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Living with the Earth Concepts in Environmental Health
Science 2 Sub Edition Gary S. Moore Digital Instant
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Author(s): Gary S. Moore
ISBN(s): 9781566705851, 1566705851
Edition: 2 Sub
File Details: PDF, 22.33 MB
Year: 2002
Language: english
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
FORWARD

Living with the Earth: Concepts in Environmental Health Science is a com-

prehensive, up-to-date reference work, consummately useful for environmental profes-
sionals and a must for anyone who has not been trained in the environmental field, but
whose work requires interaction with or management of environmental issues.

The book is an effective integration of science and policy and covers an

impressive breadth of topics. Its information is extremely timely and focuses on the
critical concerns of this decade and beyond. It explores the assaults on our increasing-
ly fragile ecosystem including: climate change; water consumption and management;
health effects from an array of environmental sources; and legal fundamentals and
compliance strategies. As a dynamic knowledge base, the work is an invaluable tool in
every stage of environmental decision making, management of natural resources,
reduction of pollution, and prevention of further environmental insult.

Every facet of life today has an environmental component. Living with the
Earth is one of the few books that can move the reader from basic science to practical
applications, offering better ways to protect our environment. In uncomplicated and
straightforward terms, this book provides its readers with a comprehensive resource to
understand how their decisions affect the environmental quality of our lives.

One of the most exciting features of the work is that it is web-enhanced. It

links the reader to a multitude of information sites with searchable databases that pro-
vide immediate access to up-to-the-minute environmental information. As a learning
tool and a decision making tool, the work is greater than the sum of its individual
parts, and will be a dynamic resource for decades. The Internet applications are user-
friendly and offer exciting learning experiences for readers of all levels of knowledge
and experience.These linkages provide a channel for sharing experiences and dissemi-
nating lessons learned across a universe of audiences and experiences. Eventually, this
system will be linked to sound and video, creating additional outreach opportunities
and applications.

Dr. Gary Moore has already made a significant contribution to the environ-
ment through his writing, his research, and most importantly through his dedication to
his students, whom he has imbued with a strong commitment to and respect for the
environment. His innovative approaches for management of environmental health pro-
grams have received national recognition. Dr. Moore is committed to the fact that the
better we understand our environment, the more proactively we can protect it. In his
latest work he provides a dynamic resource that will allow all of us to be better custo-
dians of our environment.

Steve Wassersug, Principal

Global Environment & Technology Foundation
7010 Little River Turnpike
Suite 300
Annandale, Virginia 22003

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 AUTHOR

Gary Moore, M.S., Dr.P.H. is a fac-

ulty member in the Department of
Environmental Health Sciences in
the School of Public Health and
Health Sciences at the University of
Massachusetts. He has extensive
publications (over 75) in the area of
health effects from environmental
insults and has been awarded nearly
$1 million in grants and contracts
while at the University. Dr. Moore
developed and taught one of the
most widely attended courses on
campus (PH 160) featuring nutri-
tion, exercise and other aspects of health. He teaches several graduate level
environmental courses including courses on Air Quality Assessment (EnvHl
562); Environmental Regulations and Compliance (EnvHl 567); and
Environmental Health Practices (EnvHl 565).

Dr. Moore was nominated in December 1997 / January 1998 for the
University-wide distinguished teachers award (DTA) and the School-wide
award for excellence in teaching.

Dr. Moore was instrumental in obtaining grants to develop the

“Guidebook for Massachusetts Boards of Health”, which was released in
June, 1997. Presently, he is developing and providing certification and train-
ing courses for Boards of Health throughout the State of Massachusetts in
partnership with the Massachusetts Association of Health Boards. He has also
written, illustrated and developed several complete environmental courses for
the Northeast Regional United States Postal Service.

Dr. Moore has also developed an extensive computerized professional

illustration capability including the use of computer generated 35 mm slides
with charting and picture graphics, use of CD-ROM technology, desk-top
publishing, and web-based capabilities.

