HIGH TECHNOLOGY QUESTIONNAIRE - TOMOGRAPHY

COMPUTERIZED (TC)

1. Essentially, what is a computed tomography (CT) team?

A computed tomography team essentially consists of an X-ray tube and a detector that
they rotate around the patient obtaining multiple radiographic projections that are
processed by a computer and displayed as images on a monitor. The images
son cuts obtained in the axial plane.

The initial name for this type of technology was Computed Axial Tomography
(TAC), What was the reason?

Tomography comes from the Greek tomos, which means cut or section, axial refers to
to the plane on which the images were obtained and computerized is added to indicate that it
it deals with a digital imaging technique, in which images are obtained through a
processing on a computer and not from the printing of the X-ray beam on a chassis
conventional that then needs to be revealed.

3. What is the reason for currently using the name of this technology?
Computed Tomography (CT)?

Currently, the term computed tomography or CT is preferred, as

that with the development of modern equipment, it is possible to obtain and process
informatically images in planes different from the axial.
4. Why is a CT a scanner?

Because it combines a series of X-rays taken from different angles around.

of the body and uses computer processing to create images (or cuts)
transverses of the bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues present in the body.

5. Según la historia de la TC, ¿Qué sucedió en el año 1917, 1963, 1967, 1971, 1973 y
1979?

1917: The mathematical foundations of the CT were established in 1917 by the

Austrian mathematician J. Radon, who proved that it was possible to reconstruct an object
bidimensional or three-dimensional, from a set of infinite projections.

1963: The physicist A.M. Cormack indicated the practical use of Radon's results for
applications in medicine. This is how the so-called computed tomography was born.

1967: Goodfrey Hounsfield proposed the construction of the EMI scanner, which was the basis of the
technique to develop the CAT, like a machine that combined electronic calculation with the
X-ray techniques for the following purpose: To create a three-dimensional image of an object,
taking multiple measurements of the same with X-rays from different angles and using
a computer that allows it to be reconstructed from hundreds of overlapping 'blueprints' and
intertwined.

1971: With the first clinical use scanners, such as the 'EMI scanner', which
introduced in 1971, brain data was acquired in approximately 4 minutes, two
contiguous sections, and the calculation time was about 7 minutes per image.

1973: The first commercial tomograph was introduced in 1973; it used a linear beam with a
single detector and a translation/rotation mechanism, the acquisition of a single image
It took 4.5 minutes, so it was initially only used to visualize parts not
movable parts of the body like the skull.
1979: Allan Cormack and Godfrey Hounsfield (who received the Nobel Prize)
Physiology and Medicine in 1979), as well as the medical division of the company EMI (known
also for having launched the Beatles) where the first prototype was developed.

6. According to the historical evolution of Computed Tomography equipment, what

First generation CT characteristics

First generation: With this prototype, they used a unique beam of X-rays of morphology
linear (draw in pencil) that was collected by a single detector.

Second generation: This generation continues to have teams with

separate movements of translation and rotation, but use several linear beams of x-rays.

Third generation: This generation developed a continuous rotational movement.

synchronous of the tube and the detectors without translational movements.

Fourth generation: A complete circle was placed on the teams

fixed detectors around the gantry and only the tube moved, rotating around the
patient.

7. What is the sliding ring in TC, and what did it contribute to the evolution of it?
technology (TC)?

They are electromechanical devices that conduct electricity and electrical signals to
through rings and brushes located on a surface that rotates on a fixed support.
Thanks to the sliding ring in the TCspiral, the crane rotates continuously without
interruption, thus differentiating it from conventional CT, in which the crane rotates with pauses,
during which the patient's stretcher moves to the new position and the crane recovers
its initial position. Therefore, we can say that in the spiral CT the crane system of
slip ring allows electrical signals and power to be transmitted without
need to have a large number of external electrical cables.
8. What is the difference between a multi-slice CT and a helical CT?

