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History Fiction or Science Dating methods as offered by
mathematical statistics Eclipses and zodiacs New
Chronology vol 1 2nd Edition Anatoly Fomenko Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Anatoly Fomenko
ISBN(s): 9782913621077, 2913621074
Edition: 2nd
File Details: PDF, 44.68 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
 Anatoly T. Fomenko

History:
Fiction
or Science?

Copyrighled material
Who controls the past controls the future.

Who controls the present controls the past.

George Orwell

Scaliger seduced me; chronological studies,

as I see, terrify me.

Iohannes Kepler

Be wary of mathematiciens, particularly

when they speak the truth.

St. Augustine
ii
I
history: fiction or science?

A. T. Fomenko
Chronology 1
Introducing the problem. A criticism of the Scaligerian chronology.
Dating methods as offered by mathematical statistics. Eclipses and zodiacs.

A. T. Fomenko
Chronology 2
The dynastic parallelism method. Rome. Troy. Greece. The Bible. Chronological shifts.

A. T. Fomenko, V. V. Kalashnikov, G. V. Nosovskiy

Chronology 3
Astronomical methods as applied to chronology. Ptolemy's Almagest.
Tycho Brahe. Copernicus. The Egyptian zodiacs.

A. T. Fomenko, G. V. Nosovskiy

Chronology 4
Russia. Britain. Byzantium. Rome.

A. T. Fomenko, G. V. Nosovskiy

Chronology 5
Russia = Horde. Ottomans = Atamans. Europe. China. Japan. The Etruscans. Egypt. Scandinavia.

A. T. Fomenko, G. V. Nosovskiy

Chronology 6
The Horde-Ataman Empire. The Bible. The Reformation. America. Passover and the calendar.

A. T. Fomenko, G. V. Nosovskiy

Chronology 7
A reconstruction of global history. The Khans of Novgorod = The Habsburgs. Miscellaneous information.
The legacy of the Great Empire in the history and culture of Eurasia and America.

This seven volume edition is based on a number authors have discovered and researched, as well as
of our books that came out over the last couple of the new hypothetical reconstruction of global
years and were concerned with the subject in ques- history up until the XVIII century. Our previous
tion. All this giganticbody of material has been books on the subject of chronology were created in
revisedand categorized; finally, its current form the period of naissance and rather turbulent
does not contain any of the repetitions that are infancy of the new paradigm, full of complications
inevitable in the publication of separate books. and involved issues, which often resulted in the

All of this resulted in the inclusion of a great num- formulation of multi-optional hypotheses. The
ber of additional material in the current edition - present edition pioneers in formulating a consecu-
including previously unpublished data. The reader tive unified concept of the reconstruction of an-
shall find a systematic rendition of detailed criti- cient history - apparently supported by a truly

cisms of the consensual (Scaligerian) chronology, immense body of evidence. Nevertheless, it is

the descriptions of the methods offered by mathe- understandable that its elements may occasionally
matical statistics and natural sciences that the be in need of revision or elaboration.
 Ill

History: Fiction or Science?

Fomenko, Anatoly Timofeevich. Born in 1945. Full

Member (Academician) of the Russian Academy of
Sciences, Full Member of the Russian Academy of
Natural Sciences, Full Member of the International
Higher Education Academy of Sciences, Doctor of
Physics and Mathematics, Professor, Head of the
Moscow State University Section of Mathematics of
the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics.
Solved Plateau's Problem from the theory of minimal
spectral surfaces. Author of the theory of invariants
and topological classification of integrable Hamil-
tonian dynamic systems. Laureate of the 1996 Na-
tional Premium of the Russian Federation (in Mathe-
matics) for a cycle of works on the Hamiltonian
dynamical systems and manifolds' invariants theory.
Author of 200 scientific publications, 28 monographs
and textbooks on mathematics, a specialist in geom-
etry and topology, calculus of variations, symplectic
topology, Hamiltonian geometry and mechanics,
computer geometry.

Author of a number of books on the development of

new empirico-statistical methods and their applica-
tion to the analysis of historical chronicles as well as
the chronology of antiquity and the Middle Ages.
iv |
history: fiction or science?

Also byAnatoly T. Fomenko

(List is non- exhaustive)

Geometry and Topology

Differential
Plenum Publishing Corporation. 1987. USA, Consultants Bureau, New York and London.
Variational Principles in Topology. Multidimensional Minimal SurfaceTheory
Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1990.

Topological variational problems. - Gordon and Breach, 1991.

and Nonintegrability in Geometry and Mechanics

Integrability
Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1988.

The Plateau Problem, vols.l, 2

Gordon and Breach, 1990. (Studies in the Development of Modern Mathematics.)

Symplectic Geometry. Methods and Applications.
Gordon and Breach, 1988. Second edition 1995.

Minimal surfaces and Plateau problem. Together with Dao Chong Thi
USA, American Mathematical Society, 1991.
Integrable Systems on Lie Algebras and Symmetric Spaces. Together with V. V. Trofimov
Gordon and Breach, 1987.

Geometry of Minimal Surfaces in Three-Dimensional Space. Together with A. A.Tuzhilin

USA, American Mathematical Society. In: Translation of Mathematical Monographs, vol.93, 1991.
Topological Classification of Integrable Systems. Advances in Soviet Mathematics, vol. 6
USA, American Mathematical Society, 1991.

Tensor and Vector Analysis: Geometry, Mechanics and Physics. - Taylor and Francis, 1988.

Algorithmic and Computer Methods for Three-Manifolds. Together with S.V. Matveev
Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1997.

Topological Modeling for Visualization. Together with T. L. Kunii. - Springer- Verlag, 1997.

Modern Geometry. Methods and Applications. Together with B. A. Dubrovin, S. P. Novikov

Springer- Verlag, GTM 93, Part 1, 1984; GTM 104, Part 2, 1985. Part 3, 1990, GTM 124.

