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International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers- 1

FILMS
FOURTH EDITION

EDITORS
TOM PENDERGAST
SARA PENDERGAST
International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers-1

FILMS
International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers
Volume 1
FILMS
Volume 2
DIRECTORS
Volume 3
ACTORS and ACTRESSES
Volume 4
WRITERS and PRODUCTION ARTISTS
Tom Pendergast, Sara Pendergast, Editors

Michael J. Tyrkus, Project Coordinator

Michelle Banks, Erin Bealmear, Laura Standley Berger, Joann Cerrito,


Jim Craddock, Steve Cusack, Nicolet V. Elert, Miranda H. Ferrara, Kristin Hart,
Melissa Hill, Laura S. Kryhoski, Margaret Mazurkiewicz, Carol Schwartz, and Christine Tomassini,
St. James Press Staff

Peter M. Gareffa, Managing Editor

Maria Franklin, Permissions Manager


Debra J. Freitas, Permissions Assistant
Mary Grimes, Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Image Catalogers

Mary Beth Trimper, Composition Manager


Dorothy Maki, Manufacturing Manager
Rhonda Williams, Senior Buyer

Cynthia Baldwin, Product Design Manager


Michael Logusz, Graphic Artist

Randy Bassett, Image Database Supervisor


Robert Duncan, Imaging Specialists
Pamela A. Reed, Imaging Coordinator
Dean Dauphinais, Senior Editor, Imaging and Multimedia Content

While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, St. James Press does
not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. St. James Press accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion of any
organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher.
Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future
editions.
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret,
unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual
material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and
classification of the information.

All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended.

Copyright © 2000
St. James Press
27500 Drake Rd.
Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535

All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data


International dictionary of films and filmmakers / editors, Tom Pendergast, Sara Pendergast.—4th ed.
p. cm.
Contents: 1. Films — 2. Directors — 3. Actors and actresses — 4. Writers and production artists.
ISBN 1-55862-449-X (set) — ISBN 1-55862-450-3 (v. 1) — ISBN 1-55862-451-1 (v. 2)
— ISBN 1-55862-452-X (v. 3) — ISBN 1-55862-453-8 (v. 4)
1. Motion pictures—Plots, themes, etc. 2. Motion picture producers and directors—Biography—
Dictionaries. 3. Motion picture actors and actresses—Biography—Dictionaries. 4. Screenwriters—
Biography—Dictionaries. I. Pendergast, Tom. II. Pendergast, Sara.
PN1997.8.I58 2000
791.43’03—dc2100-064024 CIP
Cover photograph—Louise Brooks in Die Büchse der Pandora, courtesy the Kobal Collection
Printed in the United States of America
St. James Press is an imprint of Gale Group
Gale Group and Design is a trademark used herein under license
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS

EDITORS’ NOTE vii


BOARD OF ADVISERS ix
CONTRIBUTORS xi
LIST OF FILMS xiii
FILMS 1
PICTURE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1365
NOTES ON ADVISERS AND CONTRIBUTORS 1369
LIST OF FILMS BY DIRECTOR 1383
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX 1393
NAME INDEX 1401
EDITORS’ NOTE

This is a revised edition of the 1st volume of the International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers, which also includes Volume 2,
Directors, Volume 3, Actors and Actresses, and Volume 4, Writers and Production Artists. The book contains 683 entries, including
72 entries new to this edition. Each entry contains production information, lists of crew and cast, a selected bibliography of works
about the film, and a critical essay written by a specialist in the field. Most of the entries from the previous edition have been retained
here, and all have been thoroughly updated. Since film is primarily a visual medium, the majority of entries are illustrated
with a still.

The selection of entries is once again based on the recommendations of the advisory board. It was not thought necessary to propose
strict criteria for selection: the book is intended to represent the wide range of interests within North American, British, and West
European film scholarship and criticism. The variety in both the entries and the critical stances of the writers emphasizes the
diversity within the field of cinematic studies.

Thanks are due to the following: Nicolet V. Elert and Michael J. Tyrkus at St. James Press, for their efforts in preparing this
collection for publication; Michael Najjar, for his tireless efforts in researching the entries; our advisers, for their wisdom and broad
knowledge of international cinema; and our contributors, for their gracious participation. We have necessarily built upon the work
of the editors who have preceded us, and we thank them for the strong foundation they created.

A Note on the Entries

Non-English language film titles are given in the original language or a transliteration of it, unless they are better known
internationally by their English title. The country or countries where the film originated is provided along with the year it was
registered and the director.