The multicut TC allows generating a large number of images in just a few seconds.
of the organism, allowing its subsequent reconstruction in the different planes of space
and in three dimensions, the spiral CT allows obtaining images of the inside of the body.
human by means of X-rays in the form of millimeter-thin cross-sectional slices, with
the end of studying it in detail from head to toe.

9. What are the new advancements in CT aimed at?

The increasing speed of CT scans is making it becoming a

an increasingly common practice of exploring large areas of the body (from the shoulders, or
even from the head to the pelvis), which raises questions of justification. The
the speed at which CT technology advances is unprecedented in the field of
imaging techniques in medicine. The equipment is becoming faster, it is also
frequent multiple examinations on the same patient.

10. For the formation of the image, in CT technology, what varies in this?
modality concerning conventional Radiology?

In the CT scan, the tube emits a beam of X-rays that passes through a patient and is collected by a
sensor. Depending on the structures that the ray passes through, there will be photons that are absorbed or

that disperse. The X-ray tube and the detector rotate around the patient obtaining
multiple projections of the same section. After the process on a computer, it
presents an image that represents an axial cut of the patient. The obtaining of multiple
projections manage to overcome the main limitation of plain radiology.

11. How is the image obtained in a CT scan?

The acquisition of images through a CT scan is done via an X-ray tube. A beam
Collimated X-rays pass through the patient while the entire system performs a movement.
circular, the remaining attenuated beam is measured and the values are sent to a computer. This
analyze the signal received by the detector, reconstruct the image and display it on a monitor.

The reconstructed image can be stored, allowing it to be viewed whenever desired.

It can also be printed on a conventional plate using a laser printer.
connected to the display monitor.

12. What is the main limitation of plain radiography compared to CT?

Both conventional X-rays and CT scans take pictures of the internal structures of the
body. In conventional X-rays, the structures overlap. For example, the
ribs overlap with the lungs and the heart. In an X-ray, the structures of
medical importance is generally obscured by other organs or bones, making
the diagnosis is difficult. In a CT image, the overlapping structures are removed,
making the internal anatomy more apparent.

13. What is the biggest difficulty that the image with TC has.

The greatest difficulty that the CT image has is how to interpret, combine, and display it.
enormous amount of data obtained from the rotation of the tube. The main defect of
this technique is that the reconstructed image is blurry and the edges are not sharp.
the problem is inherent in the use of different projections of the same object and the only
a possible solution is to use a mathematical process known as image filtering, the
Filtering is a post-processing step of the original data, so both filters can be applied.
as desired without damaging the original data.

14. What is a matrix in TC?

For the reconstruction of the images, both the monitor image and the patient's image are
divided into grids, using a system of abscissas and ordinates. As much
the greater the number of these, we will have an image divided into a greater number of
grids. The set is called MATRIX. Matrix, therefore, is the general image
formed by the entire set of grids that make up the image. In the CT, it
It began, in the original format used by Hounsfield, with matrices of 80 grids by
80 grids (80 x 80), and currently working with matrices from 160 x 160 up to 512 x
512.

15. What is the field of view in CT, and what abbreviation is used for it?

The field of view (FOV) can be equal to or less than the exploration field. It is the
maximum diameter of the reconstructed image.

16. In clinical practice, what types of matrices are used, known as pixel and
voxel?

In clinical practice, the detector matrix is used as it reduces the dose of

radiation, the scans are faster and improve image quality.

A Pixel represents a volume element (Voxel) within the slice thickness, and
its gray tone corresponds to the average linear attenuation coefficient (µ) of that volume.
It is the area unit of an image. Representation of a point in 2D. While
the greater the number of pixels, the higher the resolution of the image.

Voxel: It is the tissue volume determined by the pixel size and the thickness of the slice. This,
it will have attenuation in the form of grayscale. Volume unit in the image. It is your
3D representation of the union of several pixels.
17. What was the system of equations that Hounsfield used in the prototypes?
initials?