The basic elements of differential geometry and topology. Together with S. P. Novikov
Kluwer Acad. Publishers, The Netherlands, 1990.

Integrable Hamiltonian Systems: Geometry, Topology, Classification. Together with A. V. Bolsinov

Taylor and Francis, 2003

Empirico-Statistical Analysis of Narrative Material and its Applications to Historical Dating.

Vol.1:The Development of the Statistical Tools. Vol.2: The Analysis of Ancient and Medieval
Records. — Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands, 1994.

Geometrical and Statistical Methods of Analysis of Star Configurations. Dating Ptolemy's

Almagest. Together with V. V Kalashnikov., G. V. Nosovsky. - CRC-Press, USA, 1993.
New Methods of Statistical Analysis of Historical Texts. Applications to Chronology. Antiquity in
the Middle Ages. Greek and Bible History. Vols.l, 2, 3. - The Edwin Mellen Press. USA. Lewiston.
Queenston. Lampeter, 1999.

Mathematical Impressions. - American Mathematical Society, USA, 1990.

 Anatoly T. Fomenko

History:
Fiction
or Science?
CHRONOLOGY
1
2ND EDITION, REVISED

©elamere ^Publishing

PARIS • LONDON • NEW YORK

Published by Delamere Resources LLC
C/O ROSA CSI
1972 NE 3rd St., #14
Bend, Oregon 97701
USA

http://history.mithec.com

Copyright © 2003-2006 Delamere Resources LLC

2nd edition, revised

ISBN 2-913621-07-4

Anatoly T. Fomenko asserts the moral right

to be identified as the author of this work

Translation: Mikhail Yagupov

Cover: Polina Zinoviev
Layout: Paul Bondarovski
Project management: Franck Tamdhu

All rights reserved. No part of this book may

be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
Critics are welcome, of course, to quote brief
passages by way of criticism and review.
 Contents

Overview of the seven volumes it

Ahnut the Author Hi

Also by Analoly T. Fomenko iv

A Global Falsification of History. Foreword by Alexander Zinoviev xv

Foreword by A. Shiryaev xviii

Publisher's Note XX
Preface by A. T. Fomenko xxi
History of the New Chronology. By A. T. Fomenko and G. V. Nosovskiy xxix
Publisher's Advice xxxviii

Chapter 1 The problems of historical chronology

1. Roman chronology as the foundation of European chronology 1

2. Scaliger, Petavius, and other clerical chronologers. The creation of contemporary

chronology of the ancient times in the XVI-XVII century a.d 1

3. The veracity of the Scaliger-Petavius chronology was questioned as early as the XVI century... 10
3.1. Who criticized Scaliger's chronology and where 10
.3.1.1. De Arcilla, Robert Baldauf, Jean Hardouin, Edwin lohnson,
Wilhelm Kammeyer 10
3.1.2. Sir Isaac Newton 1

3.1.3. Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov 13

3.1.4. Recent publications of German scientists containing criticisms

of Scaligerian chronology 18
3.2. The questionable veracity of the Roman chronology and history.

The hypercritical school of the XIX century 19

4. The problems in establishing a correct chronology of "ancient" Egypt 23
5. The problem in dating the "ancient" sources. Tacitus and Poggio.
Cicero and Barzizza. Vitruvius and Alherti 25
6. Timekeeping in the Middle Ages. Historians discuss the "chaos reigning
in the mediaeval datings." Peculiar mediaeval anachronisms 31
7. The chronology and the dating of Biblical texts 32
viii I history: fiction or science?

8. Difficulties and contradictions arising from the reading of old texts 34

8.1. How does one read a text written in consonants exclusively?
The vocalization problem 34
8.2. The sounds "R" and "L" were often confused in the Middle Ages 35
9. Problems in the Scaligerian geography of Biblical events 37
9.1. Archaeology and the Old Testament 37
9.2. Archaeology and the New Testament 40
10. Ancient historical events: geographic localization issues 42
10.1. The locations of Troy and Babylon 42
10.2. The geography of Herodotus is at odds with the Scaligerian version 44
10.3. The inverted maps of the Middle Ages 49
1 1. A modern analysis of Biblical geography 49
12. The mysterious Renaissance epoch as a product of the Scaligerian chronology 53
13. The foundations of archaeological methods have been based on the Scaligerian
chronology from the very beginning 59
13.1. The ambiguity of archaeological datings and their dependence on
the existing chronology 59
13.2. The excavations of Pompeii. The dating of this town's destruction 61

13.3. The allegedly accelerated destruction of the "ancient" monuments 65

13.4. When did the construction of the Cologne Cathedral really begin? 65
13.5. Archaeological methods are most often based on Scaligerian datings 69
13.6. One of the numerous problems of the Scaligerian history — the problem
of bronze manufacture before the discovery of tin 70
14. The problems and deficiencies of dendrochronology and several other
dating methods 71
14.1. The consequent scale of dendrochronological datings does not extend
further back in time than the X century a.d 71
14.2. Sedimentary layer datings. The methods of radium-uranium and
radium-actinium analysis 73
15. Are radiocarbon datings to be trusted? 74
15.1. The radiocarbon datings of ancient, mediaeval, and modern specimens
are scattered chaotically 74
15.1.1. Libby's initial idea. The first failures 74
15.1.2. A criticism of the application of the radiocarbon method
to historical specimens 75
15.2. The dating of the Shroud of Turin 77
15.3 Modern radiocarbon analysis of Egyptian artefacts demonstrates serious
co ntradi ct ion s 80
16. Critical analysis of the hypotheses on which the radiocarbon method is based 80
16.1. W. F. Libby's initial idea 80
16.2. Physical basics of the radiocarbon method 82
16.3. The hypotheses that the radiocarbon method is based upon 83
16.4. The moment of the object's departure from the exchange reservoir 83
16.5. Radiocarbon content variations in the exchange reservoir 84
16.6. Variations in radiocarbon content of living bodies 87
17. Summary 87
18. Numismatic dating 90
CHRON1 CONTENTS |
IX

