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Drivers of Environmental Change in Uplands Routledge
Studies in Ecological Economics 1st Edition Aletta Bonn
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Aletta Bonn
ISBN(s): 9780415447799, 0415447798
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 5.51 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page i

Drivers of Environmental Change

in Uplands

The uplands are a crucial source of ecosystem services, such as water pro-
vision, carbon retention, maintenance of biodiversity, provision of recreation
value and cultural heritage. This makes them the focus of environmental and
social scientists as well as of practitioners and land managers. This volume
brings together a wealth of knowledge of the British uplands from diverse
but inter-related fields of study, clearly demonstrating their importance in
twenty-first-century Britain, and indicating how we may through interdiscip-
linary approaches meet the challenges provided by past and future drivers
of environmental change.
The upland environments are subject to change. They face imminent threats
as well as opportunities from pressures such as climate change, changes in land
management and related changes in fire risk, increases in erosion and water
colour, degradation of habitats, altered wildlife and recreational value, as
well as significant changes in the economy of these marginal areas. This book
presents up-to-date scientific background information, addresses policy-
related issues and lays out pressing land management questions. A number
of world-class experts provide a review of cutting-edge natural and social
science and an assessment of past, current and potential future management
strategies, policies and other drivers of change. After appraisal of key con-
cepts and principles, chapters provide specific examples and applications by
focusing on UK upland areas and specifically on the Peak District National
Park as a key example for other highly valuable upland regions.
With its strong interdisciplinary approach, this book will be of interest to
a wide range of students, researchers and practitioners in the field, includ-
ing those engaged with Environmental Economics, Conservation and Land
Management, Rural Development, Environmental Management and Phys-
ical Geography.

Aletta Bonn is Research Manager for the Moors for the Future Partnership
in the Peak District National Park. Tim Allott is Reader in Physical Geo-
graphy at the University of Manchester and co-leader of the Upland Environ-
ments Research Unit. Klaus Hubacek is Reader in Ecological Economics at
the School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds. Jon Stewart is
a Team Leader with Natural England working in the Peak District.
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page ii

Routledge Studies in Ecological Economics

Sustainability Networks

Cognitive tools for expert collaboration in social–ecological systems

Janne Hukkinen

Drivers of Environmental Change in Uplands

Edited by Aletta Bonn, Tim Allott, Klaus Hubacek and Jon Stewart
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page iii

Drivers of Environmental
Change in Uplands

Edited by Aletta Bonn, Tim Allott,

Klaus Hubacek and Jon Stewart
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page iv

First published 2009 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”

© 2009 Aletta Bonn, Tim Allott, Klaus Hubacek and Jon Stewart, selection and
editorial matter; the contributors, their contributions
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Drivers of environmental change in uplands / Aletta Bonn . . . [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978 – 0 – 415–44779–9 (hb) — ISBN 978 – 0 –203– 88672– 4 (eb) 1. Land
use—Environmental aspects—Great Britain. 2. Environmental protection—
Great Britain. 3. Uplands—Great Britain. I. Bonn, Aletta.
HD596.D75 2008
333.73—dc22
2008023480

ISBN 0-203-88672-0 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN10: 0-415-44779-8 (hbk)

ISBN10: 0-203-88672-0 (ebk)

ISBN13: 978-0-415-44779-9 (hbk)

ISBN13: 978-0-203-88672-4 (ebk)
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page v

Contents

Foreword by John Lee viii

Acknowledgements x
List of tables xii
List of figures xv
List of contributors xx

1 Introduction: Drivers of change in upland environments:

concepts, threats and opportunities 1
ALETTA BONN, TIM ALLOTT, KLAUS HUBACEK AND JON STEWART

PART I
Processes and policy – the overarching drivers of change 11

2 Natural changes in upland landscapes 13

MARTIN EVANS

3 Threats from air pollution and climate change to upland

systems: past, present and future 34
SIMON J. M. CAPORN AND BRIDGET A. EMMETT

4 Policy change in the uplands 59

IAN CONDLIFFE

PART II
Ecosystem services and drivers of change 91

5 The carbon budget of upland peat soils 93

FRED WORRALL AND MARTIN G. EVANS

6 Upland hydrology 113

JOSEPH HOLDEN
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page vi

vi Contents
7 The state of upland freshwater ecosystems 135
TIM ALLOTT

8 Condition of upland terrestrial habitats 156

ALISTAIR CROWLE AND FAY MCCORMACK

9 Burning issues: the history and ecology of managed fires

in the uplands 171
ADRIAN R. YALLOP, BEN CLUTTERBUCK AND
JONATHAN I. THACKER

10 Moorland management with livestock: the effect of policy

change on upland grazing, vegetation and farm economics 186
SARAH M. GARDNER, TONY WATERHOUSE AND C. NIGEL R. CRITCHLEY