The attenuation coefficient of X-rays expressed in Hounsfield Units for the

different living tissues or other materials subjected to X-ray tomography examination
is given by the following formula:

Where Uagua is the linear attenuation coefficient of distilled water and Ut is the coefficient of
linear attenuation of the tissue or material of interest and Uaire is the attenuation coefficient of the
air that is practically 0.

18. What does the back-projection technique used in CT consist of?

Mathematical procedure used to transform ray data into an image. It

they use different algorithms to accentuate, enhance, improve, or attenuate certain aspects of the
data.

The basic approach that has been used for years is the back-projection technique.
retroprojection involves the translation of the acquired planar data to a matrix of
reconstruction. The reconstruction matrices are perpendicular to the matrices of the
planar images in which data were acquired by rotating the detector around the patient
(normally, in the range of 60-64 to 120-128). There will be as many reconstruction matrices
like lines in the acquisition matrices (e.g., if the acquisition was made in the matrix of
64x64, there will be 64 reconstruction matrices). The summation or "stacking" of the
reconstruction matrices will result in a volume (in this case a cube) containing the
three-dimensional information of the organ under study. Each unit of this final cubic matrix
it is called 'voxel', which can be imagined as a small cube of a pixel
side.

19. What is convolution in TC and what is it used for?

What it is: To eliminate the inconveniences of simple rear projection, it is filtered.

Mathematically each attenuation profile with a filter (also known as Kernel).
This mathematical procedure is known as Convolution.

Use: Different filters can be applied according to the purpose of the diagnosis:

Soft filters for viewing soft tissues.

High-pass filters (sharp cutoff) to view high-resolution images.

20. What is the purpose of filters in TC?

Filters or kernels are mathematical algorithms that, applied after the process of
data digitization is responsible for correcting the blurriness of the image that occurs when
reconstruct the image through backprojection. The purpose of the filters is to improve,
highlight and tone down certain aspects of the reconstructed image.

21. For image presentation, what is known as the TC number and what
what units represent this value?

The CT number is the Hounsfield unit scale, it is a numerical value of the pixel such as
the result of the image reconstruction measures the attenuation properties of the
tissue that is included in the voxel is used in computed tomography studies
to describe the radiodensity levels of human tissues.

22. What do Hounsfield units (HU) represent in CT? State the formula that defines them.
represent it and discriminate it.
It is the number assigned to each pixel in the final image of a tomography.
computerized, it is the expression of the density of the irradiated object, it represents the percentage

from the attenuation of the X-ray beam for which each voxel is responsible, the formula used

Where K is a constant, it is generally 1.000, where µvoxel is the coefficient of

attenuation of the study voxel and µwater is the attenuation coefficient of water that is
use as a reference.

23. Say what the TC number is for the following structures. (Air, lung, fat,
liquid, soft tissues, bone, calcium and metal

The number of Hounsfield Units (HU) for different tissues are: Air -1000 UH, Fat -80 to -100 UH,

-650 to -1,000 UH

24. How is this numerical information transformed into an image in technology?

TC?

The team calculates the number of computed tomography scans for each pixel of the image, to
each number in the tomography is assigned a color from the grayscale scale, after which
each one is given a grayscale, the image is reconstructed.

25. What colors are conventionally used for image formation in CT?
the grayscale, and what each of them refers to?

The colors used are a scale of grays between black, which is assigned to those
pixels with the lowest value of UH, and the white assigned to those points with the highest
value of UH, the black is assigned to the pixels with air that oscillate between -1.000 UH and the

white to the bone of the ribs or vertebrae with 1,000 UH and for the intermediate structures
different shades of gray are used.

26. What is the windowing technique used for in CT technology?

It consists of applying the entire range of grays available to a limited range of

Hounsfield units, for example, the soft tissues of a patient's abdomen have a
density ranges that vary, approximately between -100 and +100 UH, the black is assigned to
assigns to any pixel that has -100 UH and white to those pixels that have
+100 UH.