Chapter 2 Astronomical datings

1. The strange leap of parameter D" in the Theory of Lunar Motion 93
2. Are the "ancient" and mediaeval eclipses dated correctly? 95
Some astronomical data 9_5

2.2. The discovery of an interesting effect: an unprejudiced astronomical dating

shifts the dates of the "ancient" eclipses to the Middle Ages 96

2.3. Three eclipses described by the "ancient" Thucydides 97
2.4. The eclipses described by the "ancient" Titus Livy 105
3. Transferring the dates of the "ancient" eclipses forward in time into
the Middle Ages eliminates the enigmatic behaviour of the parameter D" 105
4. Astronomy moves the "ancient" horoscopes into the Middle Ages 106
4.1. The mediaeval astronomy 106
4.2. The method of unprejudiced astronomical dating 109
4.3. Many "ancient astronomical observations" may have been
theoretically calculated by late mediaeval astronomers and then
included into the "ancient" chronicles as "real observations" 1 1 0

4.4. Which astronomical "observations of the ancients" might be

a result of late mediaeval theoretical calculations? LLL
5. A brief account of several examples of Egyptian Zodiacs 1 12

5.1. Some general observations 112

5.2. The Dendera Zodiacs 113
5.3. The horoscopes of Brugsch and Flinders Petrie 124
5.4. Finite datings of Egyptian Zodiacs based on their complete
decipherment, as calculated by A. T. Fomenko and G. V. Nosovskiy in 2001 127
5.5. On the errors of E. S. Goloubtsova and Y. A. Zavenyagin 128
6. Astronomy in the New Testament 133

Chapter 3 The new dating of the astronomical horoscope as described in the Apocalypse
By A. T. Fomenko and G. V. Nosovskiy
1. The proposed research method 134
2. General information about the Apocalypse and the time of its creation 135
3. Ursa Major and the throne 139
4. The events took place on the Isle of Patmos 141
5. The constellations of Cassiopeia and the throne were drawn
as Christ sitting on his throne in the Middle Ages 141
6. The Milky Way 142
7. Twenty-four sidereal hours and the constellation
of the North ern Crown 1 46
8. Leo, Taurus, Sagittarius, Pegasus 146
9. The daily rotation of the Northern Crown 148
10. Equine planetary images in mediaeval astronomy 148
1 1 Jupiter is in Sagittarius 1 50
1 ?.. Mars is beneath Perseus in either Gemini or Taurus L52
13. Mercury is in Libra 155
14. Saturn is in Scorpio 157
15. The Sun is in Virgo with the Moon underneath the feet

of the latter 157

x I
history: fiction or science?

1 6. Verms is in T en „ 1 57
17. The astronomical dating of the Apocalypse by
the horoscope it contains 157
18. Our reconstruction of the initial content of the Apocalypse 161

Chapter 4 Astronomy in the Old Testament

1. Mediaeval astronomy in the Old Testament Book of Ezekiel 167

1.1. The title of the hook „ . . . 1 67
1.2. The description of the Milky Way and the Ophiuchus constellation 168
1.3. The Biblical description of the astronomical sectors, or "wings,"

on the celestial sphere 169

1.4. The constellations of Leo, Taurus and Aquila 169
1.5. The Biblical description of the mediaeval "wheels,"
or planetary orbits 170
1.6. Parallels with the astronomical symbolism of the Apocalypse 174
1.7. Biblical cherubim, chariots, and mediaeval planetary orbital wheels 175
1.8. The Biblical description of mediaeval cosmology as a celestial temple 176
2. The Biblical prophecy of Zechariah and the date of its creation 177
3. The Biblical prophecy of Jeremiah and the date of its creation 181
4. The Biblical prophecy of Isaiah and the date of its creation 183
5. The Biblical prophecy of Daniel and the date of its creation 183

Chapter 5 The methods of dating the ancient events offered by mathematical statistics
1 The local maxima method LS7_

1.1. The historical text volume function 1 87

1.2. The maxima correlation principle 188
1.3. Statistical model 190
1.4. Experimental test of the maxima correlation principle.
Examples of dependent and independent historical texts 194
Method of dating applied to historical events
1.5. 198
2. Volume functions of historical texts and the amplitude correlation
principle 201
2.1. Dependent and independent chronicles.

T he correl ati on of vol um e fu n ct ion m axim a 201

2.2. Rich and poor chronicles and chronicle zones 202
2.3. Significant and insignificant zeroes of volume functions 203
2.4. The information respect principle 203
2.5. The amplitude correlation principle of volume graphs
in the poor zones of chronicles 204
2.6. Description and formalization of the statistical model 204
2.7. The hypothesis about the increase of the "form" parameter
of a chronicle in the course of time 7.05

2.8. A list of processed Russian chronicles and their characteristics 205

2.9. The final table of the numeric experiment 206
2.10. Interesting consequences of the numeric experiment.
The confirmation of the statistical model 7.07

2.11. Comparison of a priori dependent Russian chronicles 207

CHRON1 CONTENTS |
XI

2.12. Comparison of a priori independent Russian chronicles 208

2.13. Growth of form parameter over the course of time for the Russian
chronicles after the XIII century. 209
2.14. Growth of the average form parameter over the course of time
for groups of Russian chronicles of the XIII-XVI century 209
2.15. Growth of the average form parameter over the course of time
for groups of Russian chronicles dating from the alleged IX-XIII century 210
2.16. Chronological shift of 300 or 400 years inherent in Russian history 210
2.17. Conclusions 211
3. The maxima correlation principle as applied to the sources related
to the epoch of Strife in Russian history (1584-1619) 211
4. The method used for the recognition and dating of royal dynasties.

