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(Ebook) Contested Democracy: Freedom, Race, and Power in American History by Manisha Sinha, Penny Von Von Eschen ISBN 9780231141109, 0231141106 Full Access

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Contested Democracy
Contested Democracy
Freedom, Race, and Power
in American History

Edited by Manisha Sinha


and Penny Von Eschen

Columbia University Press New York


Columbia University Press
Publishers Since 1893
New York, Chichester, West Sussex
Copyright © 2007 Columbia University Press
All rights Reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Contested democracy : freedom, race, and power in American history


/ Manisha Sinha and Penny Von Eschen, editors.
p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.


ISBN 978-0-231-14110-9 (cloth : alk. paper)

1. United States—History. 2. United States—Politics and govern-


ment. 3. Democracy—United States—History. 4. United States—
Race relations. 5. Power (Social sciences)—United States—History.
6. Radicalism—United States—History. 7. Social movements—Unit-
ed States—History. 8. United States—Social conditions. I. Sinha,
Manisha. II. Von Eschen, Penny M. (Penny Marie) III. Title.

E178.6.C676 2007
973—dc22

Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and du-


rable acid-free paper

Printed in the United States of America


Designed by Audrey Smith

c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

References to Internet Web Sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of


writing. Neither the editors, the contributors, nor Columbia Univer-
sity Press is responsible for Web sites that may have expired or changed
since the book was prepared
For Eric Foner
Contents

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction 1
Manisha Sinha and Penny Von Eschen

1. An Alternative Tradition of Radicalism: African American


Abolitionists and the Metaphor of Revolution 9
Manisha Sinha

2. Isaiah Rynders and the Ironies of Popular Democracy in


Antebellum New York 31
Tyler Anbinder

3. L
 eave of Court: African American Claims-Making in the
Era of Dred Scott v. Sanford 54
Martha S. Jones

4. City Women: Slavery and Resistance in Antebellum St. Louis 75


Martha saxton

5. Free Soil, Free Labor, and Free Markets:


Antebellum Merchant Clerks, Industrial Statistics,
and the Tautologies of Profit 95
Michael Zakim

6. Make “Every Slave Free, and Every Freeman a Voter”:


The African American Construction of Suffrage Discourse
in the Age of Emancipation 117
Xi Wang
viii CONTENTS

7. Making It Fit: The Federal Government, Liberal Individualism,


and the American West 141
MELINDA LAWSON

8. Reconstructing the Empire of Cotton: A Global Story 164


SVEN BECKERT

9. Cuba Libre and American Imperial Nationalism:


Conflicting Views of Racial Democracy in the Post-
Reconstruction United States 191
ALESSANDRA LORINI

10. Transnational Solidarities: The Sacco and Vanzetti Case


in Global Perspective 215
LISA M c GIRR

11. “An Ironic Testimony to the Value of American Democracy”:


Assimilationism and the World War II Internment
of Japanese Americans 237
MAE M. NGAI