Most recently, he has submitted proposals and achieved agreements to

develop a synchronous video presentation of his EnvHL 565 course on
Principles of Environmental Health to be transmitted by 6 band ISDN to the
Worcester campus as part of a credit-based curriculum for interns and other
students in the Worcester, Massachusetts area. The course is presently on-line

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

with synchronous videoconferencing and a web-site for asynchronous dis-
tance education Dr. Moore is committed to bringing the very latest technolo-
gies to the classroom and beyond for an exciting and animated learning envi-
ronment. He is also committed to providing the maximum learning experi-
ence and highest possible profile for his graduate students. Some of those
graduate students have contributed substantially to the preparation of this
book and are listed below.

Kathleen Bell, M.P.H.

Kathleen received her Bachelor of Arts degree in
biology from Cornell University. Her work expe-
rience includes environmental claim manage-
ment. She received her Master of Public Health
degree in Environmental Health Science from the
University of Massachusetts School of Public
Health. Currently, Kathleen lives in New
England, where she enjoys hiking, running,
and skiing.

Christopher Landry, M.P.H.

Christopher received his B.S. in Biology from
the University of Alabama in 1993. As an under-
graduate Christopher was invited to serve as a
project supervisor for a Mexican mission. He
then went to El Salvador where he served as a
Water Sanitation Technician for the Peace Corps.
He received his Masters degree in Public Health
from the University of Massachusetts at
Amherst. Currently, Christopher is pursuing a
career as a Public Health Advisor to Latin
American countries.

Amy Tomasello, M.P.H.

Amy graduated from the University of Rhode
Island, Kingston,where she received her
Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy. She worked as
a consultant Pharmacist for a two years before
returning to school. In 1998 she received her
Master of Public Health in Environmental Health
Sciences from the University of Massachusetts at
Amherst. She resides in Massachusetts where she
enjoys outdoor recreational activities.

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

PREFACE

Intent of the Book

This book is a college level textbook for introductory courses in environ-
mental health and environmental sciences. It is suitable for both undergradu-
ate and graduate level courses for students of Environmental Health,
Environmental Sciences, Community Health Education, Epidemiologists,
Civil Engineers, Community Medicine, General Medicine, and Public Health.
It is also highly recommended for members of Boards of Health, Health
Officers and Health Inspectors, and citizens who are members of proactive
environmental groups such as Sierra Club, Public Interest Research Groups,
Clean Water Action, Environmental Defense Fund, and many others.

Synopsis of the Book

This book contains 13 carefully illustrated and narratively exciting chap-
ters on the subject of environmental health sciences. The contents are derived
from a core course Dr. Moore instructs at the University of Massachusetts
titled “Environmental Health Practices,” and this book incorporates both the
traditional concepts associated with environmental health, along with new,
emerging, and controversial issues associated with environmental threats to
human health. Emphasis is placed on biological, chemical, and physical
sources of pollution, and the methods of controlling or limiting those expo-
sures. Careful attention is paid to presenting a balanced view representing
opposing scientific views on major issues ranging from “The Greenhouse
Effect” to reproductive problems associated with endocrine disruptors.

Key Features
• A wide offering of instructor support materials including Powerpoint©
presentation slides in digital format, a web-enhanced course site, and an
examination (test) bank.
• Numerous author-created, detailed technical illustrations and pho-
tographs throughout the text and the web-enhanced course site.
• A new chapter on emerging diseases including the most significant rea-
sons for their emergence, and the major etiological agents associated
with emerging diseases.
• Measures of population dynamics, the contrasts of various cultural
philosophies regarding "overpopulation," and the new problems of
“Underpopulation” in the developed nations.
• New developments in areas of:
- the emerging problems of asthma and associated air pollutants,
- the genetic basis of cancer and the roles of behavior and pollution
in cancer risk.
- the biology of genetics, mutation, and birth defects, and much more.

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

USING THE WEB-SITE

The web-site has been constructed to provide maximum usefulness for

the student and the instructor. The site has been actively tested by student use
and modified to meet student and instructor expectations. This is an ongoing
and dynamic effort, and you are encouraged to suggest improvements in the
web-site that would make it more useful and interesting. The site has been
designed to work with most popular browsers, and is fast-loading with most
images linked to text and selected for viewing by the user. This design is
intended to speed up the use of the site, and let users get to where they want
quickly without being overwhelmed by graphics that automatically load and
slow down the process. Future versions are planned that feature streaming
audio and some video clips.