The small dynastic distortions principle 215

4.1. The formulation of the small dynastic distortions principle 215
4-2. The statistical model 217
4.3. Refinement of the model and computation experiment 221
4.4. Result of the experiment: coefficient c(a, b) positively distinguishes
between the dependent and independent dynasties of kings 222
4.5. The methods used for the dating of royal dynasties and
phantom dynastic duplicates
the detection of 222
5. The frequency damping principle.
The method used for ordering historical texts chronologically 223
6. Application of the method to some concrete historical texts 225
7. The method applied to the dating of events 226
8. The frequency duplication principle.
The duplicate detection method 227
9. Statistical analysis of the Bible 228
9.1. Partition of the Bible into 218 "generation chapters" 228
9.2. Detection of the previously known duplicates in the Bible
with the aid of the frequency damping principle 229
9.3. New, previously unknown duplicates discovered in the Bible-

Genera scheme o f thei r d istribution

l in sid e the B ibl e 7, 37
,

9.4. A representative example: the new statistical dating of the Apocalypse,

which trasposes it from the New Testament into the Old 233
1 0. The method of form-codes.
The comparison of two long currents of regal biographies 234
11. Correct chronological ordering method and the dating
of ancient geographical maps 238

Chapter 6 The construction of a global chronological map and the results of applying
mathematical procedures of dating to the Scaligerian version of the ancient history

1. Ancient and mediaeval history textbook in the consensual

Scaliger-Petavius datings 256
2. Mysterious duplicate chronicles inside the "Scaliger-Petavius textbook" 256
3. Mysterious duplicate regal dynasties inside the "textbook
of Scaliger-Petavius" 263
4. Brief tables of some astonishing dynastic parallelisms 294
xii I history: fiction or science?

5. Conformity of results obtained by different methods 318

S.i. General assertion 318
5.2. The concurrence between the different methods illustrated by
the example of Biblical Judaic reign identified as the Holy Roman
Empire of the alleged X-XIII century a.d 318
6. The general layout of duplicates in "the textbook of Scaliger-Petavius".
The discovery of the three basic chronological shifts 320
7. Scaligerian textbook of ancient history as collated four duplicates
of the short original chronicle 32
8. The list of phantom "ancient" events, the exposure phantom duplicates,
or reflections of the mediaeval originals 323
9. "Ancient" Biblical history identified as the history of Europe
in the Middle Ages 328
10. Our hypothesis: history as described in surviving chronicles only begins
around the X century a.d. We know nothing of the events that took place
before the X century a.d 333
11. Authentic history only begins in XVII century a.d.
History of the XI-XVI century is largely distorted-

Many dates of the XI-XVI century require correction 334

12. The radical distinction of our chronological conception from
the version of N. A. Morozov 334
13. The hypothesis about the cause of the fallacious chronological
shifts inherent in ancient history 336
13.1. Chronological shift of 1000-1100 yearsas the consequence
of Christ's lifetime getting misdated 336
13.2. The letter "X" had formerly denoted the name of Christ,
but was eventually declared to stand for the figure of ten.
The letter "I" formerly denoted the name "Jesus", but was
eventually declared to stand for "one thousand" 336
13.3. Until the XVIII century, the Roman letters "I" or "J", or

the first letters of the name Jesus, were still used in several
European regions to denote "one" in recorded dates 343
13.4. How the chronological shift of 330 or 360 years could have occured 351
13.5. What Roman letters M, D, C as used in Roman dates stood for
originally, in the Middle Ages 351
13.5.1. General idea 351
13.5.2. Example: the date on the tomb of Empress Gisela 352
13.5.3. Another example: the date on the headstone of Emperor
Rudolf Habsburg 352
13.5.4. As recently as in the XVIII century, there was no unified
transcription system for mediaeval dates 354
13.5.5. Some datings contained in printed books and manuscripts of
the XV-XVII century will apparently have to be moved forwards
in time by at least fifty more years 355
13.6. Dating the foundation of Rome of Italy 356
13.7. Confusion between the foundation dates of Rome in Italy

and New Rome on the Bosporus 356

CHRON1 CONTENTS |
xiii

13.8. Scaliger and the Council of Trent. Scaligerian chronology of the antiquity
and its introduction in the XVI-XVII century 358
13.9. Two phantom "ancient" reflections of Dionysius Petavius,
a mediaeval chronologist of the XVII century 359
14. A stratified structure of textbook of ancient history according to Scaliger 361
15. The coordination of a new astronomical dating with a dynastic parallel 366
16. A strange lapse in Scaligerian chronology near "the beginning
of the new era" . . 367

Chapter 7 "Dark Ages" in mediaeval history

1. The mysterious Renaissance of the "Classical Age" in mediaeval Rome 373
1.1. The lugubrious "Dark Ages" in Europe that presumably succeeded
the splendour of the "Classical Age" 373
1.2. Parallels between the "antiquity" and the Middle Ages that are known
to historians, but misinterpreted by them 375
1.3. Mediaeval Roman legislators convene in the presumably destroyed
"
a n ci ent" C a pi t ol 377
1.4. The real date when the famous "ancient" statue of Marcus Aurelius
was manufactured 379
1.5. Could the "ancient" Emperor Vitellius have posed for the mediaeval
artist Tintoretto? 381

1.6. The amount of time required for the manufacture of one sheet
ot parchment 383
1.7. The "ancient" Roman Emperor Augustus was Christian, since he had worn
a mediaeval crown with a Christian cross 383
2. The "ancient" historian Tacitus and the well-known Renaissance writer
Poggio Bracciolini 386
3. The mediaeval Western European Christian cult and the "ancient" pagan
Bacchic celebrations ... 394
4. Petrarch (= Plutarch?) and the "Renaissance of antiquity" 410
4.1. How Petrarch created the legend of the glorious Italian Rome out of nothing 410
4.2. Petrarch's private correspondence with people considered
"ancient characters" nowadays 41 3

