MONOPHTHONG
1. /æ/: wide mouth open; very low tongue position
2. /ɑː/: slight open mouth; put your tongue low and at the back of your mouth
3. /e/: wider and more stretched mouth; tense lips
4. /ʊ/: slightly lift the back of your tongue; round your lips a bit and open your
mouth a little; make a short, voiced sound using your voice box
5. /u:/: lift the back of your tongue higher; round your lips and slightly push them
6. forward (lips are tenser); make a long-voiced sound using your voice box
7. /ə/: jaws are not close to each other; the central part of the tongue is raised;
8. /ɪ/: Slightly move your lips apart, position your tongue a bit high in your mouth
and near the front, stretch out your lips a little, and make a voiced sound using the
voice box
9. /iː/: Position your tongue high and at the front of your mouth, stretch out your lips
as if you are smiling, make a voiced sound using the voice box
10./ɜː/: put your tongue low and in the center of your mouth, make a long voiced
sound with your mouth relaxed
11./ɔː/: put your tongue low and at the back of your mouth; round your lips and
slightly push them forward; make a long voiced sound using the voice box
12./ɒ/: put your tongue low and at the back of your mouth; round your lips and open
your mouth a little; make a short voiced sound using the voice box
13. /ʌ/: slightly open your mouth but not as wide as when you pronounce /ɑː/, put your
tongue low and between the middle and the back of your mouth
CONSONANTS
1. /f/: Your top teeth and bottom lip touch, then push the air through your teeth, do not use
the voice box
2. /v/: Your top teeth and bottom lip touch, then push the air through your teeth, turn on the
voice box to create vibration
3. /p/: Close your lips tightly, stopping the airflow. Release the air suddenly without using
the voice box
4. /b/: Close your lips tightly, stopping the airflow. Release the air suddenly while using
the voice box
5. /t/: Touch the tip of your tongue to the alveolar ridge (just behind the upper teeth). Stop
the airflow, then release it suddenly without voice (voiceless).
6. /d/: Same tongue position as /t/. Release the air with vibration in the voice box (voiced).
7. /k/: Raise the back of your tongue to touch the soft palate (velum). Stop the airflow, then
release it suddenly without voice (voiceless).
8. /g/: Same tongue position as /k/. Release the air with vibration in the voice box (voiced).
9. /θ/: Place the tip of your tongue lightly between the upper and lower teeth. Push air out
continuously without voice (voiceless).
10. /ð/: Same position as /θ/. Push air out while vibrating your voice box (voiced).
11. /s/: Place the tip of your tongue close to the alveolar ridge without touching it. Push air
out continuously without voice (voiceless).
12. /z/: Same position as /s/. Push air out while vibrating your voice box (voiced).
13. /ʃ/: Place the tongue near the hard palate (middle-top of the mouth). Round the lips
slightly and push air out continuously without voice (voiceless).
14. /ʒ/: Same position as /ʃ/. Push air out while vibrating your voice box (voiced).
15. /h/: Part the lips and press the tongue down in the back a bit, exhale gently to make the
sound.
16. /tʃ/: Place the tip of your tongue on the alveolar ridge, stopping the airflow. Release the
air with a friction sound (like /ʃ/). No voice box vibration (voiceless).
17. /dʒ/: Same position as /tʃ/. Release the air with vibration in the voice box (voiced).
18. /m/: Close your lips completely. Let the air flow through your nose, using the voice box
(voiced).
19. /n/: Touch the tip of your tongue to the alveolar ridge. Let the air flow through your
nose, using the voice box (voiced).
20. /ŋ/: Raise the back of your tongue to the soft palate. Let the air flow through your nose,
using the voice box (voiced).
21. /l/: Touch the tip of your tongue to the alveolar ridge. Let the air flow around the sides of
the tongue, using the voice box (voiced).
22./r/: Open your mouth slightly, place the tip of tongue behind the top front teeth
and point it backward toward your throat, exhale gently and let the air pass over
the tongue
23./j/: Open your mouth slightly, put the tongue tip down, raise the middle part of
yout tongue until touching the mouth roof, release the air and make a voiced
sound.
24./w/: Round your lips and push them forward, raise the back of the tongue near
your mouth roof, release the air and make a voiced sound.