Students
The Web-site address is <http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~envhl565/>. You
will receive with this book a user ID and a password. These will be changed
annually. Once you connect with the site and enter the correct ID and pass-
word, the possible use of the site will be immediately obvious. The most use-
ful section to you will likely be the site location featuring A Book Study
Guide. This section features chapter by chapter detailed notes and associated
web-links with each chapter. Just scroll down to the chapter of interest, and
click on the highlighted chapter number (• View text with images, Chapter
1.html) will bring the detailed notes section for that chapter to your screen.
You may print these out directly. The associated figures for the chapter are in
full color and may be displayed by clicking on the highlighted figure number
(Fig. 1-1) These may also be printed for your use. These are copyrighted fig-
ures and are not to be used for electronic or printed distribution in any form
or manner without the publishers permission.

Associated with each chapter are links to web-sites that will take you to
some of the most useful sites maintained on that subject matter by the U.S.
government, international and national organizations, academic institutions,
and some private groups. You may take take a trip through the Amazon rain-
forest with both still and video images by entering the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration Site (NASA) at “Live from the Rainforest” under
the Chapter 1 web-links. If you want to know what industries close to your
home are producing and/or emitting hazardous chemicals, and the amount
and type of chemicals, enter the site called Scorecard Home. These and other
sites offer a wealth of information which the student is encouraged to
explore. There is also a number of searchable databases where you will be
able to enter and find most any environmental topic by keyword.

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

Instructor Materials
The instructor for this course will have all of the features available to the
student and will also have access to chapter by chapter Powerpoint© files
which they may download directly from the web-site. There are nearly 1,100
slides with more than 250 images in full color taken directly from the book.
The slides are based on the detailed course notes condensed from each chap-
ter. The Powerpoint© files may be shown using an LCD projection system in
combination with a computer, printed on transparencies, or sent to an a ser-
vice bureau for digital imaging to 35 mm slides. The digital files may be
modified by the instructor in Powerpoint© to meet his/her needs in the class-
room. I am also including in the instructor materials section a test bank of
exam questions on a chapter by chapter basis. The questions include multiple
choice, true and false, and short essay questions, The answers are supplied
along with the page numbers in the text where the answers may be found.
The test bank materials are in rich text format (RTF) which may be opened
with most any common popular word-processor. The instructor will also ben-
efit from the searchable databases provided as web-links to obtain the latest
information on environmental health topics. Additionally, I will also be pro-
viding a “hot-topics” section where new materials on important environmen-
tal issues will be placed, making the book and its associated web-site current.
The instructors are encouraged to contact me with information they believe
should be included in the “hot-topics” section, and recommendations for the
web-site they believe would increase its usefulness.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To my wife Lucille for her unwavering support during my long periods

of absence from her side. She accepted my dedication to this project and kept
me fed and clothed in the interim. I extend sincere thanks to Chris Landry, a
graduate student in our department, for his excellent preparation of the text
on Chapter 8 titled Foodborne Illness. Kathleen Bell is another graduate stu-
dent in our department that wrote the majority of the text for Chapter 9 on
Water Quality, and Chapter 12 on Risk Assessment. Amy Tomasello, a third
graduate student, wrote some of the text for Chapter 5 on Toxicity and Toxins
and provided much needed proofreading for most of the book. These students
all benefited enormously from the experience, and grew in confidence and
capabilities. I provided instruction in the areas of writing and organization,
page layout, and graphic design. Each student took something of importance
with them. They are remembered in this book with pictures and text about
who they are.

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 Dr. John Edman, an entomology professor at the University of
Massachusetts provided the slides for most of the insects used in Chapter 6.
The pictures featuring African children, and scenes were provided by Marie
Kraus-Cote who spent several months in Africa assisting as an educator to
tribeswomen in producing cloth goods for market. Many of the pictures on
wildlife, wetlands, and biomes came from U.S. Government departments
including the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services (USFWS), the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and The Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA).

Students enrolled in my course EnvHl 565, Environmental Health

Practices, were instructed to submit articles on any of the subjects covered for
which they were required to review and provide a synopsis. Many of these
articles became the basis for information for the book. They also helped to
make recommendations and provide sources of pictures for the information to
be covered in the book and on the web-site.