27. What do the center and width represent in HU in CT technology?

The center or level represents the central value of Hounsfield units (HU) that will collect the
grayscale; the width represents the range of Hounsfield units UH between which
the scale will oscillate.

28. Indicate the viewing windows (center and width) for (brain, thorax,
abdomen cervical column and bone
center 40 UH, width 70 – 100 UH
Chest: center 50 UH, width 350 UH.
Abdomen: center 50 UH, width 350 UH.
Cervical column:
Bone: center 400 UH, width 2.000 UH.

29. Indicate the parts that make up a tomography equipment and their respective
functions
Gantry: structure where the X-ray tube and detectors are placed; this is the system.
that collects the data.
X-ray tube: similar to that of conventional radiology, it uses currents of almost 1,000.
The anode operates at an approximate speed of 1,600 RPM.
Detectors: depending on the number of detectors, the resolution is determined.
image
Collimators: there are two types which are pre-patient and post-patient, thanks to them
the thickness of the beam can be modified and varied, it also has the function of reducing the
scattered radiation.
Patient couch: it is where the patient is positioned, it has a headrest and is mobile, it
Control from the computer console.
 Injector: contrast media injector, they are electronic equipment that allows the
administration of intravenous contrast.
Computer system: it is the technical support responsible for carrying out the operations of the
archiving and processing of the obtained image processes.

30. What special conditions or characteristics should a tomography room have?

The room must have a radiation protection system in its walls and doors.
generally the room is covered with the Faraday cage, it should be spacious enough to accommodate
mobilize the patients without inconvenience, it must have a cooling system
that prevents the equipment from overheating.

31. What is the purpose or application of dual-energy computed tomography?

It aims to reduce periprosthetic artifacts, achieving a significant

increase in the ability to identify tissues and the diagnostic interpretability of
possible pathologies related to implants.

32. According to bibliographic reference, indicate what the advantages and disadvantages are of
computed tomography (CT)

It is a robust, reproducible technique that is not operator-dependent.

It is available in any hospital and has a very low time per exam.
Allows the study of any anatomical region.
High-quality multiplanar and three-dimensional images can be obtained.
One of its limitations is the radiation it produces and the patient acquires.
Another limitation is that patients who have metal implants cannot be
subjected to studies.
It has lower tissue and substance capacity, which causes certain regions
anatomical features are not defined when obtaining the image.
ACQUISITION PARAMETERS IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
MULTICUT

33. According to bibliographic reference, indicate what parameters should be managed in the
conducting a CT study, explain each one separately
Topogram or locator image: the tube-detector set remains fixed.
while the exploration table moves, obtaining an image
bidimensional similar to that of an X-ray, in which the beginning and the
end of the cuts and select the field of vision or the part of the structure that goes
to be included in the study.
Study mode: there are two modes, which are helical mode or volumetric mode.
what is the continuous data collection method, from the beginning to the end of the study
there is a continuous rotation of the tube-detector set with a continuous displacement
from the exploration table at constant speed; sequential or axial mode where the
cuts are acquired in separate blocks, the examination table does not move in the
moment when the tube spins emitting radiation, upon suspending the emission, the table
advances to its new position acquiring another group of cuts.
Cut-off ranges: it is also known as the field of acquisition or measurement.
determine the study area from which information is to be obtained, thus the adjustment is made
start and end of the cuts, the measuring field determines the area from which they will be
obtain data, so that the structures that remain outside the field do not
they can rebuild.
Exhibition: factors that condition the amount of radiation and the quality of the beam
X rays.
Collimation: it allows limiting the part of the x-ray beam that will pass through the structure.
To examine, there are two pre-patient collimators located near the tube.
X-rays have a movable component that will allow establishing the thickness of the beam.
Rays on the longitudinal axis, post-patient is located before the detectors, its function
to reduce the scattered radiation that reaches each detector from the beams of
rays destined for the adjacent detectors.
Cut thickness:
 Pitch: known as step factor or displacement factor, is the distance that
it travels along the table for each complete turn of the tube divided by the collimation width
from the haz, the smaller the displacement factor or pitch, the greater is obtained
information on the irradiated structure with an increase in dose.
Preparation time: used in studies with contrast, it is important to acquire the
images of CT at the moment of greatest prominence in the area of interest, in the studies
that need contrast has a minimum waiting time, which varies between 4-6
seconds of preparation for exploration.
Exploration time: it is the time required in seconds to carry out a
exploration, automatically adjusts according to the extent of the study, the
thickness of the cut, the pitch factor, etc.