11 International importance and drivers of change of upland bird

populations 209
JAMES W. PEARCE-HIGGINS, MURRAY C. GRANT, COLIN M.
BEALE, GRAEME M. BUCHANAN AND INNES M. W. SIM

12 Mammals in the uplands 228

DEREK W. YALDEN

13 Managing uplands for game and sporting interests:

an industry perspective 241
NICK SOTHERTON, RICHARD MAY, JULIE EWALD,
KATHY FLETCHER AND DAVID NEWBORN

14 Moors from the past 261

BILL BEVAN

15 Leisure in the landscape: rural incomes and public benefits 277

NIGEL CURRY

PART III
Social change, land management and conservation:
driving change 291

16 Description of the upland economy: areas of outstanding

beauty and marginal economic performance 293
KLAUS HUBACEK, KATHARINA DEHNEN-SCHMUTZ, MUHAMMAD
QASIM AND METTE TERMANSEN

17 The future of public goods provision in upland regions:

learning from hefted commons in the Lake District, UK 309
ROB J. F. BURTON, GERALD SCHWARZ, KATRINA M. BROWN, IAN T.
CONVERY AND LOIS MANSFIELD
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page vii

Contents vii
18 The economic value of landscapes in the uplands of England 323
NICK HANLEY AND SERGIO COLOMBO

19 Landscape as an integrating framework for upland management 339

CARYS SWANWICK

20 Using scenarios to explore UK upland futures 358

KATHRYN ARBLASTER, MARK S. REED, EVAN D. G. FRASER AND
CLIVE POTTER

21 Effective policy-making in the uplands: a case study in the

Peak District National Park 376
STEVE CONNELLY AND TIM RICHARDSON

22 How class shapes perceptions of nature: implications for

managing visitor perceptions in upland UK 393
NATALIE SUCKALL, EVAN FRASER AND CLAIRE QUINN

23 Moorland wildfire risk, visitors and climate change: patterns,

prevention and policy 404
JULIA MCMORROW, SARAH LINDLEY, JONATHAN AYLEN,
GINA CAVAN, KEVIN ALBERTSON AND DAN BOYS

24 Moorland restoration: potential and progress 432

PENNY ANDERSON, MATT BUCKLER AND JONATHAN WALKER

25 Ecosystem services: a new rationale for conservation of upland

environments 448
ALETTA BONN, MICK REBANE AND CHRISTINE REID

26 Conclusions: Managing change in the uplands – challenges

in shaping the future 475
ALETTA BONN, TIM ALLOTT, KLAUS HUBACEK AND JON STEWART

List of acronyms 495

Index 498
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page viii

Foreword
John Lee

It is nearly sixty years since W. H. Pearsall’s classic text Mountains and

Moorlands appeared. At the time, and for at least two decades afterwards,
it was arguably the best English ecological text, providing an unrivalled descrip-
tion of the ecology of the British uplands. Pearsall had known the uplands
intimately since he was a boy in the last years of the nineteenth century, and
had pursued distinguished ecological research there during an academic
career begun at the Victoria University of Manchester and continued at the
Universities of Leeds and Sheffield and at the University College London.
Among the many important observations in the book, Pearsall emphasised
that the British uplands had been subjected to continuous change since the
last glaciation, although the cause and nature of this change had altered over
time. In the intervening years since Mountains and Moorlands appeared there
has been a number of books devoted to upland ecology and at least one devoted
to ecological change, but the present volume is perhaps the first to adopt a
wide-ranging interdisciplinary approach incorporating science, policy and man-
agement considerations.
The fact that change in the uplands has been continuous but that the drivers
have changed over time makes predictions about the future problematic. One
can immediately see this by reading the last chapter of Mountains and
Moorlands, which is devoted to the future as Pearsall saw it in 1950. To take
but one example, Pearsall could not have foreseen the massive overgrazing
problems of the last few decades of the twentieth century conditioned by the
European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy, one of the largest drivers
of change in the uplands. Few can doubt today the importance of the link
between science, policy and management when considering the viability of
upland farming, very much a major current concern. The interdisciplinary
approach as exemplified in many of the chapters in this book is very much
to be applauded.
A major preoccupation of environmental scientists, managers, policy-
makers and indeed the general public today is that of human-made global
climate change, and many of the authors in this volume refer to it as a major
driver of change. They are of course right to do so, given the over-riding
importance of climate in determining ecological processes. In helping us to
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page ix

