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Conrad Barski, M.D.
LAND OF LISP
LAND OF LISP
Learn to Program in Lisp,
One Game at a Time!
San Francisco
LAND OF LISP. Copyright © 2011 by Conrad Barski, M.D.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
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ISBN-10: 1-59327-281-2
ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-281-4
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For Lauren
BRIEF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................xvii
Introduction ....................................................................................................................1
Chapter 6: Interacting with the World: Reading and Printing in Lisp ....................................85
Chapter 15: Dice of Doom, a Game Written in the Functional Style ..................................303
Epilogue ....................................................................................................................429
Index .........................................................................................................................465
A C KN O W L E D G M E N T S xvii
INTRODUCTION 1
What Makes Lisp So Cool and Unusual? .................................................................... 2
If Lisp Is So Great, Why Don’t More People Use It? ...................................................... 3
Where Did Lisp Come From? ..................................................................................... 4
Where Does Lisp Get Its Power? .............................................................................. 10
1
G E T T I N G S T A R T E D W IT H L I S P 15
Lisp Dialects .......................................................................................................... 15
A Tale of Two Lisps ................................................................................... 16
Up-and-Coming Lisps ................................................................................. 17
Lisp Dialects Used for Scripting ................................................................... 17
ANSI Common Lisp ................................................................................... 17
Getting Started with CLISP ....................................................................................... 18
Installing CLISP ......................................................................................... 18
Starting Up CLISP ...................................................................................... 19
What You’ve Learned ............................................................................................. 19
2
CREATING YOUR FIRST LISP PROGRAM 21
The Guess-My-Number Game .................................................................................. 21
Defining Global Variables in Lisp ............................................................................. 23
Defining the small and big Variables ........................................................... 23
An Alternative Global Variable Definition Function ........................................ 23
Basic Lisp Etiquette ................................................................................................. 24
Defining Global Functions in Lisp ............................................................................. 25
Defining the guess-my-number Function ........................................................ 25
Defining the smaller and bigger Functions .................................................... 27
Defining the start-over Function ................................................................... 28
Defining Local Variables in Lisp ................................................................................ 28
Defining Local Functions in Lisp ................................................................................ 29
What You’ve Learned ............................................................................................. 30
3
E X P L O R I N G T H E S Y N TA X O F L I S P C O D E 31
Syntax and Semantics ............................................................................................. 31
The Building Blocks of Lisp Syntax ............................................................................ 32
Symbols ................................................................................................... 33
Numbers .................................................................................................. 34
Strings ..................................................................................................... 35
How Lisp Distinguishes Between Code and Data ........................................................ 35
Code Mode .............................................................................................. 36
Data Mode ............................................................................................... 37
Lists in Lisp ............................................................................................................ 37
Cons Cells ................................................................................................ 38
List Functions ............................................................................................. 38
Nested Lists .............................................................................................. 41
What You’ve Learned ............................................................................................. 45
4
M AK I N G D E C I S I O N S W I T H C O N D I T I O N S 49
The Symmetry of nil and () ....................................................................................... 49
Empty Equals False .................................................................................... 50
The Four Disguises of () .............................................................................. 51
The Conditionals: if and Beyond .............................................................................. 52
One Thing at a Time with if ........................................................................ 52
Going Beyond if: The when and unless Alternatives ....................................... 55
The Command That Does It All: cond ........................................................... 56
Branching with case .................................................................................. 57
Cool Tricks with Conditions ..................................................................................... 58
Using the Stealth Conditionals and and or .................................................... 58
Using Functions That Return More than Just the Truth ...................................... 60
Comparing Stuff: eq, equal, and More ..................................................................... 62
What You’ve Learned ............................................................................................. 65
5
B U I L D IN G A T E X T G A M E E N G I N E 67
The Wizard’s Adventure Game ................................................................................ 68
Our Game World ..................................................................................... 68
Basic Requirements .................................................................................... 69
Describing the Scenery with an Association List .......................................................... 70
Describing the Location ........................................................................................... 71
Describing the Paths ............................................................................................... 72
How Quasiquoting Works .......................................................................... 73
Describing Multiple Paths at Once ............................................................... 73
Describing Objects at a Specific Location .................................................................. 77
Listing Visible Objects ................................................................................ 77
Describing Visible Objects ......................................................................... 78
x Contents in D e ta i l
Describing It All ..................................................................................................... 79
Walking Around in Our World ................................................................................ 81
Picking Up Objects ................................................................................................. 82
Checking Our Inventory .......................................................................................... 83
What You’ve Learned ............................................................................................. 84
6
INTERACTING WITH THE WORLD:
R E A D I N G A N D P R IN T I N G I N L IS P 85
Printing and Reading Text ....................................................................................... 86
Printing to the Screen ................................................................................. 86
Saying Hello to the User ........................................................................... 87
Starting with print and read ........................................................................ 88
Reading and Printing Stuff the Way Humans Like It ........................................ 90
The Symmetry Between Code and Data in Lisp ........................................................... 91
Adding a Custom Interface to Our Game Engine ....................................................... 92
Setting Up a Custom REPL .......................................................................... 93
Writing a Custom read Function ................................................................. 94
Writing a game-eval Function ..................................................................... 96
Writing a game-print Function .................................................................... 96
Trying Out Our Fancy New Game Interface .............................................................. 99
The Dangers of read and eval ............................................................................... 101
What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 101
6.5
LAMBDA: A FUNCTION SO IMPORTANT IT DESERVES
I T S O W N C H A PT E R 103
What lambda Does .............................................................................................. 103
Why lambda Is So Important ................................................................................. 105
What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 106
7
G O IN G B E Y O N D B AS IC L I S T S 107
Exotic Lists ........................................................................................................... 107
Dotted Lists ............................................................................................. 108
Pairs ...................................................................................................... 109