34. Indicate what a topogram is, what other names are used, and what it is used for.
Also known as locating image, it is the set of tube-detectors that is maintained
fixed while the exploration table moves, obtaining a two-dimensional image
similar to that of an X-ray, in which the beginning and the end of the cuts are determined and
select the field of vision or the part of the structure that will be included in the study.

35. What are the study modes in TC, and what are the differences between them?
same?
Study mode: there are two modes which are helical mode or volumetric mode.
What is the way of continuous data collection, from the beginning to the end of the study?
it has a continuous rotation of the tube-detector set with a continuous displacement of the
exploration table at constant speed; sequential or axial mode where the cuts are
they acquire in separate blocks, the examination table does not move at the moment in
that the tube spins emitting radiation, when the emission is suspended, the table advances until its

new position acquiring another group of cuts.

36. What are the cutoff ranges in a tomographic examination?

It is also known as the acquisition or measurement field, the area is determined
study of which information is wanted to be obtained, thus adjusting the start and end of the cuts.
the measurement field determines the area from which data will be obtained, in such a way that
The structures that remain outside the field cannot be rebuilt.

37. What does the term exposure in CT refer to?

It refers to the factors that condition the amount of radiation and the quality of the beam.
of X-rays.

38. What is beam energy, tube current in CT and what parameters are managed?
And for what? What are the ranges of values used?

Beam energy: the radiation beam from CT equipment requires a high power
of penetration, which means that they typically work at relatively
elevated between 80 kV and 140 kV, the higher the kilovoltage, the lower the noise
from the image, but the radiation dose will be higher.
Tube current: the unit of measurement is milliamperes mA, which multiplied by
for the rotation time they give the product of milliamperage per second, the range of
values range between 20 and 800 mAs.
39. For tube current, what is the unit of measurement and the value ranges?
used?, is the milliampere (mA) of the tube proportional to what, and what are the
dose reduction strategies by the manufacturers?

The unit of measurement is milliamperes (mA), the ranges of the values used vary.
between 29 and 800 mAs, the tube's milliampere rating is directly proportional to the amount of
radiation emitted by the X-ray tube and the dose received by the patient, the strategy of
dose reduction by manufacturers, developed a program that allows the
automatic modulation of milliamperes during acquisition, this system regulates the
current of the tube and the radiation emitted in relation to the thickness and the attenuation of the

anatomical structure.

40. What is the rotation time in TC, what happens when the rotation time increases?
rotation concerning the dose and image quality in CT?

It is the time in seconds that the tube-detector set takes to make a 360-degree turn.
degrees, the multicut varies between 0.2 - 1.5s. the longer the rotation time, the greater it is
the time the patient spends under the x-ray beam and therefore the quality of the image
increase, but the expense of increasing the dosage received. When the time is increased
rotation to increase milliamperes per second without straining the tube.

41. What are data channels in TC, and currently in the market the equipment
What quantity is being offered for multicorte?

The data channels in TC are helical mode, which implies having to handle a large
amount of data, a situation that was resolved with new computers, increasingly
advanced, and with the use of hard drives, also of large capacity
storage. It was necessary to develop new reconstruction algorithms as now
the acquisition is not made with the stretcher stationary, but rather it is in continuous movement
and the sequential mode that allows the cuts to be acquired in separate blocks and the table
exploration does not move at the moment.
42. What does collimation in CT allow, and what are the types of collimators in it?
TC teams, and what is the function of each one?