I give special thanks to Maureen Porter Ecclestone, M.Ed. and George

Biggs who performed a final editing of the book using their keenly developed
editorial eyes sharpened by years of teaching experience at Hampshire
Regional High School in Westhampton, Massachusetts.

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

CONTENTS

1. ECOSYSTEMS AND ENERGY FLOW

Introduction
Climate
What Is It?
How Is Climate Affected?
Ecosystems and Biomes
Ecosystems
Biomes
Tundra
Taiga
Temperate Areas
The Tropical Rainforest
Deserts
Energy Flow
Energy Source
Consumption Types and Trophic Levels
Nutrients
Recycling
Nutrient Cycles
The Process of Succession and Retrogression
Succession
Retrogression

2. HUMAN POPULATION
Introduction
The Characteristics of Population
Population Dynamics
Population Trends in the World
Historical Trends
Growth Rate
Doubling Time
Demographic Transition
Incomplete Demographic Transition
Current Population Trends
Population Decreases in the Developed Countries
Current Populations Trends in LDCs
Predicted Future Trends in Populations
Urbanization
What Is Urbanization?
The Role of Urbanization in the Spread of Disease
Violence in Developing Urban Centers

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 Environmental Degradation
The Control of Population
Empowerment or Force?
Population Policies in Some Countries
India
Peru
China
Family Planning Versus Population Control
Methods of Fertility Control
Introduction
Contraceptive Methods that are Reversible
Natural Birth Control and Family Planning
Abstinence
Hormonal
Spermicides
Barrier Methods of Contraception
Intrauterine Devices
Contraceptive Methods that are Permanent
Abortion

3. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND

FOOD SECURITY
Introduction: The Debate
Technology and Policy will Save the Day
The Green Revolution
Energy
Attitude and Behavior
What Now?
Impacts on the Environment
Deforestation
Rainforests
Forests in Developed Countries
Soil Degradation
What Is Soil?
Soil Biomes
Soil Erosion
The Process of Desertification
What Is Desertification?
The Costs of Desertification
Wetlands
What Are They?
Benefits of Wetlands
Wetland Losses

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 The Loss of Biodiversity and Extinction of Species
Background
Loss in Biodiversity
Threats to Biodiversity
Protecting Endangered and Threatened Species
Food Production & Security
Food Production
Reasons for Regional Food Shortages
Sources
Food Security
Worldwide
Hunger in America

4. ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE
Introduction
Defining the Term “Environment” in Relation to Disease
Defining Disease
Infectious Disease
Physical and Chemical Injury
Developmental Disease
Neoplastic Disease
Nutritional Disease
Environmental Disease
The Role of Genetics in Disease
Structure and Function
Protein Biosynthesis
Diseases of Genetics and Development
Genetic Abnormalities
Teratologic Diseases
New Approaches in Genetics
Methods of Studying Genes
The Hunt for Environmental Genes
The Promise of Gene Therapy
The Ethical Dilemma
Cancer
What Is It?
How Does Cancer Develop?
Major Cancer Risks
Trends in Cancer

5. TOXICITY AND TOXINS

Introduction
Exposure and Entry Routes

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 Exposure
Routes of Entry
Respiratory System
The Skin
The Gastrointestinal Tract
Mechanisms of Action
Effects of Toxic Agents on Enzymes
The Direct Action of Pollutants on Cell Components
Pollutants that Cause Secondary Actions
Factors Governing Toxicity
Chemical Properties
Concentration
Interactions
Age
Exercise and Physical Stress
Health Status
Some Specific Examples of Toxic Agents
Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Health
Hormone Function
Adverse Effects of Endocrine Disruption
What Are Endocrine Disruptors and
How Do They Work?
Reducing Exposure
Dioxin
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Lead
Organic Solvents
Asbestos
Mercury

6. THE TROUBLE WITH PESTS

Introduction
What Are Pests?
Insects and Other Arthropods
General Structure and Development
Bedbugs and Kissing Bugs
Flies
Mosquitoes
Fleas
Lice
Roaches
Ticks and Mites
Mites