5. "Ancient" Greece and mediaeval Greece of the XIII-XVI century 415

5.1. The history of the mediaeval Athens is supposed to be obscured by darkness
up until the XVI century 415
5.2. Greece and the Crusades 422
5.3. The history of Greek and Athenian archaeology is relatively short 425
5.4. The tendentious distortion of the image of mediaeval Athens in
the "restoration works" of the XIX-XX century 427
6. Strange parallels in the Scaligerian history of religions 436
6.1. Mediaeval Christianity and its reflection in the Scaligerian

"pagan antiquity" 436

6.2. Mediaeval Christianity and "ancient" Mithraism 441
6.3. References to Jesus Christ contained in "ancient" Egyptian artefacts 444
6.4. Researchers of the ancient religions commenting on the strange similarities
between the cults of the "antiquity" and of the Middle Ages 453
xiv |
history: fiction or science?

6.5. Moses, Aaron and their sister Virgin Mary on the pages of the Koran 458
6.6. The XII century as the apparent epoch of St. Mark's lifetime.

The history of Cathedral of San Marco in Venice 459

7. The "ancient" Egypt and the Middle Ages 462
7.1. The odd graph of demotic text datings 462
7.2. The enigmatic "revival periods" in the history of "ancient" Egypt 463
7.3. The ancient Hittites and the mediaeval Goths 465
8. Problems inherent in the Scaligerian chronology of India 465
9. Was the artificial elongation of ancient history deliberate? 467

Annexes
2.1. (to chapter 2) Grammatical analysis of an eclipse description

in History by Thucydides 471

5.1. (to chapter 5) Per annum volume distribution in some Russian chronicles 474
5.2. (to chapter 5) Frequency matrix of names and parallels in the Bible

By V. P. Fomenko and T. G. Fomenko 480

6.1. (to chapter 6) Per annum volume distribution in The History of the City

of Rome in the Middle Ages by F. Gregorovius 492

6.2. (to chapter 6) Per annum volume distribution in The Roman History from
the Foundation of the City by Titus Livy 497
6.3. (to chapter 6) Per annum volume distribution in the book by Baronius
describing mediaeval Rome 504
6.4. (to chapter 6) The "double entry" of the Biblical royal reigns of Israel and Judah 511
6.5. (to chapter 6) Armenian history. Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire
of the alleged X-XIII century a.d., a.k.a. the Kings of Judah, a.k.a. the
mediaeval Armenian Catholicoses 517
1. Three phantom reflections of the same mediaeval dynasty 517
2. The parallelism between the mediaeval Armenian history
and the phantom Roman Empire according to Scaliger 522
6.6. (to chapter 6) The identification of the "ancient" Kingdom of Judah
with the Holy Roman Empire of the alleged X-XIII century a.d.
The correlation between reign durations and biographical volumes 532

The complete bibliography to the seven volumes 536

 A Global Falsification of History
Foreword by Alexander Zinoviev

I familiarized myself with the works of A. T. Fo- falsification of history on a planetary scale that I dis-

menko comparatively recently, and they impressed covered was the first one in what concerned the pro-
me greatly. What part of them struck me as the most portions and the ulterior motivation, as well as its his-

stunning? First and foremost, it was the intellectual ca- torical role. Let us call it the second falsification of the
pacity observable behind them. The authors reveal a same variety. It differs from the first in terms of per-
way of cogitating that manages to fuse austere logic taining to a different epoch. Its main subject is mod-
with dialectic flexibility; this is truly a rare occurrence ern history and whatever historical period can be
in the field of social studies. Reading the ceuvres of claimed as relevant to, and seen as fitting for, the pur-
A. T.Fomenko and his co-author G. V Nosovskiy- oc- poses of this falsification. The second falsification also
casionally several times over — was a veritable intel- differs from the first one in its primary means and
lectual delight for yours truly. They flabbergasted me methods, which shall be described below.
with their sheer disquisitive might as well as the re- One has to differentiate between the two kinds of
search results which, in my opinion, can by rights be falsification, the first one being the involuntary rou-
called the greatest discovery in contemporary histor- minor details that results from
tine falsification of
ical science - what A. T. Fomenko and his colleagues the mechanisms of gnosis and those of the actual de-
had learnt over the course of their research was the fact scription of historical events, or the entropy inherent
that the entire history of humanity up until the XVII in the framework of humanity's historical memory.
century is a forgery ofglobal proportions ("old history" The second is the extraordinary, premeditated and
in their terminology) - a falsification as deliberate as complex falsification that has distinct social causes.
it is universal. I shall be referring to this falsification Let us consider the former kind first. We shall dis-
as the first one. My sociological research of the great regard the period preceding the epoch of literacy and
evolutionary breakpoint demonstrated that a new, symbolic systems. The mnemonic means available
blatant, global and premeditated falsification was al- back then were less than meagre, which automati-
ready in full swing. Prior to becoming familiar with cally diminished the arsenal of the hypothetical fal-

the writings of Fomenko, I had already known that the We shall turn to the era of literacy instead. It
sifiers.

falsification of the past was a rather common phe- iscommon knowledge that historical events become
nomenon inherent in human existence. However, I immanetized in human language - and a statement
was neither aware of the scale of this fraud as de- uttered is a lie, as the old saying goes. We cannot
scribed by Fomenko and his fellow scholars, nor of its fathom the unfathomable. What we end up doing is

social type. My assumption had been that the blatant raking the vastness of history for tiny morsels of in-
xvi I history: fiction or science?