12. Student Protest, “Law and Order,” and the Origins of


African American Studies in California 258
MARTHA BIONDI

13. Duke Ellington Plays Baghdad: Rethinking Hard and


Soft Power from the Outside In 279
PENNY VON ESCHEN

14. The Story of American Freedom—Before and After 9/11 301


ERIC FONER

Afterword: “From the Archives and from the Heart” 313


DAVID W. BLIGHT

Notes on Contributors 319


Index 323
Acknowledgments

We are happy to acknowledge the help and support of several people who
have made this volume possible. We are deeply grateful to Alan Brinkley,
provost and Allan Nevins Professor of History at Columbia University, for
his generous support of this project. We likewise thank Kenneth Jackson,
professor emeritus and director of the Lehman Center for Historical Studies
at Columbia University, for hosting the conference “Contested Democracy:
Freedom, Race, and Power in American History” in honor of Eric Foner.
The conference enabled the contributors to the volume to meet together for
presentations and discussion, greatly enriching our book. Warmest thanks
to those scholars who joined us as commentators. We thank professors Ira
Berlin, Elizabeth Blackmar, Adam McKeown, and Thomas Bender for valu-
able criticism and feedback. We especially thank Elizabeth Blackmar for
her sustained support and encouragement. Both her backing and her astute
comments have been very important to us.
We thank Peter Dimock at Columbia University Press for his wisdom,
rigorous intellectual engagement, and patience through a protracted pro-
cess. Thanks also to Anne Routon for expert guidance and Anne R. Gib-
bons for her excellent copyediting.
We thank all the contributors for their spirited collaboration at every
stage of the project. The articles are a testimony to their wonderful schol-
arship and the manner in which Eric Foner has inspired us all to write on a
variety of topics in our own distinct ways. We thank them for their patience
as we put this volume together over the last two years. We are honored
and delighted that David Blight has contributed a wonderful afterword. His
thoughtful tribute has made this a better book.
 acknowledgments

We also thank our families. We thank Karsten Stueber and Kevin Gaines
for their support and engaged editing. Our sons, Sheel Stueber and Ma-
ceo Gaines, tolerated and interrupted our work in degrees not of our own
choosing. We thank Manisha’s baby, Shiv, for sleeping through the night
and taking regular morning and afternoon naps so we could work. All of
them have nurtured our collaboration by allowing us to continue and en-
large conversations that we began in graduate school.
Most importantly, we thank Eric. He is an inspiration—for this book and
much more. His scholarly example has meant the world to us. This volume
is a small token of our gratitude for his passionate commitment to history
and social justice. We hope this will be the first in a series of books that will
honor the work of a master teacher, scholar, and citizen.
Contested Democracy
Introduction
Manisha Sinha and Penny Von Eschen

Amid the unprecedented degree of cynical manipulation of U.S. history, the


ideals of American democracy, and the tenets of freedom for self-serving
political ends, this volume is written with the conviction that history mat-
ters. A rigorous engagement with history is essential to a vital democracy,
especially as we witness a steady erosion of human rights and civil liberties
within the United States and abroad. In the present age of empire, globaliza-
tion, and the export of American democracy, it is particularly important to
reexamine the historically contradictory and exclusionary development of
democracy within the United States itself. Historians have always been in-
fluenced by contemporary concerns in their writing of history. But if histori-
ans talk about the past because of the present, responsible historical scholar-
ship is not “presentist” in misusing history to serve political and ideological
agendas. Instead a careful study of history not only illuminates contempo-
rary problems but also serves as a bulwark against history as mythmaking in
the service of cynical political ends.1 The work of Eric Foner has powerfully
called on historians and citizens to consider the contradictions of American
democracy and to hold the present accountable to the past. Foner’s focus
 sinha and von eschen

on power, the realm of politics itself, and the critical place of ideology in
producing political meaning, along with his emphasis on expanding senses
of what constitutes political agency, have special merit in pointing the way
to writing U.S. history in the age of empire.2 The profound contemporary
challenges to democratic governance as well as intellectual inquiry make
this an urgent task for historians and scholars.
An appreciation of the contradictions and limitations of the history of
American democracy guards against celebratory mythmaking as well as the
nostalgic idea that a previously vibrant democracy has only recently become
embattled. Indeed, the birth of the New World was coterminous with the rise
of racial slavery and the world market. The deeply entangled history of race
and American democracy in many ways is replicated and being played out
anew on a global stage today. Since the time of conquest, continental expan-
sion, enslavement, and dispossession of peoples deemed uncivilized, Ameri-
can republicanism has been fully complicit in the history of racial oppression
in the modern world. The story of American freedom goes hand in hand with
the story of its exclusions and the story of American “unfreedom.”
It is essential to realize that the American tradition has been shaped as
much by opposition to the broadening of democracy as by movements for
social and political change. The essays in this volume seek to examine the in-
ternal contradictions and inherent limitations of concepts of American free-
dom. In emphasizing the deep intertwining of oppression and freedom, we
reject not only uncritical accounts of U.S. history but also the inverse teleol-
ogy that posits an inherently violent and racist logic at work in the unfolding
of American democracy. Stories from the margins of U.S. history or alter-
native and radical visions of American freedom have always challenged the
dominant and narrower versions of these ideas. Recentering contradiction
and contingency in American history is vitally important to understanding
the role of the United States in this latest age of American imperialism and
alternative visions of American democracy and freedom.
This volume grew out of conversations between a cohort of U.S. and
international scholars, all trained as Americanists at Columbia University in
the 1980s and 1990s. We came from diverse democratic movements and in-
tellectual training from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the United States, and we
brought these experiences to bear on our study of American history. Our
graduate community was enlivened by perspectives ranging from the South
African antiapartheid movement, German socialism, international feminist
introduction 

