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 EDITION 3:2022

structures
Examples

Volume 3

SWEDISH
WOOD
 Design of timber structures
Structural aspects of
timber construction Volume 1

Design of timber structures

Volume 3

EDITION 3:2021

Design of timber structures

Rules and formulas
according to Eurocode 5
Volume 2

J
(ft
SWEDISH

: SWEDISH
8? WOOD

Design of timber structures Volumes 1-3 are adapted to Eurocode 5, Eurocode 0

and Eurocode 1.

• Volume 1: Structural aspects of timber construction

• Volume 2: Rules and formulas according to Eurocode 5
• Volume 3: Examples
Preface
This is the third revised edition of Design of timber structures Volume 3, Examples
published in 2015. Rules and standards change in pace with the development of
society, hence a publication of this type needs to be reviewed regularly. Contrary
to earlier English editions, the current version is not adapted to the Swedish
national choices in Eurocode 1995. Instead, the original Eurocode 1995 is
referred to, in order to simply adaptation to different national parameters in
the country using the book.

The book series Design of timber structures Volume 1-3 has been produced to make
it easier for structural designers to calculate timber structures and it is adapted
to Eurocodes. It is being used for higher education at universities and institutes.

The book series Design of timber structures Volume 1-3 includes Volume 1, Structural
aspects of timber construction as well as Volume 2, Rules and formulas according to
Eurocode 5. All three books are available in English and Swedish. Since the books
are available in both languages and due to the nuanced content, our goal is that
they will play a role for many users on different skill levels. Notice that
the Swedish decimal holder “,” was kept throughout all the text, instead of
the English “.”. All photos are taken in Sweden, unless otherwise indicated.

The solved examples in Volume 3 has been compiled by the authors of each chap­
ter in Volume 1 respectively. The authors are Roberto Crocetti, Helena Lidelow,
Annika Martensson and Bert Norlin. Sven Thelandersson at the Faculty of
Engineering at Lund University has been responsible for supervision and editing.
The solutions to the examples are based on the rules in EN 1995-1-1, but should
not be regarded as an official interpretation of them. Professional application
must be based on the original documents published by CEN with corresponding
national application documents.

Stockholm, April 2022

Patrice Godonou
Swedish Wood

Design of timber structures - Volume 3 3

Design of timber structures - Volume 3

Contents

Design in the ultimate Horizontal stabilization 39

limit state (ULS) 5 Example 6.1: Design of bracing system for

wind load on the gable of an industrial hall 39
Example 3.1 : Design of a straight timber joist 5

Example 3.2 : Bearing strength

for the support a of timber joist 7 Design for serviceability 44
Example 3.3 : Capacity of a notched timber beam 8
Example 7.1 : Design of a straight
timber joist with respect to deflection 44
Example 3.4 : Lateral torsional buckling check
of a glulam beam 11 Example 7.2 : Serviceability check of
floor with timber joists - vibration 46
Example 3.5 : Design of a double tapered beam
(ULS and SLS) 14 Example 7.3 : Serviceability check of
floor with glulam elements - vibration 49

Design of timber joints 20

Symbols 52
Example 4.1 : Design of tie rod connection 20
Non-liability and copyright 56
Example 4.2 : Design of nailed connection
in a Gerber system 22 Publications and websites from Swedish Wood 59

Example 4.3 : Design of bolted connection in tension 25

Example 4.4 : Design of moment resisting column base 27

Composite timber elements 32

Example 5.1: Design of an OSB-webbed I-girder

(ULS and SLS) 34

The examples in this publication are numbered according to the equivalent chapters in Design of timber structures - Volume 1.
(Chapter 1, 2, 8 and 9 do not contain design sections.)

4 Design of timber structures - Volume 3

 Example 3.1: Design of
a straight timber joist

Design in the ultimate

limit state (ULS)

Example 3.1: Design of

a straight timber joist
A simply supported rectangular joist is subjected to a design load of
qdim = 3,3 kN/m2 consisting of permanent and medium-term loads.
The clear span l is 4,5 m and the joists are spaced at 0,6 m centres.
The joist is part of an indoor floor. Service class 1 and safety
class 2.
Design the joist in structural timber of strength class C24, for bend­
ing moment and shear load.

Solution
The characteristic value of bending strength is fm,k = 24 MPa.

The modification factor for load duration and service classes can be
taken from Volume 2: section 3.2, with load duration class M and ser­
vice class 1 the factor kmod = 0,8.

Material factor for structural timber, ym = 1,3.