Foreword ix
predict the effects of climate change scenarios on the uplands we are in a
much stronger position now than in Pearsall’s day. The last fifty years have
seen a great increase in environmental research in the British uplands, much
of which is documented in the chapters of this book. We have now know-
ledge based on considerable careful experimentation as well as on observa-
tion to guide managers and policy-makers into the future. However, we still
have an imperfect understanding of how upland ecosystems respond in the
longer term to environmental perturbations and restoration practices, and
this is likely to be the focus of much further research to help us anticipate
future challenges.
The huge economic and social value of ecosystems as a source of goods
and services for people has become much more widely recognised in recent
years, notably through the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment launched in
2001. For many years the uplands have been used as a source of water for
lowland cities and towns as well as a place of recreation for their inhabi-
tants. However, until recently, very little emphasis has been placed on the
connections between upland and lowland Britain. One topical example of
these connections is to what extent the management of upland catchments
for agriculture or game birds may influence lowland flooding and water qual-
ity. Similarly, it is only recently that peatlands have been valued for their
potential long-term carbon storage as atmospheric concentrations of carbon
dioxide continue to rise. Peatlands play an important role in both the water
and carbon economies of upland Britain and of some other parts of the world,
but have been badly neglected in the past. The neglect and the environmental
problems this has caused are well documented in this volume, as are attempts
to rectify the situation through reclamation practices.
The uplands have provided, and continue to provide, many benefits to soci-
ety. Perhaps these benefits have not been as widely appreciated by policy-
makers and the population at large as they should have been. This volume
brings together a wealth of knowledge of the British uplands from diverse
but inter-related fields of study. It clearly demonstrates their importance in
twenty-first century Britain, and indicates how we may through interdiscip-
linary approaches meet the challenges provided by past and future drivers
of environmental change.

John Lee
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences
The University of Sheffield
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page x

Acknowledgements

This book has been a great collaborative project by all authors involved. The
inter-disciplinary nature of this project brought together social and natural
scientists as well as key experts and representatives from upland policy and
management. The collation has been a stimulating and productive process,
and we are grateful to all contributors. Similarly, we are indebted to all review-
ers, both scientists and practitioners, who examined the contents with a crit-
ical eye and provided many constructive comments that enhanced the book.
Special thanks to Joanna Collins, Dabo Guan and Yuan Guan for editorial
assistance. We are also grateful to the Routledge publishing team for their
advice and guidance.
The project developed out of a productive upland research forum in the
Peak District National Park, UK, a platform for cross-disciplinary upland
research. The forum is fostered by the Moors for the Future Partnership,
a public–private partnership dedicated to restoration, awareness-raising
and research. The partnership aims to develop and share expertise of
how to protect upland environments and adapt to change in the future
(www.moorsforthefuture.org.uk). The first phase of the programme was
supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund, and past and current partners include:
Peak District National Park Authority, Natural England, National Trust,
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), Environment
Agency, United Utilities, Severn Trent Water, Yorkshire Water, Sheffield City
Council, Derbyshire County Council, Moorland Association, Country
Land and Business Association, National Farmers Union as well as private
moorland owners. We would very much like to thank staff and members of
these organisations and individuals, whose vital support facilitated many
of the case studies reported in this book.
Two of the editors and several authors (Hubacek, Bonn, Boys, Fraser,
Holden, Quinn, Reed, Termansen and Worrall) are involved in the re-
search consortium project ‘Sustainable uplands: learning to manage future
change’ RES-224-25-0088, funded through the Rural Economy and Land
Use (RELU) Programme, co-sponsored by UK research councils ESRC,
NERC and BB SRC and UK agencies Defra and SEERAD.
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page xi