formation and adding some of our own narrative in of impartial falsification of historical events. This
order to produce wholesome and coherent textual stream also feeds on murky rivulets of countless liars
material. and swindlers.
The modern information technology does not af- The false model of history serves its function for
quo relies upon. Let
fect the principles that the status a certain while. However, humanity eventually enters
us introduce the concept of historical "atoms", or par- a period when this distorted representation loses ef-

ticles that aren't subject to further division. One may ficacy and stops serving its ends. This is where peo-
well calculate that the verbal description of a single ple are supposed to start searching for explanations

year of real history the way it really happened, in- and set out on their quest for a "truth". However, there
cluding all manner of events, no matter how minute, is the abstract scientific kind of truth, and the actual
would require the processing power of all the com- historical variety - that is to say, something that peo-
puters on the planet, with all people made computer ple regard, or will at some point start regarding as
operators. De facto, this technology serves as a pow- truth. The very word "truth" is confusing here. We
erful instrument of historical falsification. It allows for shall be on safer ground if we are to consider the ad-
the possibility of drowning a scientific approach to his- equacy of having certain concepts of the past for the
torical events in an ocean of meaningless facts. new needs that have manifested as a result of the his-
Furthermore, the description of actual historical torical process. These concepts stop being valid for
events is done by humans, and not perfect divine en- satisfying these needs. One becomes aware of the ne-
tities. People are brought up and educated in a cer- cessity to update our view of the past in accordance
tain way and have a certain social standing, as well as with whatever the present stipulates. This awareness
egotistical goals and aims of their very own. All of this is the kind of craving that can only be satisfied by a
affects the way the information is processed. Over the "bona fide rectification" of history, which has to occur

course of time, the overwhelming majority of events as a grandiose paradigm shift - moreover, it has to be
are wiped away into oblivion without leaving the mer- a large-scale organized operation; one that shall result

est trace. They are frequently not even realized as in an epochal falsification of the entire history of hu-

events. The people's attitude to the past begins to alter mankind. The issue at hand is by no means the falsi-

as past events gradually drift into an altogether dif- fication of individual observations of historical events,

ferent observational and interpretational context. but rather the revision of the entirety of historical
Evolutionary process discerns between two kinds records describing the events which cannot be ob-
of events - preliminal and superliminal. The former served as a principle since they belong to the past.
kind does not affect the general character of evolu- What we are talking about is not a mere change in the
tion; the latter one does. However, humans, includ- perception and interpretation of the same old exis-
ing specialists, fail to recognize the difference be- tential phenomena — it is the adaptation of the char-
tween the two. Everyone knows perfectly well how actery, which naturally used to refer to certain com-
much attention is poured over rather insignificant monplace realities at some point, to the exigencies of
individuals, such as kings and presidents, whereas people who have to live in an altogether different en-
the really important events often don't even get so much vironment. Trained specialists are a sine qua non for

as a passing reference. This affects the relations be- this - people whose activity shall have to be organ-
tween historical events so much that all sense of ized in such a manner that their collective output will
measure is often lost. Even if we are to suppose that result in the creation of a coordinated historical
all those who partake in the creation of historical Gestalt. What they really have to do is create exactly
records see veracity as their mission, the result of the kind of past that is needed for the present, mak-
their collective efforts is often the rendition of their ing use of whatever available material presents itself.

own on history as opposed to what

subjective views The first global falsification of history as discov-
happened in reality. As centuries pass by, the stream ered and brilliantly related by Fomenko was based
of disinformation is fed by various sources and trib- on an erroneous temporal and spatial coordinate sys-
utaries, which, in their multitude, produce the effect tem of chronological events (the chronological sys-
 A GLOBAL FALSIFICATION OF HISTORY |
XVII

tem and the localizations of events wedded thereto). nor any categorical pontificating of any kind. The
The more recent and ongoing second global falsifi- general narrative scheme they employ is as follows:

cation of history is based on a system of erroneous the authors relate the consensual (textbook) histori-
pseudoscientific sociological concepts based upon cal concepts and then cite historical facts which either
ideology and aided greatly by the modern informa- fail to concur to said concepts, or contradict them ex-
tion manipulation technology. This is why I call the plicitly. Other authors who have noticed these in-
second falsification conceptual and informational, or consistencies are quoted. Then Fomenko and Nosov-
merely "conceptual" for brevity's sake. Fomenko's skiy put forth hypotheses which allow to find logically

works describe the technology of building a false correct solutions for the problems under study. They
model of human history which uses the art of ma- keep on emphasizing and reiterating that the issue at

nipulating the temporal and spatial coordinates of hand is all about hypotheses and not categorical state-
events. Many thousands of specialists in false histor- ments presented as the truth absolute. The readers are
ical models are already working on this second falsi- invited to take part in the solution of problems that
fication - their forte is the ability to misrepresent his- arise as a consequence of the consensual chronolog-
torical events while giving correct temporal and spa- ical concept of history. I am amazed by the horren-

tial coordinates and representing individual facts dous injustice of the numerous critics of Fomenko
veraciously and in full detail. The actual falsification and Nosovskiy, who obviously distort their ideas, ei-
is achieved via the selection of facts, their combina- ther failing to understand them completely or being
tion and interpretation, as well as the context of ide- altogether unfamiliar with their content. It is also
ological conceptions, propagandist texts that they are quite astounding that whenever a publication occurs
immersed into, etc. In order to describe the technol- that voices ideas that bear semblance to those of
ogy behind the second falsification with any degree Fomenko and Nosovskiy, but are a lot more tame and
of clarity at all, exhaustively and convincingly, one local, providing a lot less factual information, this
needs a well-developed scientific system of logistics publication is usually accepted with a great deal more
and methodology, as well as sociological theory. I call benevolence. I understand the psychological ground-
such a system logical sociology; however, it is a thing work beneath this - Fomenko and Nosovskiy have
of the future, which means that the second falsifica- performed a great scientific feat of epochal significance,
tion of history shall continue in its present manner, one that affects the sentiments and interests of too
with as much ease and impunity as the first. Tens and many people. Acknowledging this feat as such, or at
hundreds of years hence, a number of solitary re- the very least the mere fact of its creative relevance,
searchers shall "excavate" the so-called "modern his- obligates one to actions that are apparently beyond
tory" in very much the same manner as Fomenko these people due to their incapacity and immaturity.
(and his predecessors, including N. A. Morozov) have The trouble with Fomenko and Nosovskiy is that they
treated "old history". have reached out too far and dealt the dominating his-
I would like to conclude with an observation con- torical discourse too heavy a blow.
cerning the exceptional scientific scrupulousness of
the works of A. Fomenko and G. Nosovskiy. I have ex- Alexander Zinoviev.
amined them from exactly this position many a time, 10 October 1999,
and I have neither found a single ipse dixit statement, 19 April 2001.