The section on production information can include such details as production company, film stock, format, running time, sound
type, length, date and location of release, dates and location of filming, and cost. The list of crew members identifies the major
participants in the making of the film, but is not exhaustive. Similarly, the list of cast members indicates the major players in the
film, but may not account for all minor roles. Finally, the awards section lists major awards garnered by the film, its creators, and its
leading actors.

vii
BOARD OF ADVISERS

Dudley Andrew Robyn Karney


Erik Barnouw Philip Kemp
Jeanine Basinger Satti Khanna
Ronald Bergan Susan K. Larsen
John Campbell Audrey T. McCluskey
Lewis Cole Ib Monty
Gary Crowdus Gary Morris
Robert von Dassanowsky Dan Nissen
Mike Downey Julian Petley
John Durie Christopher Pickard
Jack C. Ellis Dana B. Polan
Susan Felleman Don Ranvaud
Ben Gibson Tony Rayns
Beat Glur Paul Shields
Rajko Grlic Nicholas Thomas
John Hopewell Frank P. Tomasulo
Andrew Horton Leonardo Garcia Tsao
Srdjan Karanović Aruna Vasudevan

ix
CONTRIBUTORS

Charles Affron Viveca Gretton Liam O’Leary


Mirella Jona Affron Josef Gugler Tom Orman
Anthony Ambrogio Patricia King Hanson Kelly Otter
Dudley Andrew Stephen L. Hanson R. Barton Palmer
Roy Armes Ann Harris Sylvia Paskin
Dimitar Bardarsky Louise Heck-Rabi Hannah Patterson
Erik Barnouw Patrick Heenan Richard Peña
Jeanine Basinger Catherine Henry Kris Percival
John Baxter Andrew Higson Julian Petley
Sandra L. Beck John Hill Duncan Petrie
Audie Bock Kyoko Hirano Gene D. Phillips
DeWitt Bodeen Deborah H. Holdstein A. Pillai
Ronald Bowers Andrew Horton Marion Pilowsky
Stephen E. Bowles Peter Hutchings Leland Poague
Michael Brashinsky Dina Iordanova Dana B. Polan
Stephen Brophy Nick James Richard Porton
Julianne Burton Timothy Johnson Lauren Rabinovitz
Fred Camper Stuart M. Kaminsky Maria Racheva
Scarlet Cheng Joel E. Kanoff Ashish Rajadhyaksha
Julie Christensen Dave Kehr Herbert Reynolds
Michel Ciment Philip Kemp Arthur G. Robson
Tom Conley Satti Khanna Sara Corben de Romero
David A. Cook Tammy Kinsey Jonathan Romney
Samantha Cook Katherine Singer Kovács Chris Routledge
R. F. Cousins Audrey E. Kupferberg Elliot Rubenstein
Thomas Cripps Monique Lamontagne Marie Saeli
Robert von Dassanowsky Joseph Lanza Barbara Salvage
Gertraud Steiner Daviau Daniel Leab Stephanie Savage
Pamala S. Deane Sharon Lee Curtis Schade
Sara Corben De Romeo James L. Limbacher Susana Schild
Charles Derry Richard Lippe Steven Schneider
Wheeler Winston Dixon Kimball Lockhart H. Wayne Schuth
Rashmi Doraiswamy Janet E. Lorenz Michael Selig
Mike Downey Glenn Lovell Lee Sellars
Clyde Kelly Dunagan Ed Lowry Ella Shochat
Robert Dunbar Richard Dyer MacCann Robert Sickels
Raymond Durgnat Andrew and Gina Macdonald Ulrike Sieglohr
Rob Edelman G. C. Macnab Charles L. P. Silet
Jane Ehrlich Elaine Mancini Scott Simmon
Jack C. Ellis Roger Manvell P. Adams Sitney
Gretchen Elsner-Sommer Gina Marchetti Josef Škvorecký
Patricia Erens Gerald Mast Anthony Slide
Thomas L. Erskine Donald W. McCaffrey Edward S. Small
Mark W. Estrin John McCarty Eric Smoodin
Tamara L. Falicov Joseph McElhaney Thomas Snyder
Greg S. Faller Vacláv Merhaut Cecile Starr
Rodney Farnsworth Russell Merritt Philip Strick
Howard Feinstein Lloyd Michaels Bob Sullivan
Susan Felleman Joseph Milicia Susan Tavernetti
Annette Fern Norman Miller Stephen Teo
Warren French Ib Monty Doug Tomlinson
Barry A. Fulks Donald R. Mott Lee Tsiantis
Dan Georgakas John Mraz Andrew Tudor
Tina Gianoulis Robert Murphy Michael J. Tyrkus
Jill Gillespie William T. Murphy B. Urgošíkova
Verina Glaessner Ray Narducy Ralph Anthony Valdez
H. M. Glancy Dennis Nastav Ravi Vasudevan
Val Golovskoy Kim Newman Ginette Vincendeau
Douglas Gomery Dan Nissen Iris Wakulenko
Joseph A. Gomez Linda J. Obalil William C. Wees

xi
CONTRIBUTORS FILMS, 4th EDITION

Paul Wells
James Michael Welsh
Dennis West
M. B. White
Daniel Williams
Robert Winning
Robin Wood
Denise J. Youngblood

