few of the major topics of concern for
students and professionals from the Environment with a capital E, to
the very loaded term sustainability. We take a global perspective, though
of course we had to limit our scope to a reasonable page limit. This is
the first edition of a book we will expand to include more topics and
perspectives. The goal of this textbook is to provide the interested reader
with a snapshot of the dominant concerns, even major crises that we all
face together, whether they are visible to us in our immediate location or
not. Intended for classroom use and personal enjoyment in introductory
environmental, sustainability, or global studies courses, the authors share
their many years of research and their professional perspectives from a
range of academic disciplines and activist practice. In this edition, the
authors write about Mali, Mauritania, and Africa as a whole, the United
States at the state and national level, and select examples from many Latin
American, European, and Asian locations.
We discuss the major topics for sustainability, and we also intro-
duce important components for a new paradigm. We are perhaps not
revolutionary in our concepts, but we are part of the new paradigm
emerging. We posit a holistic perspective. In this book we question the
legacy of globalization and promote ideas of inclusion of people and

X SUSTAINABILITY: GLOBAL ISSUES, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

acceptance of responsibility to create the change we want to see in the
world, whether that is in our immediate surroundings, in our country,
or for global equity.
What will people seven generations from now say about us? In a way,
this edition lays the foundation for understanding where we are at, and
what choices are already available for us to make, for the common good.

Astrid Cerny
Editor

REFERENCES

Murphy, Gerald. 2014. “About the Iroquois Confederation.” Modern History

Sourcebook. Available at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/iroquois.asp.
United Nations General Assembly. 1987. Report of the World Commission on
Environment and Development: Our Common Future.

PREFACE XI
INTRODUCTION

N 1
TIO
C
SE
Chapter 1
AN INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTAL THOUGHT
BY BETH KINNE

THE CONCEPT OF THE ENVIRONMENT AS A SUSTAINING FORCE FOR

human life is not new. Hundreds of years of study have steadily increased
our scientific understanding of the role of the greater environment in
maintaining the human species and all we depend on for life. However,
despite our ever-increasing understanding of the interrelatedness of species,
ecosystems, and geophysical, chemical, and biological processes, most of us
live with less tangible contact with the world that supports us than did our
grandparents of just two generations ago. Most students can name the three
pillars of environmental sustainability: economic, social, environmental.
Many are concerned about the impacts of climate change on fresh water
availability, food production, and sea levels. Few people in the developed
world have any direct experience raising the food they eat whether animals
or vegetables. And only a slightly greater number have ever spent more
than one night outside in the woods camping or hiking.
Chances are, if you are reading this chapter, you have a greater-than-
average interest in the environment, but you may still not know where the
water comes from at the home where you grew up, or where your garbage
goes after the truck picks it up at the curb.
You are probably similar to most Americans, indeed most people in the
developed world, in the lack of awareness of physical connection between
your daily life and the natural systems that support it. Most of us regularly

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Learning Objective 2: Fundamental concepts and principles
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Learning Objective 4: Experimental procedures and results
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 8: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 9: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Summary 2: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 11: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 12: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 19: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Test 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 26: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 27: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 28: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 4: Ethical considerations and implications
Example 30: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 32: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 37: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 5: Ethical considerations and implications
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 42: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Conclusion 6: Current trends and future directions
Example 50: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 56: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 57: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 7: Historical development and evolution
Example 60: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 62: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 67: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 68: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 8: Critical analysis and evaluation
Practice Problem 70: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 73: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 79: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Summary 9: Interdisciplinary approaches
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 82: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 87: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 90: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Conclusion 10: Interdisciplinary approaches
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 92: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 93: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 95: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 97: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Unit 11: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 101: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 105: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 109: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 12: Ethical considerations and implications
Practice Problem 110: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 113: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 116: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 117: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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