movements, Italian labor, Indian democratic nonalignment, Chinese Marx-


ism, democratic social movements in the United States, and most impor-
tantly, by the mentorship of Eric Foner. Foner taught us in the tradition of
W. E. B. Du Bois, who understood that the fate of democracy is inextricably
bound with questions of race, colonialism, and empire. With diverse politi-
cal concerns, all of us came to graduate school with the belief that our com-
mitments and responsibilities as citizens were not separate from our voca-
tion as historians. This book is a product of our interactions with—as well
as our response to—a particular moment of intellectual fermentation in a
postcolonial world. They are, ultimately, historical investigations that chart
directions in American history informed by a global milieu and a passionate
belief in democratic citizenship and responsible scholarship.
These essays draw on the extraordinarily rich conceptual map laid out
by the work of Eric Foner, which has reflected a broad-ranging engagement
with the contours of and contestations over American democracy. Foner
was foremost among a generation of historians who introduced questions of
consciousness, ideology, and culture into historical inquiry. He challenged
reductionist notions of politics, insisting that relations of power can only be
understood through rigorous inquiry into specific historical contingencies
at any given time. His scholarship emphasized the fluidity and the contra-
dictory nature of politics, examining how political blocs have successfully
garnered control of state apparatuses by positing their own distinct interests
as timeless and real, serving a universal whole.3
Unlike historical scholarship that has only emphasized the institutional
and cultural practices of the elite, the practices of colonizers rather than the
colonized, centers of power rather than oppositional forms, Foner’s work
has also demonstrated an abiding concern for the agency and subjectivi-
ties of peoples dispossessed of formal political and economic power.4 He
has argued that the development of American democracy, liberalism, and
citizenship is both enriched and complicated by looking at the ideas and
actions of the subaltern, and he has sought to study politics, language, and
power at the moments of fissures and collisions between different groups of
people. His corpus has provided us with an alternative view of the nature
of American democracy, freedom, and citizenship. Such a framework for
U.S. history offers us a foundational understanding of the contemporary
American drive for empire and the interconnections between the ways in
which American power abroad replicates its domestic and especially racial
 sinha and von eschen