xii
LIST OF FILMS

A bout de souffle La Belle et la bête


A nous la liberté Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Grossstadt
A propos de Nice The Best Years of Our Lives
Accattone La Bête humaine
Adam’s Rib Bharat Mata
The Adventures of Robin Hood Bhumika
The African Queen The Big Heat
L’Age d’or The Big Parade
Aguirre, der Zorn Gottes The Big Sleep
Ahfei zheng zhuan The Birds
Ai no corrida The Birth of a Nation
Akaler sandhane Biruma no tategoto
Akasen chitai Black Narcissus
L’Albero degli zoccoli Black Sunday
Alexander Nevsky Blackmail
All about Eve Blade Runner
All Quiet on the Western Front The Blair Witch Project
All That Heaven Allows Der Blaue Engel
All the King’s Men Die Blechtrommel
Alphaville Die Bleierne Zeit
Alsino y el Condor Blow-Up
L’America The Blue Lamp
American Beauty Blue Velvet
American Graffiti Bonnie and Clyde
An American in Paris Das Boot
Der Amerikanische freund Le Boucher
Amor de perdic&atilda;o Boudu sauvé des eaux
And Life Goes On Brazil
Andrei Rublev Breakfast at Tiffany’s
Angi Vera Breaking the Waves
Angst essen Seele auf The Bride of Frankenstein
L’Année dernière à Marienbad Brief Encounter
Annie Hall Bringing Up Baby
Anticipation of the Night Broken Blossoms
Antônio das Mortes Bronenosets Potemkin
The Apartment Die Büchse der Pandora
Apocalypse Now Budjenje pacova
The Apu Trilogy Il Buono, il brutto, il cattivo
Aranyer din Ratri Bye Bye Brasil
L’Argent
L’Arroseur arrosé Cabaret
Arsenal Cabiria
The Asphalt Jungle La Caduta degli dei
L’Atalante Camille
L’Avventura O Cangaceiro
Awara Le Carrosse d’or
Casablanca
Ba wang bie ji Casino Royale
Bab el hadid Casque d’or
Babettes Gaestebud Cat People (1942)
Badlands Celine et Julie vont en bateau: Phantom Ladies Over Paris
Balada o soldate Central do Brasil
Le Ballet mécanique C’era una volta il west
The Band Wagon C’est arrivé près de chez vous
Banshun El Chacal de Nahueltoro
Baron Prasil Le Chagrin et la pitié
La Bataille du rail Chapayev
La Batalla de Chile: la lucha de un pueblo sin armas Un Chapeau de paille d’Italie
La Battaglia di Algeri Le Charme discrèt de la bourgeoisie
Becky Sharp Charulata
Belle de jour Chelovek s kinoapparatom

xiii
LIST OF FILMS FILMS, 4th EDITION

Chelsea Girls Die Dreigroschenoper


Un Chien andalou Drifters
Chimes at Midnight Du Rififi chez les hommes
Chinatown Duck Soup
Chronik der Anna Magdalena Bach Duvidha
Chronique des années de braise
Chronique d’un été East of Eden
Citizen Kane Easy Rider
City Lights L’eclisse
City of Sadness Die Ehe der Maria Braun
Cléo de cinq à sept Elippathayam
A Clockwork Orange Les Enfants du paradis
Close Encounters of the Third Kind Der Engel mit der Posaune
Un Coeur en hiver Entotsu no mieru basho
Un Condamné à mort s’est échappé Entr’acte
Il Conformista Eraserhead
The Conversation Eroica
La Coquille et le clergyman Erotikon
Cria Cuervos . . . Espiritu de la colmena
Le Crime de Monsieur Lange Et . . . Dieu créa la femme
Cristo si e fermato a Eboli E.T.—The Extraterrestrial
Crossfire Der Ewige Jude
The Crowd Exotica
Csillagosok, katonák
Cyrano de Bergerac Faces
Czlowiek z marmuru Fanny och Alexander
Fantasia
Dahong denglong gaogao gua Fargo
Les Dames du Bois de Boulogne Farrebique
Dance, Girl, Dance La Femme du boulanger
Daoma zei La Femme infidèle
Dawandeh Festen
Days of Heaven Feu Mathias Pascal
De cierta manera Fièvre
The Dead Film d’amore e d’anarchia
Dead of Night Il Fiore delle mille e una notte
Dead Ringers Fires Were Started
The Deer Hunter Five Easy Pieces
Dekalog Flaming Creatures
Deliverance Foolish Wives
La Dentellière 42nd Street
Der var engang en krig The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Detour Frankenstein (1931)
Deus e o diabo na terra do sol Freaks
Deutschland im Herbst Fresa y Chocolate
The Devil Is a Woman Fröken Julie
Le Diable au corps From Here to Eternity
Les Diaboliques Fukushu suru wa ware ni ari
Dirty Harry Funny Games
Distant Voices, Still Lives Fury
Diva Os Fuzis
Do bigha zamin
Do the Right Thing Garam Hawa
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1932) Il Gattopardo
Dr. Strangelove; or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and The General
Love the Bomb Gertie the Dinosaur
Dog Star Man Gertrud
Doktor Mabuse der Spieler; Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse Giant
La dolce vita Gilda
Dom za vesanje The Godfather Trilogy
Dona Flor e seus dois maridos Gojira
Double Indemnity The Gold Rush
The Douglas Trilogy Gone With the Wind
Dracula (1931) GoodFellas
Dracula (1958) Gösta Berlings Saga
The Draughtsman’s Contract The Graduate