Acknowledgements xi

The editors have used their best endeavours to ensure URLs provided for
external websites are correct and active at the time of going to press.
However, the publisher has no responsibility for websites and cannot guar-
antee that contents will remain live or appropriate.
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page xii

List of tables

2.1 Classification of the major agents of Holocene change in

upland landscapes 14
3.1 The main primary and secondary pollutants emitted to
the atmosphere that have a role in environmental
toxicology and climate change 36
3.2 Radiative forcing (global warming potential), average
concentrations and trends of anthropogenic greenhouse
gases and other components in 2005 42
3.3 Comparison of climatic variables averaged over two time
periods at Moor House in the English North Pennines 44
3.4 Summary of selected UK climate change scenarios 46
4.1 Milestones in UK and European policy affecting upland
agriculture 62
4.2 Comparison of recent uptake of agri-environment schemes
in Less Favoured Areas (LFA) and non-LFA in England 84
5.1 Summary of carbon exports and inputs for the Trout
Beck catchment at Moor House 95
5.2 Summary of carbon export and input ranges used for
calculation of carbon budget of British peats 98
6.1 Percentage runoff collected in automated throughflow
troughs from peat layers on hillslopes in Upper
Wharfedale, December 2002–December 2004 117
6.2 Mean summary hydrological characteristics for two sites
with and without grazing during 2005 124
8.1 European interest features in the UK uplands 158
8.2 Areas on Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) where
burning can result in the land being recorded as in
unfavourable condition 166
9.1 Summary of guidance on burning for grouse management 176
10.1 Grazing regimes used in the economics and vegetation
change modelling studies 188
10.2 Responses to questions about changes in farm policy,
past and future, from hill sheep farmers in mid-Wales,
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page xiii

List of tables xiii

the Scottish Highlands, the Lake District and the Peak
District in 2006 191
10.3 Preferred strategies for future hill farming 191
10.4 Model predictions for abundance of three key species in
mat grass heath at ADAS Pwllpeiran 201
10.5 Comparison of ranks of Best and Worst grazing regimes
for vegetation management and economic viability for the
sites at ADAS Redesdale and ADAS Pwllpeiran 202
11.1 The latest UK population estimates of upland bird
populations, and assessments of conservation importance 210
11.2 Variation in the distribution, abundance, survival,
productivity or population trends of upland bird species
as a function of dwarf shrub cover and vegetation density 214
11.3 Summary of the likely impacts of grouse moor
management on upland bird density, breeding success
or population change 216
11.4 Summary of the likely impacts of afforestation on the
density, breeding success or population changes of upland
birds on adjacent moorland 218
13.1 Comparison in the density of moorland birds of
conservation concern on areas managed for grouse-
shooting within the Peak District National Park in 1990
and 2004 250
13.2 Percentage losses in breeding range of three moorland
birds 251
13.3 The costs of a grouse moor in the Peak District 257
15.1 Main reasons for not visiting the countryside in England
in 2005 281
18.1 Attributes and attribute levels used in the choice
experiment 327
18.2 Example card – Yorkshire and Humberside sample 328
18.3 Random parameters logit model coefficients for each
region 330
18.4 Explanation of variable abbreviations and coding in
Table 18.3 331
18.5 Willingness to Pay estimates (implicit prices) and their
95 per cent confidence intervals 332
18.6 Predictions of the change in the landscape attributes
under the four policy scenarios 333
18.7 Compensating surplus estimates for three policy options 334
18.8 Compensating surplus aggregated across all households
resident in SDA regions 335
19.1 Joint Character Areas allocated to three broad ‘upland’
landscape types 345
20.1 Overview of UK upland scenario studies 362
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page xiv

xiv List of tables

20.2 Methods used to develop and evaluate scenarios of
upland change in eight UK studies 364
20.3 UK upland scenarios developed by eight studies, not
including Business as Usual scenarios 366
23.1 Probit estimation results for Peak District National
Park reported moorland wildfires, 1 February 1978 to
1 August 2004 415
23.2 Contingency table for Peak District National Park
moorland wildfires temporal model for (a) probit model
training data and (b) test data 416
23.3 Factors and associated datasets considered in the multi-
criteria (MCE) spatial model of the risk of wildfire
occurrence in the Peak District National Park 419
24.1 Upland management problems and some solutions 435
25.1 Ecosystem services provided by the uplands 450
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 05:37PM Page xv