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 Ticks
Rodents and Pests
Rodent Characteristics
Importance as Pests and Vectors of Disease
Rodent Control
Pesticides
History
Insect Resistance
The Health and Ecological Effects of Pesticides
Exposures
Children at Risk
Exposures in LDCs
The Counter Arguments
Ecological Concerns
The Proliferation of Pesticides Globally
Types of Pesticides
Insecticides
Organochlorines
Organophosphates
Carbamates
Botanical and Biological Insecticides and
Other Alternatives
Herbicides
Rodenticides

7. EMERGING DISEASES
Introduction
Emerging Diseases in the United States
Emerging Diseases Worldwide
What Is an Emerging Infectious Disease?
Reasons for the Emergence of Infectious Disease
Ecological Changes (Agriculture and Climate)
Agriculture
Climate
Human Demographic Changes (Urbanization) and Behavior
Travel and Commerce
Travel
Commerce
More Than Transporation Required
Technology and Industry (Globalization)
Microbial Adaptation and Change (Resistance)
Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotics in Livestock Feed

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 Viruses
Breakdown of Public Health Measures
Specific Emerging Diseases
Viruses
Hantavirus
Dengue Fever
Influenza
Ebola
AIDS/HIV
Bacteria
Escherichia coli
Lyme Disease
Streptococcus
Tuberculosis
Parasites
Cryptosporidium
Malaria
Practical Approaches to Limiting the Emergence of
Infectious Disease

8. FOODBORNE ILLNESS
Introduction
Worldwide Distribution of Foodborne Pathogens
Reasons for Food Protection Programs
Morbidity and Mortality Due to Foodborne Illness
Economic Consequences of Foodborne Illness
Causative Agents of Foodborne Illness
Radionuclides
Chemicals
Packaging Materials
Antimony
Cadmium
Lead
Industrial Processes
Mercury
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Pesticides
Food Additives
Saccharin
Monosodium Glutamate
Nitrates and Nitrites
GRAS
Color Additives

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 Poisonous Plants and Animals
Plant Sources
Animal Sources
Foodborne Pathogens
Parasitic Infections
The Nematodes
The Protozoans
Viruses
Fungi
Bacteria
Factors Frequently Cited in Foodborne Illness
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
Assessing the Hazard
Identifying Critical Contol Points
Establishing Standard Procedures and Setting
the Critical Limits
Monitoring Procedures
Corrective Actions
Record Keeping
Verification the HACCP System Is Working Correctly
United States Regulatory Efforts with Regard
to Food Protection
Surveillance Efforts

9. WATER AND WASTEWATER

Introduction
The Properties of Water
Hydrological Cycle
Water Resources
Water and Health
Water Shortage and Scarcity
Water Rights and Conflict
Water Consumption and Management
Water Use
Overview
Agriculture
Industry
Domestic
Sources of Drinking Water
Surface Water
Groundwater
Wells
Groundwater Contamination

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 Recharge and Water Mining
Subsidence and Salinization
Groundwater Protection
Other Sources
Desalinization
Bottled water
Dams
Water Re-use
Water Pollution
Overview
Water Quality
Right to Know
Types of Pollution
Inorganic Compounds
Synthetic Organic Compounds
Radioactive Material
Sources of Pollution
Overview
Underground Injection Wells
Industrial Discharges
Agriculture
Pesticides
Fertilizer
Stormwater
Acid Mine Drainage
Waterborne Disease
Water Treatment
Municipal Water Treatment
Disinfection
Home Water Treatment
Regulations
Safe Drinking Water Act
Wastewater Disposal and Treatment
Sewage
Biological Oxygen Demand
Types of Disposal
Pit Privies
Septic Systems
Municipal Sewage Treatment
Water Pollution and Health
Future Outlook

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

10. AIR, NOISE, AND RADIATION
Introduction
The Atmosphere and Methods of Dispersion
Chemical Characteristics
Physical Characteristics
Solar Radiation
Vertical Temperature Differences
and Atmospheric Regions
Atmospheric Pressure and Density
Atmospheric Inversions
The History of Air Pollution Control in The United States
Titles of the Clean Air Act
Title I: Provisions for Attainment and
Maintenance of the NAAQS
Title II: Provisions Relating to Mobile Sources
Title III: Air Toxics
Title IV: Acid Deposition Control
Title V: Permits
Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone and Global
Climate Protection
Other Titles of the 1990 CAAA
Revised Ozone and Particulate Standards
The Issue of Global Warming
The Hot Air Treaty, Kyoto, Japan
Global Warming: The Controversy
Factors Effecting Global Climate Change
Orbital Geometry as a Factor Effecting Climate
Changes in Ocean Temperature
Volcanic Activity
Solar Radiation
The Criteria Pollutants
Introduction
Particulate Matter (PM)
Ozone and the Photochemical Oxidants
Carbon Monoxide
Lead
Sulfur Oxides
Health and Welfare Effects
Acid Deposition
Effect of Acid Deposition on Ecology
Nitrogen Oxides
Health Implications of Air Pollutants
How Air Pollution Effects the Respiratory System