xiv
FILMS, 4th EDITION LIST OF FILMS

La Grande illusion Ju Dou


The Grapes of Wrath Jud Süss
The Great Dictator Judex
Great Expectations Jujiro
Greed Jules et Jim
Gregory’s Girl
Guling jie shaonian sha ren shijian Kaagaz ke phool
Gun Crazy Das Kabinett des Dr. Caligari
Gycklarnas afton Kameradschaft
Kanal
Hadaka no shima Kaos
La Haine La Kermesse héroique
Haizi wang The Kid
Hallelujah The Killers (1946)
Hana-Bi Kind Hearts and Coronets
A Hard Day’s Night King Kong
Heavenly Creatures Kino-Pravda
Heimat; Die Zweite Heimat Kiss Me Deadly
He Liu Klute
Henry V Kommisar
Herr Arnes Pengar Kongi’s Harvest
Higanbana Konyets Sankt-Peterburga
High Noon Körkalen
High Sierra Korol Lir
Der Himmel Über Berlin Koshikei
Hiroshima mon amour Koziyat rog
His Girl Friday Kwaidan
Hitler: Ein Film aus Deutschland
Hoop Dreams L.A. Confidential
La Hora de los hornos Ladri di biciclette
Howards End The Lady Eve
Huang tudi The Lady from Shanghai
The Hustler The Lady Vanishes
Lan fengzheng
I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang The Land
Idi i smotri Lásky jedné plavovlásky
Idioterne The Last Picture Show
If. . . Last Tango in Paris
Igla The Last Wave
Ikiru Laura
Im Lauf der Zeit The Lavender Hill Mob
In a Lonely Place Lawrence of Arabia
India Song Letter from an Unknown Woman
The Informer Letyat zhuravli
Intolerance Der Letze Mann
Invasion of the Body Snatchers The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp
Istoria Asi Kliachinoi kotoraia lubila da nie vyshla zamuzh Life Is Sweet
It Happened One Night Limite
It’s a Wonderful Life Little Caesar
Ivan Grozny The Little Foxes
Lola
J’accuse Lola Montès
Jana Aranya Lolita
Jaws Lone Star
The Jazz Singer The Lost Weekend
Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles Louisiana Story
Jeder für sich und Gott gegen alle Lucia
Les Jeux interdits
JFK M
Jigokumon Madame de . . .
Johnny Guitar Mädchen in Uniform
Le Joli Mai The Magnificent Ambersons
Jonah qui aura 25 ans en l’an 2000 Malcolm X
Le Jour se lève Malenkaya Vera
Journal d’un curé de campagne The Maltese Falcon
Journey of Hope Man of Aran

xv
LIST OF FILMS FILMS, 4th EDITION

The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance Noz w wodzie


Manhattan Nuit et brouillard
Marat/Sade Une Nuit sur le Mont Chauve
The March of Time Les Nuits fauves
Märchen vom Glück
The Marius Trilogy O slavnosti a hostech
M*A*S*H Obchod na korze
The Masque of the Red Death Odd Man Out
Mat L’Odeur de la papaye verte
Matka Joanna od aniolow Offret
The Matrix Oktiabr
A Matter of Life and Death Los Olvidados
The Maxim Trilogy Olympia
Mean Streets On the Town
Meet Me in St. Louis On the Waterfront
Meg ker a nep Once Upon a Time in America
Meghe dhaka tara Once Upon a Time in the West
Memorias del subdesarrollo One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
Menilmontant Ordet
Mephisto Orfeu Negro
Le Mépris Orphée
Meshes of the Afternoon Ossessione
Metropolis Ostre sledované vlaky
Midnight Cowboy Otac na sluzbenom putu
Midnight Express El Otro Francisco
Mildred Pierce 8½
Le Million Out of the Past
Miracolo a Milano Outomlionnye solntsem
The Misfits
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Paisà
Mrs. Miniver Paris, Texas
Modern Times Une Partie de campagne
Mona Lisa La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc
Die Mörder sind unter uns Passport to Pimlico
Morte a Venezia Paths of Glory
Moskva slezam ne verit Peeping Tom
Muerte de un Ciclista Pépé le Moko
Mujeres al borde de un ataque de nervios Persona
The Music Box The Phantom of the Opera
My Beautiful Laundrette Philadelphia
My Brilliant Career The Philadelphia Story
My Darling Clementine The Piano
My Name Is Joe Pickpocket
Picnic at Hanging Rock
The Naked City The Picture of Dorian Gray
Naniwa ereji Pirosmani
Nanook of the North Pixote a lei do mais fraco
Napoléon A Place in the Sun
Narayama bushi-ko The Player
Nashville Playtime
Neobychanye priklyucheniya Mistera Vesta v strane bolshevikov Pokaianie
Nesto izmedju Popiol i diament
Die Nibelungen Potomok Chingis-Khan
Nieuwe Gronden La Primera carga al machete
A Night at the Opera The Private Life of Henry VIII
The Night of the Hunter Le Procès
Ningen no joken Professione: Reporter
Ninotchka Proshchanie
La Noire de . . . Psycho
North by Northwest The Public Enemy
Nosferatu (1922) I Pugni in tasca
Notorious Pulp Fiction
La notte Putyovka v zhizn
1900 (Novecento)
Novyi Vavilon Qiu Ju da Guansi
Now Voyager Le Quai des brumes