List of figures

1.1 Linkages between ecosystem services and human well-being 2

1.2 Britain at night. Satellite imagery depicting light pollution
in 2000 as one indicator for tranquillity 8
2.1 The post-glacial spread of key upland tree taxa across
Britain 15
2.2 Chemical evolution of lake basins in Glacier Bay 16
2.3 Dynamic equilibrium of upland landscapes 18
2.4 LiDAR imagery of the Cowms Rocks Landslide Complex 21
2.5 Representation of the water budget of ombrotrophic
peatlands 22
2.6 Water table and runoff data from the Trout Beck
catchment of the Moor House National Nature Reserve
in the North Pennines, UK 23
2.7 The peat land-system representing the potential range and
connectivity of geomorphological features found on a
typical eroding mire 24
2.8 A conceptual model of sediment delivery in eroding
peatlands 25
2.9 The blanket peat erosion mosaic 26
3.1 Drivers, responses and effects of air pollution in ecosystems 35
3.2 UK total emissions of NOx, SO2 and NH3 37
3.3 Diurnal pattern in ozone concentrations on 2 July 2006
during a hot summer at an upland (Great Dun Fell) and
a lowland (Glazebury) site in northern England 39
3.4 Measured total deposition of nitrogen compounds 40
3.5 Central England temperatures from 1659 to 2007 shown
as a five-year running average 43
3.6 Accumulative snow cover in Snowdonia, north Wales,
1979–2006 45
3.7 Annual average temperatures from the central England
Temperature data set (CET) at a South Pennine site at
Holme Moss and Moor House in the North Pennines
from 1992 to 2006 47
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page xvi

xvi List of figures

3.8 Exceedance of nutrient nitrogen critical loads for dwarf
shrub heath by total N (NOx + NHy) deposition for
2001–3. 49
3.9 Pollutant concentrations in rainwater at Wardlow Hay
Cop, 1988–2000 52
3.10 Increase in the number of species of Sphagnum, other
mosses and liverworts in open plots at Holme Moss
in the South Pennines between 1983–5 and 2005–6 52
4.1 Total livestock numbers in Derbyshire and Devon, UK 67
4.2 Spatial coverage of Less Favoured Areas (LFA) in
England 68
4.3 Diagram of Defra’s agri-environment strategy 82
4.4 Farm business income 2006–7, LFA Grazing Livestock 86
5.1 Schematic diagram of the carbon uptake and release
pathways that control the carbon budget of an upland
peat soil 94
5.2 Location of the Moor House study site 97
6.1 Discharge from Oughtershaw Moss, a peatland catchment
in the Yorkshire Dales, over a six-month period 114
6.2 Main hillslope runoff pathways 115
6.3 Water-table depth for an undisturbed peat soil, Upper
Wharfedale, UK, January–June 2004 117
6.4 Submerged soil pipe surrounded by cracked peat 118
6.5 Mean water-table depth and percentage occurrence of
overland on bi-weekly monitored plots, October 2002 to
October 2004 122
6.6 Gully erosion in the Peak District 125
7.1 The critical loads concept 138
7.2 Critical loads exceedance maps for UK freshwaters in
1995–7 and 2010 139
7.3 The 2004 Peak District Moorland Stream Survey
(PD-MSS) sampling points, distributions of key chemical
variables, critical loads and exceedances 141
7.4 Differences in macro-invertebrate species richness between
sites exceeding and not exceeding their critical acidity
load in the 2004 Peak District Moorland Stream Survey
(PD-MSS) 142
7.5 Streamwater chemistry trends for the river Etherow
1988–2006 145
7.6 MAGIC model hindcasts and forecasts of the distribution
of acid neutralising capacity (ANC) in South Pennine
reservoirs for the years 1850, 1970, 2000, 2010 and 2100 146
8.1 Condition of upland SSSIs in England, December 2007 162
8.2 Condition of upland SSSI habitat in England, December
2007 163
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List of figures xvii