It allows limiting the part of the X-ray beam that will pass through the structure for examination.
There are two types of collimators: pre-patient and post-patient.

The pre-patient collimators: This is located near the X-ray tube, before the
the beam has reached the patient, it has a mobile component that allows the thickness of the beam to

rays on the longitudinal axis. Their function is to reduce the scattered radiation that reaches each
detector from the beams of rays that are intended for the adjacent detectors.

The post-patient collimators: This varies the thickness of the beam, which in the equipment
multidetector is actually defined by the number of active detectors multiplied by their
size on the Z axis.

43. Define Pitch in TC, and indicate what parameters compose it

equation

Pitch is the pitch factor or displacement factor, it is defined as the distance that
traverse the table for each complete turn of the tube divided by the width of the collimator
do.

As a main parameter, if the distance moves to the table with each turn it coincides with the
thickness of the beam, the pitch will be equal to 1. The pitch factor is referenced numerically in
relation with 1, example: 0.938:1.

44. What is the purpose of using preparation time or delaying the start of
the exploration in CT?

It is of interest to acquire CT images at the time of greatest enhancement in the area of interest.

To achieve this, a specific delay time can be programmed between the

contrast injection and the start of data acquisition.

45. What is exploration time in CT, and what parameters influence it?
It is the necessary time in seconds to perform an exploration. It is adjusted in such a way
automatic in relation to the extent of the study with the thickness of the cut.
46. What are the fields of view used in the image for CT technology?

It is the one of acquisition or measurement and the one of reconstruction or representation, the field of

representation is the part of the measured area that is represented in the image, therefore, it does not

it is an acquisition parameter since it can be modified in the reconstructions

post-acquisition of data.

Define what nominal cutting thickness is in TC, and effective thickness.

Nominal Thickness: It is to carry out the study, as indicated on the operator's console,
it can be chosen prospectively or retrospectively after the acquisition has been made
the lightning data.

Effective Thickness: A tomographic section measured by the width at half the height
of the sensitivity profile at the center of the exploration field.

48. What are the reconstruction filters or convolution kernels in CT?

What are they used for, what do they improve, and what scale do they handle?

They are mathematical algorithms that, applied after the data digitization process, these
they are responsible for correcting the blurriness of the image that occurs when reconstructing the image at

through back projection, which is the usual method of reconstruction employed by the
Current TC. The scale they handle is from 10 to 90, varying its value by 10.

49. Create a table indicating the recommended convolution filter according to structure
evaluated in TC

In soft tissues, the contrast resolution of CT is not as high (there is no air or

soccer) and they are better softer filters (brain studies, abdominal viscera or parts
soft with filters between 40 and 60.
50. What are the display windows in TC, what parameters do they consist of and
What are they used for?

They are a computer tool for numerical representation that allows modification of the
grayscale of the image, adjusting it to the observer's interest. The window in a
image can be modified without the need to perform new reconstructions, on the
screen monitor, applying different values of width and level or center of window, with
What will be obtained is the same image with different shades of gray. The values of the
windows are usually related to the tissue or organ under study, and in this sense
they are applied in combination with image reconstruction filters.

51. Create a table indicating the typical windows (center and width) for 10 studios.
or structures of the body.
52. Say what multiplanar reconstruction or reformating in CT is and what it is used for.

It is the basic reconstruction through a geometric reformatting of a volume of data

(the term reformatting is used to distinguish it from the reconstruction of raw data).
It is used to view anatomy in planes other than axial, usually in planes
orthogonal (sagittal and coronal) but any oblique plane can even be generated
curved reconstructions.