Alexander Zinoviev, Professor of the Moscow State University, logician, sociologist, writer, member of the Finnish, Bavarian and Italian
Academy of Sciences, Academy of Polite Letters and several others. Laureate of the 1982 Alexis Tocqueville prize for soci-
the Russian
ology and the "Best Sociology Essay of 1979" prize, as well as a large number of European and international prizes for literature.
Honorary citizen of several French and Italian towns and cities. The works of A. A. Zinoviev are published in more than 20 languages
and considered international bestsellers. He reads lectures on sociology in many European and American universities.
 Foreword by A. Shiryaev (1990)
to the first edition of A. T. Fomenko's Methods of statistical analysis
of narrative texts and their applications to chronology, 1990.
Based on research materials of 1973-1988

The methods of applied statistics affect a wide of non-correlating origins (the ones we can logically
range of scientific paradigms today, including the re- refer to as "independent"). It is well understood that
search of a great variety of texts. We use the word problems of this kind are exceptionally complex, and
"text" to refer to sequences of diverse signals here, thus new empirico-statistical identification methods
such as the lengthy codes one finds in genetics, graph- deserve full recognition for their ability to comple-
ical representations of this kind or the other that can ment classical approaches to actual research (in source
be encoded and represented in a textual form and studies, for instance).

actual narrative texts, such as historical chronicles, The present book by A. T. Fomenko, Professor of
original sources, documents etc. Pure Mathematics, is primarily oriented at the devel-
One of the key objectives we have here is learning opment of said methods as applied to identifying and
to identify dependent texts, by which we mean texts dating dependent and independent texts (in relation
possessing some degree of affinity between them - to the texts that possess veritable datings a priori).

similarities in their nature or history, for instance. The author of the book suggests a new approach
We may regard the recognition problem as an exam- to the recognition of dependent and independent
ple, where one is confronted with the task of finding narrative (historical) texts based on a number of
the visual representation that bears the greatest re- models he had constructed and trends discovered
semblance to the given prototype. The subject of long with the aid of empirico-statistical methods and as a
signal sequence research emphasizes the ability to result of extensive statistical experimentation with
find uniform subsequences and their joining points. varying quantitative characteristics of actual texts
All of the above bears equal relevance to solving the such as chronicles, original sources etc. The verifica-

classical change-point problem, for instance, which is tion of these models (statistical hypotheses) by sub-
of vital importance to mathematical statistics and the sistent chronicle material confirmed their efficacy and
statistics of stochastic processes. allowed us to suggest new methods of dating texts, or,

In application to narrative text studies and their rather, the events they describe.
needs, the problem of differentiating between de- The approach suggested by A. T. Fomenko is rather
pendent and independent texts (such as chronicles) unorthodox and requires the reader to possess a cer-
can be formulated as that of tracing out the texts that tain degree of attentiveness and diligence in order to
hail back to a common original source (the ones that become accustomed with his innovative logical con-
can logically be referred to as "dependent"), or those structions which may be perceived as uncanny; how-
 xix

ever, one has to note that the author's principal ideas torical events. One has to differ clearly here between
are perfectly rational from the point of view of con- the primary statistical result achieved by the book,
temporary mathematical statistics and fit into the namely, defining the layer structure of the global
cognitive paradigm of experts in applied statistics chronological map and its representation as a "sum"
with the utmost ease. of four layers, and the plethora of available interpre-
The scientific results obtained by the author are tations. Interpreting the results and building hy-
most remarkable indeed, and what we witness today potheses is well beyond the scope of precise mathe-
can already be referred to as the rather sudden evolve - matical knowledge, so the author urges us to be ex-
ment of a whole new scientific division in applied sta- tremely careful with the conclusions relating to a

tistics that is definitely of interest to us. All of the re- potential revision of the "static chronology of ancient
sults in question were educed from a tremendous body history".The author repeatedly insists on the neces-
of work performed by the author with the assistance sity of and separating verified facts
critical analysis

of his fellow academicians, most of them specializing from their interpretations and various hypotheses.
in mathematical statistics and its applications. The concept offered by A. T. Fomenko is novel
Seeing as how the book relates to problems that and somewhat startling, and by all means deserves a
concern several scientific disciplines, one is confronted meticulous study.
with the necessity of finding points of contact be- The book is written in conformance to the most
tween experts working in different areas. A wide num- demanding scientific standards and is an unprece-
ber of terms and definitions common for scholars of dented phenomenon in the area of international sci-
one discipline may need to be explicitly translated for entific literature on applied mathematical statistics,

scientists of a different specialization and orientation. so no reader shall be left indifferent. It also offers us
This is to be borne in mind by the representatives of a glimpse of the rather charming personality of its au-
both natural sciences and humanities among the read- thor, a mathematician and a history scholar.

ers of this book. However, said miscommunications One hopes that the reader studies the book in its

are common and are easily overcome by any mixed entirety with undiminished attention after the pe-

collective of scientists collaborating on the solution of rusal of the first couple of pages and, at the very least,
a particular problem. One may hope that the poten- becomes familiar with a fascinating scientific prob-
tial readers may prove this very collective that will lem, or maybe even joins the research in this new and
carry on with the research commenced by an emi- promising field of science.
nent professional mathematician.
In addition to the development of new empirico- A. N. Shiryaev,
statistical methods as applied to the dating of events, President of the International Bernoulli
the present book contains a number of applications Society for Mathematical Statistics and
to the problem of validating the chronology of his- Probability Theory in 1989-1991.