8.3 Moor burning, overgrazing and drainage on upland heath
and bogs in England, December 2007 164
8.4 Top fifteen reasons for adverse condition on upland SSSIs
in England, December 2007 164
9.1 An example of rapid increase in extent of management
burning over the previous fifty years from aerial
photography for an upland catchment in the South
Pennines, UK 174
9.2 Illustrative relationship between aerial photograph
interpretation (API) of growth following burning in
Calluna vulgaris 176
9.3 Burn exhibiting poor recovery on a blanket bog SSSI in
the Peak District National Park 178
9.4 Relationship between area of new Calluna burn on deep
peat soils and winter dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
concentrations from thirteen sub-catchments within three
Pennine drinking-water supply catchments 181
10.1 Predicted net margins for different grazing regimes for
upland moor at ADAS Redesdale with (a) no Single
Payment Scheme (SPS) or Higher Level Stewardship
(HLS) payments and (b) with SPS and basic HLS
payments included 194
10.2 Income sources for the different grazing regimes listed in
Table 10.1 195
10.3 Effect of summer cattle and reduced all-year sheep on the
predicted abundance of heather and purple moor grass at
ADAS Redesdale 200
10.4 Variation between the six plant communities at ADAS
Redesdale in the predicted change in abundance of heather
and purple moor grass after twenty years of summer cattle
or all-year sheep grazing 200
10.5 Comparison of field and model estimates of abundance for
heather, purple moor grass and mat grass under reduced
sheep-stocking at ADAS Redesdale 1990–2000 201
12.1 Mountain hare distribution in the Peak District National
Park 233
13.1 Percentage heather cover on moorland in Scotland where
grouse moor management has either been retained or
abandoned in the 1940s, 1970s and 1980s 245
13.2 Map of the North Pennines Special Protection Area (SPA)
showing the extent of moorland managed and not
managed for red grouse 247
13.3 Breeding pairs of birds observed on 320 upland kilometre
squares with similar vegetation types but separated into those
managed for red grouse or those that were not managed 248
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page xviii

xviii List of figures

13.4 Percentage habitat composition of four vegetation types
on moorland in the Peak District National Park on estates
managed or not managed for red grouse 249
13.5 Percentage of pairs fledging young on the four plots in
the Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust’s Upland
Predation Experiment, 2002–6 253
14.1 Hope woodlands township and Howden farmholding
(Derbyshire) in the early seventeenth century 266
14.2 Post-medieval farmsteads, peat cuts and trackways 267
14.3 Post-medieval features in the Upper Derwent 272
14.4 The Mass Trespassers on their way to Kinder Scout in 1932 274
17.1 Location map of upland areas in Cumbria 312
17.2 Upland farm in Lake District 313
17.3 Structure of a traditional upland farm 313
19.1 Landscape as the interaction of people and place 341
19.2 Upland, upland fringe and moorland Joint Character
Areas in England 344
19.3 A local landscape character assessment from the White
Peak Vision Project 346
19.4 A spectrum of landscape-centred approaches 348
20.1 Scenarios grouped according to levels of support for a
pro-environment policy agenda and varying levels of
financial support for farmers 368
21.1 The effective deliberation framework 379
21.2 The framework applied: deliberation in practice 388
22.1 Likert mean scores assigned to groups of photographs
depicting a botanical garden, a moorland, an urban park
and a shopping mall by students from two economically
distinct schools 399
23.1 Climate scenarios for summer maximum temperature for
the UK 409
23.2 Conceptual model of the relationships between climate
change, visitors, ecosystems and wildfires 410
23.3 Climate scenarios for summer rainfall for the PDNP, with
1978–2004 wildfires overlaid 412
23.4 Temporal distribution of reported wildfires in the PDNP
and its relationship to precipitation 413
23.5 Relationship of probability of a wildfire in the PDNP on
a Spring Bank Holiday Monday and daily maximum
temperature 417
23.6 (a) Example of derivation of empirical habitat scores for
PDNP MCE model; (b) stakeholder views from the online
survey of the importance of five broad habitats for
explaining fire risk in the PDNP 420
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page xix

List of figures xix

23.7 Average wildfire risk-of-occurrence scores for the two
most statistically robust wildfire models 421
23.8 Results of ‘what-if’ scenario for relocation of the southern
portion of the Pennine Way in the PDNP 422
23.9 The trade-off between reliability and effectiveness of
fighting moorland wildfires 425
24.1 Vegetation cover on Bleaklow Plateau (Peak District
National Park) in 2006 on unrestored site and a site
restored three years previously 441
25.1 Strategies to deliver visions 462
26.1 Temporal and spatial effects of selected drivers of
environmental change in uplands 477
26.2 Constraints to experimental design 481
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page xx