xvi
FILMS, 4th EDITION LIST OF FILMS

Les Quatre cents coups Smultronstället


Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Raging Bull Sodom und Gomorrha
Raiders of the Lost Ark Some Like It Hot
Ran Sommarnattens leende
Rashomon Song of Ceylon
Rear Window Souffle au coeur
Rebel Without a Cause The Southerner
Red River Soy Cuba
The Red Shoes The Spanish Earth
Red Sorghum Spoorloos
Los Redes Stachka
Règle du jeu A Star Is Born
Repulsion The Star Wars Saga
Reservoir Dogs Staré povesti ceské
Retrato de Teresa Steamboat Willie
Ride the High Country Sterne
Rien que les heures La Strada
Rio Bravo Strangers on a Train
The River A Streetcar Named Desire
Rocco e i suoi fratelli Stromboli
The Rocky Horror Picture Show Der Student von Prag
Roma, città aperta Sullivan’s Travels
La Ronde Sult
Room at the Top Suna no onna
A Room with a View Sunrise
Rosemary’s Baby Sunset Boulevard
The Sweet Smell of Success
Saikaku ichidai onna Sweet Sweetback’s Baadasssss Song
Salaam Bombay!
Le Salaire de la peur Das Tagebuch einer Verlorenen
Salt of the Earth Ta’m E Guilass
Salvatore Giuliano Tampopo
Samma no aji Taxi Driver
Samo jednom se ljubi Teni zabytykh predkov
Le Samourai La terra trema
Le Sang des bêtes The Texas Chainsaw Massacre
Le Sang d’un poete Thelma and Louise
Sans Soleil Thérèse Desqueyroux
Sansho dayu They Live by Night
Saturday Night and Sunday Morning O Thiasos
Scarface: The Shame of a Nation The Thin Man
The Scarlet Empress Things to Come
Schatten The Third Man
Schindler’s List 38 - Auch das war Wien
Sciuscia The 39 Steps
Scorpio Rising Tiefland
The Searchers Tire dié
Secrets and Lies Tirez sur le pianiste
Seppuku Titanic
The Servant Todo Sobre Mi Madre
Shaft Tokyo monogatari
Shakespeare in Love Tom Jones
Shane Top Hat
She Done Him Wrong Touch of Evil
Sherlock, Jr. Trainspotting
Shichinin no samurai The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
Shoah Tretia Meshchanskaia
Shonen Triumph des Willens
Siberiade Trois Couleurs
The Silence of the Lambs Trouble in Paradise
Singin’ in the Rain Turksib
Det Sjunde inseglet Twelve Angry Men
Skuplijaci perja 2001: A Space Odyssey
Smoke Tystnaden

xvii
LIST OF FILMS FILMS, 4th EDITION

Udju Azul di Yonta Wavelength


Ugetsu monogatari Le Weekend
Umberto D West Side Story
Underground White Heat
Unforgiven Why We Fight
Unsere Afrikareise The Wild Bunch
Les Vacances de Monsieur Hulot The Wind
Valahol Europaban The Wizard of Oz
The Women
Les Vampires W.R.: Mysterije Organizma
Vampyr Written on the Wind
Il Vangelo secondo Matteo Wutai jiemei
Variété
El Verdugo Xala
Vertigo Xiao cheng zhi chun
Viaggio in Italia
Victim Yaaba
Vidas secas Yanzhi kou
Viridiana Yawar Mallku
Viskningar och rop Yeelen
I Vitelloni Les Yeux sans visage
Vivre sa vie Yojimbo
Vlak bez voznog reda Young Mr. Lincoln
To Vlemma Tou Odyssea
Voina i mir Z
Le Voyage dans la lune Zangiku monogatari
Vredens dag Zaseda
Zemlya
Walkabout Zerkalo
Wandafuru Raifu Zéro de conduite