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 Indoor Air Pollution
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
Signs of Indoor Air Pollution
Common Indoor Air Pollutants
Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Other
Combusted Materials
Radon
Biological Contaminants
Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, and
Respirable Particles
Organic Gases, Pesticides
Formaldehyde
Noise
Introduction
The Physics of Sound
Physiology of Sound and Health Effects
Regulation of Noise
Radiation
Introduction
Ionizing Radiation
Radioisotopes
Radiation Exposure
Natural Sources
Enhanced Natural Sources
Human-Generated Sources
Health Impacts of Ionizing Radiation
Dosage
Dose Rate
Radiation-Induced Mutations
Radiation and Birth Defects
Radiation-Induced Cancer
Radiation and Nuclear Power Generation
Ultraviolet Radiation
Microwave Radiation

11. SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE

Introduction
Definition and Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste
Definition of MSW
Characterization of MSW
Collection and Disposal of Solid Waste
Collection of MSW
Management of MSW

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 Landfills
Source Reduction
Recovery for Recycling (Including Composting)
Composting
Combustion
Hazardous Wastes
Background
What Is a Hazardous Waste?
Hazardous Waste Regulations
The Management of Hazardous Wastes
Reduction of Generation of Hazardous Waste
Technologies for Hazardous Waste Treatment
Hazardous Waste Disposal
Cleaning Up

12. ASSESSING HUMAN RISK

Introduction
Environmental Risk
Risk Characteristics
Development of Risk Analysis
Tools of Risk Analysis
Toxicology
Dose
Extrapolation
Acceptable Daily Intakes
Epidemiology
What Is It?
Study Types
Bias
Clinical Trials
Cellular Testing
The Process of Risk Analysis
Hazard Identification
Dose-Response Assessment
Exposure Assessment
Risk Characterization
Limitations of Risk Analysis
Risk Management and Communication
Management
Risk Communication

13. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & COMPLIANCE

Introduction

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

 Environmental Laws–Some Fundamentals
The Making of a Law
Environmental Laws Are Part of a System
Federal Environmental Laws
Managing Hazardous Waste
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Identifying a Hazardous Waste
Tracking a Hazardous Waste
Other Requirements Under RCRA
Comprehensive Environmental Responsibility,
Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)
Steps in Superfund: Find, Prioritize, and Clean
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
(SARA Title III)
Transportation of Hazardous Materials
Pollution Prevention and Improved
Waste Management Programs
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
Regulation of Underground Storage Tanks
Pesticide Regulation
Air Quality Control
Title I- Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance
of the NAAQS
Title II-Provisions Relating to Mobile Sources
Title III-Hazardous Air Pollutants
Title IV-Acid Deposition Control
Title V-Permits
Title VI-Stratospheric Ozone Protection
Title VII-Provisions Relating to Enforcement
Water Quality Control
Stormwater
Oil and Hazardous Substance Spill and
Reporting Requirements
Compliance Strategies
Trends in Regulatory Compliance

APPENDICES
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Glossary

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

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 Chemistry - Lab Manual
Summer 2024 - Department

Prepared by: Professor Brown

Date: August 12, 2025

Unit 1: Historical development and evolution

Learning Objective 1: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 2: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 2: Historical development and evolution
Example 10: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 13: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 16: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 17: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Lesson 3: Critical analysis and evaluation
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 21: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 29: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Conclusion 4: Practical applications and examples
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 31: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 35: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 37: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Module 5: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 41: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 45: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 47: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 48: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Test 6: Theoretical framework and methodology
Practice Problem 50: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 53: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Quiz 7: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 61: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 66: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 67: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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