List of contributors

Kevin Albertson is a Principal Lecturer in Economics at the Manchester

Metropolitan University. He has fifteen years experience as an applied
forecaster and has particular interests in the areas of seasonality and time-
series modelling.
Tim Allott is Reader in Physical Geography at the University of Manchester
and co-leader of the Upland Environments Research Unit. His research
interests include upland environmental change, the impacts of air pollu-
tion on freshwater and peatland systems, and the restoration of degraded
upland systems.
Penny Anderson is Managing Director of Penny Anderson Associates, a long-
established ecological consultancy, which has developed special expertise in
the moorland environment. Penny has over twenty-five years experience
of practical moorland restoration, assessment and management, espe-
cially in the Peak District and the South Pennines.
Kathryn Arblaster is a Researcher at the Centre for Environmental Policy,
Imperial College London. Her current research area is biodiversity pro-
tection and agri-environmental transition in the new EU member states.
Kathryn previously worked as an Agriculture and Rural Development Policy
Analyst at the Institute for European Environmental Policy.
Jonathan Aylen is a Director of Manchester Institute of Innovation
Research within Manchester Business School. He began his career
researching the cost–benefit analysis of historic building restoration. A paper
on scrap recycling with co-author Kevin Albertson won the Williams Award
of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining in 2007.
Colin Beale is a Spatial Ecologist at the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute
in Aberdeen. His research interests are focused upon gaining a deeper under-
standing of how species and individuals are distributed at a range of
spatial scales.
Bill Bevan is Interpretation Project Officer for the Peak District Inter-
pretation Partnership, having spent twelve years as Survey Archaeologist
9780415447799_1_pre.qxd 02/12/2008 11:25 AM Page xxi

List of contributors xxi

for the Peak District National Park Authority. His research interests
include landscape archaeology, long-term social change, the Iron Age and
the application of photography to convey sense of place at archaeolog-
ical monuments.
Aletta Bonn is Research Manager for the Moors for the Future Partnership in
the Peak District National Park, which fosters an active upland research
forum to address drivers of change in collaboration with national research
consortia. Her background is in biodiversity and conservation science, and
she is research associate with the University of Sheffield.
Dan Boys is Moor Care Project Officer for the Moors for the Future
Partnership in the Peak District National Park. He works in interpreta-
tion and conservation, and his responsibilities include raising awareness
of the severe threats to moorland ecosystems posed by issues such as dogs
and summer fires.
Katrina M. Brown is a Cultural Geographer based at the Macaulay
Institute, Aberdeen. She investigates how people assert and secure claims
over particular rural spaces, places and landscapes, and how the process
is negotiated and contested between particular social groups through vari-
ous mobilities, representations and identities.
Graeme Buchanan is a Research Biologist with the Royal Society for the
Protection of Birds (RSPB), now working on the application of Earth
Observation to conservation problems, especially habitat monitoring in
Africa. He formerly worked on upland research, including studies on declin-
ing bird species and the habitat associations of upland birds.
Matt Buckler is Conservation Works Manager for the Moors for the Future
Partnership, which undertakes and develops best practice in moorland
restoration in the Peak District National Park.
Rob Burton is a Senior Researcher for Agresearch, New Zealand. His key
research interest is agricultural land use change. Recently he has been invest-
igating how culture influences farmer response to agri-environmental
policy drivers and the implications for policy formulation in the EU.
Simon Caporn is a Reader in Environmental Ecology at Manchester Metro-
politan University where he lectures and researches in Environmental Science
and Ecology. He has a particular interest in plants, soils and their
responses to atmospheric pollution.
Gina Cavan is a Researcher in the School of Environment and Develop-
ment, University of Manchester. Her research interests lie in exploring
human–environment interactions, particularly in climate change impacts
and adaptation, and relationships between climate change, tourism and
landscape capacity.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 Science - Concept Map
Third 2023 - Division

Prepared by: Teaching Assistant Garcia

Date: July 28, 2025

Results 1: Interdisciplinary approaches

Learning Objective 1: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 5: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 8: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 9: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 12: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 16: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 18: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 19: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Summary 3: Best practices and recommendations
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 25: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 28: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Topic 4: Ethical considerations and implications
Example 30: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 38: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 39: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 5: Key terms and definitions
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 41: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 44: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 46: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 48: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Abstract 6: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 53: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 54: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 55: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 56: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 58: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 7: Key terms and definitions
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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