xviii
A BOUT DE SOUFFLE
(Breathless)
A Vaugeois, Gerard, and others, A bout de souffle, Paris, 1974.
Monaco, James, The New Wave, New York, 1976.
MacCabe, Colin, Godard: Images, Sounds, Politics, London, 1980.
Walsh, Martin, The Brechtian Aspect of Radical Cinema, Lon-
don, 1981.
France, 1959 Lefèvre, Raymond, Jean-Luc Godard, Paris, 1983.
Douin, Jean-Luc, La Nouvelle Vague 25 ans après, Paris, 1984.
Director: Jean-Luc Godard Bordwell, David, Narration in the Fiction Film, London, 1985.
Weis, Elisabeth, and John Belton, Film Sound: Theory and Practice,
Production: Impéria Films, Société Nouvelle de Cinéma; black and New York, 1985.
white, 35mm; running time: 89 minutes. Released 16 March 1960, Godard, Jean-Luc, Godard on Godard: Critical Writings, edited by
Paris. Filmed 17 August through 15 September 1959 in Paris and Jean Narboni and Tom Milne, New York, 1986.
Marseilles; cost: 400,000 N.F. (about $120,000). Loshitzky, Yosefa, The Radical Faces of Godard & Bertolucci,
Detroit, 1995.
Producer: Georges de Beauregard; screenplay: Jean-Luc Godard, Dixon, Wheeler W., The Films of Jean-Luc Godard, Albany, 1997.
from an original treatment by François Truffaut; photography: Sterritt, David, Jean-Luc Godard; Interviews, Jackson, 1998.
Raoul Coutard; editors: Cécile Decugis with Lila Herman; sound: Sterritt, David, The Films of Jean-Luc Godard; Seeing the Invisible,
Jacques Maumont; music: Martial Solal from Mozart’s Clarinet New York, 1999.
Concerto, K.622; artistic and technical advisor: Claude Chabrol.
Articles:
Cast: Jean Seberg (Patricia Franchini); Jean-Paul Belmondo (Michel
Poiccard, alias Laszlo Kovacs); Daniel Boulanger (Police Inspec- Truffaut, François, in Radio-Cinéma-Télévision (Paris), 1 Octo-
tor Vital); Henri-Jacques Huet (Antonio Berrutti); Roger Hanin ber 1959.
(Carl Zombach); Van Doude (Journalist Van Doude); Liliane Robin Variety (New York), 4 February 1960.
(Liliane); Michel Favre (Plainclothes inspector); Jean-Pierre Mel- Le Monde (Paris), 18 March 1960.
ville (Parvulesco); Claude Mansard (Used car dealer, Claudius); Sadoul, Georges, in Les Lettres Françaises (Paris), March-April 1960.
Jean Domarchi (Drunk); Jean-Luc Godard (Informer); André-S. Billard, Pierre, and others, ‘‘Petit lexique de la nouvelle vague,’’ in
Labarthe, Jean-Louis Richard, and François Mareuil (Journalists); Cinéma (Paris), April 1960.
Richard Balducci (Tolmatchoff); Philippe de Broca; Michael Mourlet; Chevallier, J., in Image et Son (Paris), April 1960.
Jean Douchet; Louiguy; Virginie Ullman; Emile Villon; José Bénazéraf; Mopuller, Luc, ‘‘Jean-Luc Godard,’’ in Cahiers du Cinéma (Paris),
Madame Paul; Raymond Ravanbaz. April 1960.
Marcorelles, Louis, ‘‘Views of the New Wave,’’ in Sight and Sound
Awards: Prix Jean Vigo, 1960; Best Direction, Berlin Film Festi- (London), Spring 1960.
val, 1960. Seguin, Louis, in Positif (Paris), no. 33, 1960.
Crowther, Bosley, in New York Times, 8 February 1961.
Kauffmann, Stanley, ‘‘Adventures of an Anti-Hero,’’ in New Repub-
Publications lic (New York), 13 February 1961.
Croce, Arlene, in Film Quarterly (Berkeley), Spring 1961.
Scripts: Gow, Gordon, in Films and Filming (London), August 1961.
Steen, T. M. F., ‘‘The Sound Track,’’ in Films in Review (New York),
A bout de souffle (screenplay plus Truffaut’s original scenario and August-September 1961.
quotations from reviews) in L’Avant-Scène du Cinéma (Paris), Pearson, Gabriel, and Eric Rhode, ‘‘Cinema of Appearance,’’ in Sight
March 1968; also published separately, Paris, 1974. and Sound (London), Autumn 1961.
Collet, Jean, and others, ‘‘Entretien avec Jean-Luc Godard,’’ in
Books: Cahiers du Cinéma (Paris), December 1962.
Feinstein, Herbert, ‘‘An Interview with Jean-Luc Godard,’’ in Film
Taylor, John Russell, ‘‘The New Wave: Jean-Luc Godard,’’ in Quarterly (Berkeley), Spring 1964.
Cinema Eye, Cinema Ear, New York, 1964. Lefèvre, Raymond, and Jean-Paul Warren, in Image et son: Revue du
Egly, Max, Regards neufs sur le cinéma, Paris, 1965. Cinéma (Paris), September-October 1964.
Goldmann, Annie, Cinéma et société moderne: Le Cinéma de 1958 à Solokov, Raymond, ‘‘The Truth 24 Times a Second,’’ in Newsweek
1968, Paris, 1971. (New York), 12 February 1968.