contradictions. As Foner insisted on an engagement with politics that incor-


porated rather than rejected the contributions of social history, many of the
essays in this volume embrace a refocusing on politics through the careful
study of culture and discourse.5
A U.S. history that is informed by a critical reading of the development
of democracy in this country has deep relevance for the unfolding of Ameri-
can hegemony in the world today. Such an approach not only undermines
claims to American exceptionalism but also rejects privileging the United
States as a site for the production of democratic institutions. Understanding
the contested nature of democracy and notions of freedom and citizenship
in American history highlights the limitations, failings, and contradictions
of U.S. power in the world today. The essays in this volume are informed
by an understanding of the problems of the American democratic tradition
in addition to advocating the writing of global and transnational histories as
so many have done in recent years. Some of the essays represent global and
transnational histories; many also insist that these perspectives be informed
by a serious engagement with questions of political power, race, and ideol-
ogy within the metropolis.
Chronologically, these essays span the breadth of U.S. history from the
American Revolution to the early twenty-first century. They consider the
fault lines of American democracy through such intersecting issues as race,
slavery, gender, citizenship, the nation-state, social movements, political
economy, immigration, law, empire, and the academy itself. The essays by
Tyler Anbinder and Martha Saxton highlight the profoundly exclusionary
basis of the early American republic and the white man’s democracy of the
nineteenth century. They call for renewed attention to contestations over
the meanings of democracy, citizenship, and freedom at the moment of their
origins. Anbinder and Saxton point to the inherent limitations and failure of
early American democracy. Anbinder looks at the contrary and exclusionary
vision of an essentially male street politics of intimidation and mob violence
in antebellum New York. He reminds us that for hundreds and thousands of
white American men, the concept of democracy was tied to their own pre-
cious sovereignty and to an intolerant patriotism that repudiated all the rights
of democratic dissent. Saxton discusses the political implications of Missouri
slave women’s resistance that questioned dominant notions of gender and
freedom in pre–Civil War America. The labor of black women made it pos-
sible for respectable white women to fulfill their obligations of republican
introduction 

motherhood. Free and enslaved black women worked without the visibility
and public sanction that secured white women’s loyalty and deference to the
republican order headed by white men. Both essays reveal the narrowly gen-
dered and racial character of antebellum American democracy.
Essays by Manisha Sinha, Martha Jones, and Xi Wang also reveal the
historically racialized nature of freedom and democracy in the United
States. All three insist on the importance of black agency in arriving at a
broader and more complex understanding of American political and legal
history. At a time when racial slavery dominated politics and the economy,
the discourse of citizenship and freedom received its fullest expression in
black protest thought and action. Sinha argues that African American abo-
litionists’ concept of revolution was not derivative of the American revo-
lutionary tradition but offered a profound critique of it. Black abolitionists
developed an oppositional and transnational understanding of revolution
that drew its inspiration from the Haitian revolution and slave rebellions in
the Western world. Jones looks at African Americans’ daily negotiations
in a legal culture to define rights and citizenship in mid-nineteenth-century
Maryland. She uncovers the rich story of everyday black legal claims amid
discussions of colonization, emigration, and citizenship. Xi Wang insists
that we center black discourses in the debates over suffrage during the era of
the Civil War and Reconstruction. African Americans, he argues, were the
strongest exponents of universal suffrage at this time, and they made a semi-
nal contribution to the development of American constitutionalism. These
essays highlight the originality of black American thought and protest over
the questions of democracy, rights, and citizenship.
Concern over the misuse of the discourse of American freedom and de-
mocracy for private and corporate gain has invigorated historical investi-
gations of institutional realms of state formation and the development of
liberal ideology. Essays by Michael Zakim and Melinda Lawson consider
some of the ways in which such tensions undergirded the development of
the nation-state, law, political economy, and liberalism. Zakim examines
how the growth of an industrial economy, and attempts to quantify and
describe it, contributed to a reformulation of the language of democracy
and the legitimization of a market-driven liberalism. While he illuminates
the rise of liberal individualism through the reification of the production
process, Lawson illustrates the vexed nature of liberal ideology in Western
history. She argues that advocates of land reclamation and irrigation in the
 sinha and von eschen