53. What is the purpose of curved reconstructions (MPR) in CT, what is their
purpose?

It is a special type of curved multiplanar reconstruction, in the linear MPR, the image
it represents a geometric plane that cuts through a volume. In the curved MPR, what is done is
going in the direction of an anatomical structure that crosses multiple planes and
then show it flattened or stretched in a two-dimensional image.

54. What is a maximum intensity projection (MIP) reconstruction in CT, and

What is this used for?

It is a specific type of three-dimensional reconstruction in which the brightest voxels

(with higher TC numbers) are projected onto a two-dimensional image and are widely used in
CT angiography.

What is a minimum intensity projection (MIP) reconstruction in CT, and

What is this used for?

They are especially useful for studying structures with air inside, such as the trachea and
the bronchi. This tool is very suitable for studies of the pulmonary parenchyma,
to detect, locate and quantify the areas of lowest attenuation or areas of greater
attenuation corresponding to the pattern in frosted glass and also for ducts
biliary or pancreatic fluid-filled.
56. What do volumetric reconstructions in CT allow, and what are they for?
do they use?

They obtain contiguous cuts; as the cutting width increases, the number of images decreases.
for example, if there are 100 reconstructed images at 1 mm thickness, when reconstructing them
In 2 mm there will be 50 images. On other occasions, reconstructions are made at intervals.
thin (around 1 mm) that are better for performing multiplanar reconstructions
(MPR multiplanar reconstruction) or volumetric.

Multiplanar reconstruction or reformatting, maximum intensity projection reconstruction

intensity, minimum intensity projection reconstruction, representation of
shaded surface, volumetric reconstructions or image rendering.

57. What types of contrast are used in CT, what routes of administration are used and
What is the purpose of its use?

Non-ionic iodinated contrasts intravenously for two purposes

fundamentals: the morphological study of the organs and vessels, the study
dynamic and functional of the organs and their pathologies.
Enteric contrasts in the abdominal CT scan to fill and distend the
foundations of the digestive tube, to avoid confusing them with other structures or conditions and

to assess possible alterations of these.

Routes of enteral administration: it can be administered orally, rectally, or
directly into the intestine through a tube.
They are used to give opacity to the digestive tract, such as water-soluble solutions.
with iodine, diluted solutions of low-density barium Neutral agents, that is
that have attenuation values between 10 and 30 UH
58. What types of agents (contrasts) are used for enteral administration in
CT studies?, and provide an example for each one.

Routes of administration enteral contrast: it can be administered orally, rectally or

directly into the intestine through a probe.

They are used to give opacity to the digestive tract, such as the water-soluble solutions with
iodine, low-density barium diluted solutions Neutral agents, that is, that have
attenuation values between 10 and 30 UH.

Example: Water-soluble agents containing 300 to 400 mg of iodine in their

Presentation as amidotrizato of meglumine and sodium, administered orally or via
times by enema.

Negative attenuation enteral contrasts are used for CT colonography or colonoscopy

virtual. Ambient air or carbon dioxide is used.

59. According to reference table 46-2, indicate what the requirements are for the
ideal enteral contrast medium for computed tomography.

Good acceptance by the patient

Simple administration
Specific filling of the digestive tube
Excretion through the digestive tract, without significant absorption
Uniform distribution in the gastrointestinal tract
Attenuation value that does not produce artifacts
Absence or mild side effects
Acceptable cost.
60. According to reference table 46-3, indicate what the requirements are for the
ideal intravascular contrast medium for computed tomography.

61. What are the 3 methods of intravenous contrast administration in CT?

Infusion: administration with a drip system

Manual Injection: using a syringe with a volume ranging from 50 to 100
It is advisable that the administration is slow.
In bolus: preferably by means of an injection pump of a contrast agent
generally with relatively fast flow that keeps the bolus compact
intravenous contrast and allows studying the different vascular bases with a single one
injection. With modern dual-head injectors, it is possible to administer
immediately after the contrast a certain amount of serum that pushes the bolus
compressing and making the most of the contrast volume.