1
A BOUT DE SOUFFLE FILMS, 4th EDITION

A bout de souffle

Barr, Charles, ‘‘A bout de souffle,’’ in The Films of Jean-Luc Godard, A bout de souffle was the first feature directed by Jean-Luc Godard
edited by Ian Cameron, London, 1969. and one of the films introducing the French New Wave in the late
Houston, Beverle, and Marsha Kinder, ‘‘Jean-Luc Godard: Breath- 1950s. Godard had made several short films before A bout de souffle,
less,’’ in Close-Up, New York, 1972. but this feature established the international reputation of the director
Ropars, Marie-Claire, ‘‘The Graphic in Filmic Writing: A bout de who is regarded as one of the most important filmmakers of the 1960s.
souffle, or the Erratic . . . ,’’ in Enclitic (Minneapolis), Fall 1981- The film’s story is fairly simple. Michel Poiccard (Jean-Paul
Spring 1982. Belmondo), a small time hood, casually kills a policeman. He goes to
Falkenburg, Pamela, ‘‘‘Hollywood’ and the ‘Art Cinema’ as a Bipo- Paris to collect some money in order to leave the country, and tries to
lar Modeling System: A bout de souffle and Breathless,’’ in Wide convince his American girlfriend Patricia Franchini (Jean Seberg) to
Angle (Athens, Ohio), vol. 7, no. 3, 1985. go with him. She is less interested in accompanying him than she is in
‘‘Godard Issue’’ of Revue Belge du Cinéma (Brussels), Summer 1986. playing the role of an American intellectual in Paris. (She hawks the
Durgnat, Raymond, in Monthly Film Bulletin (London), August 1988. New York Herald Tribune on the Champs-Elysées while trying to
Pulleine, Tim, in Films and Filming (London), August 1988. establish herself as a journalist.) When Michel finally secures the
Jensen, G. H., ‘‘Filmvurdering,’’ in Z Filmtidsskrift (Oslo), no. 2, 1990. money he needs and is ready to leave the city, Patricia betrays him to
Kulset, S., ‘‘Teoretiker til siste andedrag?’’ in Z Filmtidsskrift (Oslo), the police, and he is shot as he half-heartedly attempts to escape.
no. 1, 1991. This basic sequence of events is the minimal thread of continuity
de Graaff, T., ‘‘Jongleren met ideeen,’’ in Skrien (Amsterdam), that holds the filmic narrative together. However, causal development
December-January 1992–93. and character motivation in the traditional sense are relatively loose.
’’Parigi, a bout de souffle,’’ in Castoro Cinema, March/April 1996. While the film does not reject narrative conventions as a whole, it
goes a long way towards weakening the tight-knit structure and
* * * explanatory mechanisms affiliated with dominant narrative. The

2
FILMS, 4th EDITION A NOUS LA LIBERTÉ

film’s visual construction works even more aggressively against integral part of the film’s signifying material. Movie posters, art
conventional film style. It systematically departs from the aesthetic reproductions, and inserts of magazines and books not only function
guidelines and rules defined by continuity editing, relying variously as elements of mise-en-scène, but also construct an image of contem-
on long-take sequences (often shot with hand-held camera) and jump porary life in terms of cultural collage. In addition the strategy of
cutting. The free-wheeling, almost casual, use of the camera is typical narrative digression is important, incorporating lengthy scenes to
of the New Wave style. Within individual scenes the systematic use of explore issues which do not serve to develop the story per se. In A bout
jump cuts and depiction of rambling, repetitious conversations are de souffle Patricia’s taking part in an interview with an author (played
a way of testing the limits of narrative film style. It often seems that by French director Jean-Pierre Melville) functions in this way. Both
scenes are conceived to show what can be done with cinema rather of these practices testify to an interest in cinema as something more
than to develop the story in a coherent fashion. than a narrative medium in the conventional sense. As attention is
While the film seems willfully to disregard the norms of commer- directed to the ways in which filmic images and sounds create
cial, studio filmmaking, it consistently refers to and plays with aspects meaning, the very nature of cinematic signification becomes the
of the American cinema. The main character, Michel, styles himself central question for the director and his audience.
in the image of Humphrey Bogart. Early in the film he is seen standing
by a movie poster admiring his hero’s picture; in comparison his own
—M. B. White
status as a modern ‘‘tough guy’’ is only a weak imitation. The police
on Michel’s trail are similarly pale shadows of their predecessors in
American films; they are bumbling, somewhat comical figures. The
character of Patricia, and her portrayal by Seberg, refers to the role
Seberg played in Otto Preminger’s Bonjour Tristesse. There are also A NOUS LA LIBERTÉ
scenes constructed to ‘‘quote’’ sequences from American films. In
Patricia’s bedroom, Michel looks at her through a rolled-up poster. France, 1931
The camera zooms through the poster tube, followed by a cut to
a close-up of Michel and Patricia kissing. These shots mimic a scene
Director: René Clair
from Samuel Fuller’s Forty Guns (with a rifle barrel instead of
a poster) described by Godard in a review of the film as a moment of
pure cinema. Production: Tobis (Paris) and Filmsonor; black and white, 35mm,
The film’s playfulness extends beyond the inside jokes that refer musical soundtrack with sound effects; running time: 97 minutes.
to other films. The sometimes abrupt shifts in tone, style, and plot Released 31 December 1931. Filmed 1931 in Tobis studios and
development within and between scenes are an investigation of (and around Paris.
challenge to) the medium, based on familiarity with and affection for
its history. The opening of the film is instructive in this regard. Michel Producer: Frank Clifford; screenplay: René Clair; photography:
delivers a rambling monologue as he drives through the French Georges Périnal; editor: René le Hénaff; sound: Hermann Storr; art
countryside. He is speeding, and a policeman starts to follow him. director: Lazare Meerson; music: Georges Auric; musical director:
Michel drives off the road, and when he is followed, shoots the Armand Bernard; costume designer: René Hubert; assistant direc-
policeman. The murder is casual in manner and lacking in clear tor: Albert Valentin.
motive. It becomes almosts a comic version of more serious crime
dramas in which murders are fraught with tension and often defined as Cast: Henri Marchand (Emile); Raymond Cordy (Louis); Rolla
the act of ruthless or psychotic individuals. Because of his manner, the France (Jeanne); Paul Ollivier (Paul Imaque, Jeanne’s uncle); Jac-
character of Michel is sometimes seen to exemplify the existentially ques Shelly (Paul); André Michaud (Foreman); Germaine Aussey
alienated hero figure often found in New Wave films. Harsher critics (Maud, Louis’s mistress); Alexandre d’Arcy (Gigolo); William Burke
condemn him as a character for his amoral, nihilistic behavior. (Leader of the gangsters); Vincent Hyspa (Speaker); Léon Lorin
However, this moralising attitude ignores the way in which the (Fussy official).
character derives from and parodies previous film hoodlums, and the
appeal of the character as portrayed by Belmondo.
In various ways the film exemplifies the conjunction of a number
of factors contributing to the French New Wave cinema. This Publications
includes the use of relatively new cameras (a lightweight Eclair,
easily handheld); working with low budgets, which promoted loca- Scripts:
tion shooting and stories with contemporary settings; and the use of
new personnel, including the star Belmondo and cameraman Raoul Clair, René, A nous la liberté in L’Avant-Scène du Cinéma (Paris),
Coutard. In addition Godard brought a set of attitudes to filmmaking November 1968.
shared by his fellow New Wave directors, derived from his experi- A Nous La Liberté and Entr’Acte: Films by René Clair, New
ence as a film critic in the 1950s. Among these was the belief that the
York, 1970.
director was the responsible creative individual behind a film, that
film should be approached as a mode of personal expression, and
a deep admiration for the visual style of many Hollywood films. Books:
Beyond its status as a ‘‘New Wave film,’’ A bout de souffle begins
to define attitudes and concerns which are more fully developed in Viazzi, G., René Clair, Milan, 1946.
Godard’s subsequent work. A broad range of cultural imagery is an Bourgeois, J., René Clair, Geneva, 1949.

