‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ اﻻھﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﺑﻨﯿﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺎده اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪوال‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪ :‬اﯾﺎد ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻄﯿﺔ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﮭﺎدي‬
‫اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي )ﺛﺎﻧﻲ(‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ اﺷﺮاف اﻻﺳﺘﺎذ ‪ :‬ﺳﻌﯿﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻔﮭﺮس‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﮫ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺪاﻟﮫ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻧﻮاع اﻟﺪوال‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺪوال‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﺪوال‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗُﻌﺪّ اﻟﺪوال ﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺎھﯿﻢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت وﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب‬
‫وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﮭﻲ أداة ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬
‫دورا ﻣﺤﻮرﯾًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﮭﻢ‬
‫واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﺪوال ً‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة اﻟﯿﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺴﺎب‬
‫‪.‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‪ ،‬اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬وﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪xxx‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ھﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ أو ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﺧﺮى ‪yyy‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺑﻌﻨﺼﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫‪.‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى‬
‫‪:‬وﯾُﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ‬
‫‪f(x)=yf(x) = yf(x)=y‬‬
‫ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺨﺮج ‪ ،y‬و)‪ (input‬ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ ‪x‬ھﻮ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‪ ،‬و‪f‬ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫‪(output).‬‬
 ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺪوال‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺪوال إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪة أﻧﻮاع رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﯿﺔ‪(Linear Function):‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮرة ‪f(x)=ax+bf(x) = ax + bf(x)=ax+b.‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻄﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿ ًﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧ ً‬
‫‪ .٢‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﯿﺔ‪(Quadratic Function):‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮرة ‪f(x)=ax2+bx+cf(x) = ax^2 + bx +‬‬
‫‪cf(x)=ax2+bx+c.‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻄﻌًﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺴﺮﯾﺔ‪(Rational Function):‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮرة = )‪f(x)=P(x)Q(x)f(x‬‬
‫)‪ ،\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}f(x)=Q(x)P(x‬ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫)‪P(x)P(x)P(x‬و )‪Q(x)Q(x)Q(x‬ﻛﺜﯿﺮات ﺣﺪود‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﯿﺔ‪(Exponential Function):‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮرة ‪f(x)=axf(x) = a^xf(x)=ax.‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﯾﺘﻤﯿﺔ‪(Logarithmic Function):‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻜﻮس اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮرة = )‪f(x)=log⁡a(x)f(x‬‬
‫‪\log_a(x)f(x)=loga(x).‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﯿﺔ‪(Trigonometric Functions):‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ‪sin⁡(x),cos⁡(x),tan⁡(x) \sin(x), \cos(x),‬‬
‫)‪ ،\tan(x)sin(x),cos(x),tan(x‬وﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت واﺳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎء واﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺪوال‬
‫اﻟﺘﺒﺎﯾﻦ ‪:‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ‪:‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪوال ﺗﻜﻮن زوﺟﯿﺔ )ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر )‪yyy‬‬ ‫•‬

‫أو ﻓﺮدﯾﺔ )ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻷﺻﻞ‪).‬‬

‫اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة واﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ‪:‬ﺗﺼﻒ اﺗﺠﺎه ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ازدﯾﺎد ﻗﯿﻢ ‪xxx.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﺤﺪود واﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺎت ‪:‬ﺗﺤﺪد ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺟﺪًا أو‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪًا‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﺪوال‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﺪوال ﺑﻌﺪة طﺮق‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﯿﺔ ‪:‬وﺻﻒ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﺪول ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼت‬
‫واﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﺒﺮﯾﺔ ‪:‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺻﯿﻐﺔ رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ ‪:‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺮﺳﻮم اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻲ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﺪوال‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة اﻟﯿﻮﻣﯿﺔ ‪:‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة )اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ = اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ×‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ‪:‬ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎء ‪:‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺪوال اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﯿﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺰواﯾﺎ‬ ‫•‬

‫واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ‪:‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﻞ وظﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫)‪(Function‬ﺟﺰ ًءا أﺳﺎﺳﯿًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮد‪.‬‬

‫أھﻤﯿﺔ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺪوال‬

‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻓﮭﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺳﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮوع اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ‬ ‫ﺗُﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﺳﺎ ً‬ ‫•‬

‫واﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﮭﺎ دور ﺟﻮھﺮي ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﺤﯿﺎة اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺪوال ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﺠﺮد ﻣﻮﺿﻮع رﯾﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﻈﺮي‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ھﻲ أداة أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻔﮭﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ واﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺳﯿﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﻔﻀﻠﮭﺎ أﺻﺒﺢ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻌﺪ‬
‫أﻣﺮا ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﮫ ﻟﻜﻞ طﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻢ وﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺘﻰ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺪوال ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت‪.‬‬