Circular Lists ........................................................................................... 110
Association Lists ...................................................................................... 111
Coping with Complicated Data .............................................................................. 113
Visualizing Tree-like Data ......................................................................... 113
Visualizing Graphs .................................................................................. 114
Creating a Graph ................................................................................................ 114
Generating the DOT Information ............................................................... 115
Turning the DOT File into a Picture ............................................................ 120
Creating a Picture of Our Graph ............................................................... 123
Creating Undirected Graphs .................................................................................. 124
What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 127
Contents in D etai l xi
8
T H I S A IN ’T YO U R DA D D Y ’S W U M P U S 129
The Grand Theft Wumpus Game ............................................................................ 131
Defining the Edges of Congestion City .................................................................... 135
Generating Random Edges ....................................................................... 135
Looping with the loop Command ............................................................... 136
Preventing Islands .................................................................................... 137
Building the Final Edges for Congestion City ............................................... 139
Building the Nodes for Congestion City .................................................................. 142
Initializing a New Game of Grand Theft Wumpus .................................................... 144
Drawing a Map of Our City .................................................................................. 145
Drawing a City from Partial Knowledge ..................................................... 146
Walking Around Town ............................................................................. 148
Let’s Hunt Some Wumpus! ..................................................................................... 149
What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 152
9
A D V A N CE D D A T A T YP E S A N D G E N E R I C P R O G R A M M IN G 153
Arrays ................................................................................................................ 153
Working with Arrays ............................................................................... 154
Using a Generic Setter ............................................................................. 154
Arrays vs. Lists ........................................................................................ 156
Hash Tables ........................................................................................................ 157
Working with Hash Tables ....................................................................... 157
Returning Multiple Values ......................................................................... 159
Hash Table Performance .......................................................................... 160
A Faster Grand Theft Wumpus Using Hash Tables ....................................... 161
Common Lisp Structures ........................................................................................ 163
Working with Structures ........................................................................... 163
When to Use Structures ............................................................................ 165
Handling Data in a Generic Way .......................................................................... 166
Working with Sequences ......................................................................... 166
Creating Your Own Generic Functions with Type Predicates ......................... 170
The Orc Battle Game ............................................................................................ 172
Global Variables for the Player and Monsters ............................................. 173
Main Game Functions .............................................................................. 174
Player Management Functions .................................................................. 175
Helper Functions for Player Attacks ............................................................ 177
Monster Management Functions ................................................................ 178
The Monsters .......................................................................................... 179
To Battle! ............................................................................................... 187
What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 189
xii C on t e n t s i n D e t a i l
10
LOOPING WITH THE LOOP COMMAND 195
The loop Macro ................................................................................................... 195
Some loop Tricks ..................................................................................... 196
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About loop ....................................... 202
Using loop to Evolve! ............................................................................................ 202
Growing Plants in Our World ................................................................... 204
Creating Animals .................................................................................... 205
Simulating a Day in Our World ................................................................ 212
Drawing Our World ................................................................................ 212
Creating a User Interface ......................................................................... 213
Let’s Watch Some Evolution! ..................................................................... 214
Explaining the Evolution ........................................................................... 218
What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 219
11
PRINTING TEXT WITH THE FORMAT FUNCTION 221
Anatomy of the format Function .............................................................................. 221
The Destination Parameter ........................................................................ 222
The Control String Parameter .................................................................... 222
Value Parameters .................................................................................... 223
Control Sequences for Printing Lisp Values ............................................................... 223
Control Sequences for Formatting Numbers ............................................................. 225
Control Sequences for Formatting Integers .................................................. 225
Control Sequences for Formatting Floating-Point Numbers ............................ 226
Printing Multiple Lines of Output ............................................................................. 226
Justifying Output ................................................................................................... 228
Iterating Through Lists Using Control Sequences ....................................................... 231
A Crazy Formatting Trick for Creating Pretty Tables of Data ...................................... 232
Attack of the Robots! ............................................................................................. 233
What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 235
12
W O R K I N G W IT H S T R E A M S 237
Types of Streams .................................................................................................. 238
Streams by Type of Resource .................................................................... 238
Streams by Direction ................................................................................ 238
Working with Files ............................................................................................... 242
Working with Sockets ........................................................................................... 244
Socket Addresses .................................................................................... 245
Socket Connections ................................................................................. 246
Sending a Message over a Socket ............................................................ 246
Tidying Up After Ourselves ....................................................................... 248
String Streams: The Oddball Type .......................................................................... 249
Sending Streams to Functions .................................................................... 249
Working with Long Strings ....................................................................... 250
Reading and Debugging .......................................................................... 250
What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 251
F U N CT I O N A L P R O G R A M M I N G I S B E A U T I F U L 269
14
RAMPING LISP UP A NOTCH WITH
F U N CT I O N A L P R O G R A M M I N G 291
What Is Functional Programming? .......................................................................... 292
Anatomy of a Program Written in the Functional Style ............................................... 295
Higher-Order Programming ................................................................................... 298
Code Composition with Imperative Code ................................................... 298
Using the Functional Style ......................................................................... 299
Higher-Order Programming to the Rescue ................................................... 300
Why Functional Programming Is Crazy ................................................................... 300
Why Functional Programming Is Fantastic ............................................................... 301
Functional Programming Reduces Bugs ...................................................... 301
Functional Programs Are More Compact .................................................... 301
Functional Code Is More Elegant ............................................................... 302
What You’ve Learned ........................................................................................... 302
15
DICE OF DOOM, A GAME WRITTEN IN
T H E F U N CT I O N A L S T Y L E 303
The Rules of Dice of Doom ..................................................................................... 304
A Sample Game of Dice of Doom .......................................................................... 304
xiv Contents in D e ta i l
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