A. N. Shiryaev, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Physics and Mathematics, Head of the Probability
Theory Studies Department of the Moscow State University Department of Mathematics and Mechanics, Head of the Probability Theory
and Mathematical Statistics Department of the V. A. Steklov Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
xx I
history: fiction or science?

Publisher's Note
History: Fiction or Science? is the most explosive trac-

tate on history ever written - however, every theory

it contains, no matter how unorthodox, is backed by
solid scientific data.

The book contains 446 graphs and illustrations, copies

of ancient manuscripts, and countless facts attesting
to the falsity of the chronology used nowadays, which
never cease to amaze the reader.

Eminent mathematician proves that:

Jesus Christ was born in 1152 a.d. and crucified in 1185 a.d.
The Old Testament refers to mediaeval events.
Apocalypse was written after 1486.

Does this sound uncanny? This version of events is

substantiated by hard facts and logic, validated by

new astronomical research and statistical analysis of
ancient sources - to a greater extent than everything
you may have read and heard about history before.

The dominating historical discourse in its current

state was essentially crafted in the XVI century from
a rather contradictory jumble of sources such as in-

numerable copies of ancient Latin and Greek manu-

scripts whose originals had vanished in the Dark Ages
and the allegedly irrefutable proof offered by late me-

diaeval astronomers, resting upon the power of ec-

clesial authorities. Nearly all of its components are
blatantly untrue!

For some of us, it shall possibly be quite disturbing

to see the magnificent edifice of classical history turn
into an ominous simulacrum brooding over the snake
pit of mediaeval politics. Twice so, in fact: the first

time, the legendary millenarian dust on the ancient

marble turn into a mere layer of dirt - one that metic-
ulous unprejudiced research can eventually remove.
The second, and greater, attack of unease comes with
the awareness of just how many areas of human
knowledge still trust the three elephants of the con-
sensual chronology to support them. Nothing can
remedy that except for an individual chronological
revolution happening in the minds of a large enough
number of people.
 Preface by Anatoly T. Fomenko

The materials contained in this book correspond to plicable leap on the interval of VIII-X century a.d. This
the research that was started in 1973. leap cannot be explained by conventional gravitational
One might wonder why we should want to revise theory, and is improbable to the extent of making

the chronology of ancient history today and base our Robert Newton invent mysterious "extra-gravitational
revision on new empirico-statistical methods. It would forces" in the Earth-Moon system that suspiciously re-
be worthwhile to remind the reader that in the XVI- fuse to manifest in any other way.
XVII century chronology was considered to be a subdi- This inexplicable effect attracted the professional in-
vision of mathematics, prior to having gradually trans- terest of the mathematician in me. The verification of
formed into a field of historical studies considered R. Newton'swork showed that his computations con-
complete in general, and only requiring minor even- formed to the highest scientific standards and con-

tual clarifications leaving the actual edifice of chronol- tainedno errors. This made the gap in the diagram
ogy intact. And yet we discover that the contemporary even more enigmatic. A prolonged pondering of this
official version of the chronology of ancient history is topic led me to the idea of checking the exactitude of

full of prodigious contradictions and inconsistencies datings of the ancient eclipses that the D "
parameter
that deserve an attempt of partial clarification and rec- computations were based upon since they implicitly af-
tification based on the methods of modern statistics fected the result. This idea turned out to have been
at the very least. unprecedented for the scientists that had dealt with

One often hears the question about what could pos- the problem previously. Robert Newton himself, an
sibly motivate a mathematician into wanting to study eminent expert in the field of astronavigation and the-
a seemingly historical problem. The answer is as fol- oretical dynamics of natural and artificial celestial bod-
lows. My primary interests are those of a professional ies, trusted the ancient historical dates completely and
mathematician; they are thus rather distant from his- attempted to explain the leap in the behaviour of pa-
torical and chronological issues. However, in the early rameter D " from within his professional paradigm.
70s, namely, in 1972-1973, 1 had to deal with the dates That is to say, without the merest hint of the very idea
of ancient eclipses during my studies of one of the key of questioning ancient chronology. I was more fortu-
problems in celestial mechanics (see Chroni, Chapter 2 nate in that respect: I found out that N. A. Morozov,
for more details). It had to do with computing the so- a renowned Russian scientist and encyclopaedist, had
called coefficient D "
in the Theory of Lunar Motion. analyzed the datings of ancient eclipses and claimed
The parameter characterizes acceleration and is com- most of them to be in need of revision. This happened
puted as a time function on a large historical interval. as early as the beginning of the XX century. He offered
The computations were performed by Robert Newton, new datings for a large number of eclipses that were
a contemporary American astronomer and astro- considerably more recent. Having obtained his tables,

physicist. Upon their completion, he had made the un- I repeated Newton's calculations using Morozov's dates
expected discovery of parameter D "
behaving in the in lieu of the consensual ones as input data. I was
most peculiar manner, namely, performing an inex- amazed to discover that the D "
graph altered instantly
Another Random Scribd Document
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 Criminology - Study Cards
Second 2023 - Institute

Prepared by: Researcher Williams

Date: August 12, 2025

Test 1: Theoretical framework and methodology

Learning Objective 1: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 5: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Section 2: Literature review and discussion
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 11: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 14: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Practice Problem 16: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 19: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 3: Literature review and discussion
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 21: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
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- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 22: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 24: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Introduction 4: Case studies and real-world applications
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 31: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
References 5: Key terms and definitions
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 41: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 48: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 6: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 53: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 7: Study tips and learning strategies
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 62: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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