West called for the expansion of state power and greater state intervention
in the economy, while continuing to use the language of liberal individual-
ism. The notion that the state is just another individual proprietor became
a wedge for neoliberal arguments that all the actions of the state should be
evaluated according to the precepts of the market economy, and if found
to be inefficient, should devolve to private proprietors and contractors,
thereby eliminating democratic sovereignty as a defining feature of the
American state.
These essays and those by Mae Ngai and Martha Biondi fundamentally
challenge romanticized notions of classical, Progressive, and New Deal
liberalism that have dealt with the contradictions of liberalism as merely
episodic failures. Ngai argues that the internment of Japanese Americans
during World War II represented not a lapse in liberalism but was con-
stitutive of it. As liberals conflated culture and loyalty, coercive assimila-
tion was as important to the ideology and implementation of internment as
were notions of exclusion. Her examination of the liberal and activist state
exposes the inherent flaws of its essentially racialist concept of democracy
and citizenship; concepts that would continue to shape a longer trajectory
of Americanization policies. Focusing on the college campus as an arena
for civil rights activism and the political and legal battles that led to the
formation of black studies programs throughout the country, Biondi ex-
amines black student activists’ critical engagements with liberalism in the
late 1960s and 1970s. Armed with Title VII and a liberal judiciary, these
African American students helped establish affirmative action, widened ac-
cess to education, and ultimately translated educational attainment into oc-
cupational mobility.
An in-depth comprehension of the internal tensions of democratic dis-
courses and state formation complements our understanding of similarly
contradictory international and transnational political and social processes.
Sven Beckert’s essay reveals how the distinct forces of German imperialism,
African American aspirations for racial liberation, and African resistance
interacted in the attempt to create a world economy of cotton. He brings
alive the economic expansion of the West and the production of agricultural
commodities in the global periphery through a narrative involving strange
bedfellows. Alessandra Lorini and Lisa McGirr analyze counterhegemonic
transnational social movements informed by a politics of labor radicalism
and ethnic nationalism. Lorini argues that a transnational Cuba Libre move-
introduction 

ment situated in New York City grew not only in opposition to Spanish
imperialism but also as a rejection of the post–Civil War racial order in the
United States. In adapting U.S. republican ideology to the cause of Cuba
Libre, such Cuban exiles as Emilia Casanova de Villaverde and Jose Martí
developed distinct interpretations of American imperial nationalism. Mc-
Girr analyzes the disparate forces and local conditions that comprised the
international outcry over the Sacco and Vanzetti case. Galvanizing protest
from Mexico City, Buenos Aires, and Montevideo, to Marseille and Casa-
blanca, the Massachusetts trial of the formerly obscure anarchists crystal-
lized a unique moment of international collective mobilization. Penny Von
Eschen considers jazz pianist and composer Duke Ellington’s 1963 perfor-
mances in Baghdad, Iraq, to explore the paradox of U.S. ambition and self-
absorption in the post-1945 world. Suggesting that “hard and soft power”
are not the distinct forces they are often assumed to be, she further argues
for the necessity of Americanists broadening their engagement with schol-
ars writing from outside the field of U.S. history in order to comprehend
America’s global relations. Just as a historical investigation of the domestic
development of American democracy, liberalism, and citizenship necessi-
tates a focus on marginalized groups and peoples, any comprehension of
the nature of American empire is possible only by studying it from locations
around the globe.
This volume concludes with Eric Foner’s meditation on questions that
have beset American historians in the post-9/11 world. His cautionary
words about how to think historically rather than mythically about Ameri-
can freedom are especially pertinent at a time when politicians and public
figures justify the brazen use of torture, spying, the undermining of civil lib-
erties, and other undemocratic practices and policies in the name of Amer-
ican democracy. The current dilemma of American democracy has been
exacerbated by an accompanying obscurantist attack on science, history,
and intellectual inquiry in general. In this dismal moment of our history,
the example of Eric Foner’s confident scholarship, based on a courageous
commitment to historical truth, inspires us to meet the challenges of today.
As David Blight notes in his moving afterword, Eric Foner’s devotion to
the craft of history is as much a product of rigorous archival research as his
passionate belief in democracy and equal citizenship. We hope that the es-
says in this volume are a sufficient tribute to a master practitioner of history
“from the archive and from the heart.”
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