3
A NOUS LA LIBERTÉ FILMS, 4th EDITION

A nous la liberté

Charensol, Georges, and Roger Régent, Un Maître du cinéma: René Connor, Edward, and Edward Jablonski, in Films in Review (New
Clair, Paris, 1952. York), November 1954.
Solmi, A., Tre maestri del cinema, Milan, 1956. Tallmer, Jerry, in Village Voice (New York), 16 November 1955.
De La Roche, Catherine, René Clair: An Index, London, 1958. Ford, Charles, ‘‘Cinema’s First Immortal,’’ in Films in Review (New
Amengual, Barthélemy, René Clair, Paris, 1963; revised edition, 1969. York), November 1960.
Mitry, Jean, René Clair, Paris, 1969. Berti, V., ‘‘L’arte del comico in René Clair,’’ in Bianco e Nero
Samuels, Charles, Encountering Directors, New York, 1972. (Rome), March-April 1968.
McGerr, Celia, René Clair, Boston, 1980. Baxter, John, ‘‘A Conversation with René Clair,’’ in Focus on Film
Barrot, Olivier, René Clair; ou, Le Temps mesuré, Renens, Switzer- (London), Winter 1972.
land, 1985. Pym, John, in Monthly Film Bulletin (London), October 1977.
Greene, Naomi, René Clair: A Guide to References and Resources, Kramer, S. P., ‘‘René Clair: Situation and Sensibility in A nous la
Boston, 1985. liberté,’’ in Literature/Film Quarterly (Salisbury, Maryland), vol.
Dale, R. C., The Films of René Clair, Metuchen, New Jersey, 12, no. 2, 1984.
2 vols., 1986.
* * *
Articles:
The fear of a static theatrical cinema resulting from the invention
Potamkin, Harry, ‘‘René Clair and Film Humor,’’ in Hound and Horn of the sound film was very soon dissipated by liberators such as Ernst
(New York), October-December 1932. Lubitsch and René Clair. With a concentration on music and move-
Causton, Bernard, ‘‘A Conversation with René Clair,’’ in Sight and ment while maintaining strict control over dialogue the cinema began
Sound (London), Winter 1932–33. to move again. Clair, with his first two films, had already established
Jacobs, Lewis, ‘‘The Films of René Clair,’’ in New Theatre (New a style, and the cycle of development from which this style emerged is
York), February 1936. curious in itself. The French comedian Max Linder was a direct
‘‘Clair Issue’’ of Bianco e Nero (Rome), August-September 1951. influence on Chaplin and the whole slapstick school which in turn

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