Size factor for depth greater than 150 mm, kh = 1,0 (Volume 2:
section 3.3).

It can often be reasonable to let the factor kh adopt the value of 1,0
even for smaller sizes of the joist.

Design value of the bending strength:

y £ ^rnod/mj. = 100’8'24 = 14 8 MPa

’ /m 1.3

Design value of the load:

9dim=3,3kN/m2

qd = 0,6-3,3 = 2,0kN/m

Design of timber structures - Volume 3 5

Example 3.1 : Design of
a straight timber joist

Design value of the bending moment:

AfEd=^2/8 = 2,0-4,52/8 = 5,lkNm

The required section modulus of the joist is given by:

A common used width of a timber joist in Sweden is 45 mm. If this is

chosen as the width b the required depth h = 214 mm (V(6 • H^f)/b )■
A standard section is chosen 45 x 220 mm. This requires that the joist
is braced against lateral torsional buckling by for instance a floor
graded particleboard.

Check the shear capacity of the joist.

The design value of the shear force:

VEd = ?d • 12 = 2>° • 4>5 z 2 = 4>5 kN

Characteristic value of the shear strength:

/v,k = 4>° MPa

Thereby is the design value of the shear strength given by:

f = kmodf^ = 0,80 4,0 = 2,46 MPa

v’d Xm 1,3 ’

The design value of the shear capacity is given by:

VRd = | A • /v>d kN

The effective width bef is given by:

= kcrb

where kcr = 0,67 for structural timber C24. This gives the following
for the design value of shear capacity:
7 7
PRd =-’M-/vd
Rd cr •/ v,d 3 ’0,67-0,045-0,220-2, 46-103 =10,
=- 5 9kN

► This shows that VEd < VRd, that is the joist has sufficient shear
capacity.

Remark: Some way to further reduce VEd is possible, see Volume 2:

Chapter 6 .

6 Design of timber structures - Volume 3

 Example 3.2: Bearing strength
for the support a of timber joist

Example 3.2 : Bearing strength

for the support a of timber joist
For the joist in example 3.1 in this Volume, check the bearing strength
at the end supports. The bearing length has been restricted to 66 mm
at each end.

The check for bearing strength is given by:

^c.go.d - ^c,9O ' /c,90,d

The value of the bearing stress is given by:

Af = *-(^b + 0,03) = 0,045 (0,066 + 0,03) = 0,00432m2

^c.go.d - A

where b is the width of the beam, lb is the actual bearing length and
P = Fc,90,d is the force at the support.

b = 45 mm
lb = 66 mm

q ft
P = —2— = 4,5 kN (according to example 3.1, page 5)

Thus the bering stress is:

4,5 103
^c.go.d = 1,04 MPa
0,00432 IO6

The characteristic value of the compressive strength is fc,90,k = 2,5 MPa.

The design value of the compressive strength is (kmmod = 0,8 and ym =

1,3 according to example 3.1):

f 90d = kmoif^ = °’8'2’5 = 1,54 MPa

The factor kc,90 is given by Volume 2: section 5.2:

^c,90 =

The check is then given by:

^.d =!’04 MPa ^c.90 • /c,90,d = 1,5 ■ 1,54 = 2,3 MPa

► This shows that the bearing capacity at the end supports is suffi­
cient.

The example also shows that the fact that only a minor part of
the beam is subjected to compression, allows quite high stresses com­
pared to when a larger area is subjected to compression. If the joist is
supported by a timber top plate, the bearing capacity of that
of course also have to be checked.

Design of timber structures - Volume 3 7

Example 3.3: Capacity of
a notched timber beam

Example 3.3 : Capacity of

a notched timber beam

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiih qd

200 mm = hef
h = 315 mm
115 mm = hnotch

4,9 m

5,2 m

Figure 3.1

Check the capacity of the beam in figure 3.1 with regard to

the ultimate limit state.

The beam is made of glulam GL30c and the cross section is

90 x 315 mm. Service class 1, safety class 3 and load duration class M.

The design load has been determined to qd = 5,1 kN/m.

The design bending moment is:

= 5,1~5,2 = 17,2 kNm

“8 8

The design shear force is:

V = = 5’1-5’2 = 13,3 kN
“22

The characteristic value of the bending strength is fm,k = 30 MPa.

The modification factor for load duration and service classes can be
taken from Volume 2: section 3.2, with load duration class M and ser­
vice class 1 the factor kmod = 0,8.

Material factor for glulam, ym = 1,25.

Size factor for depths 231 mm < h < 600 mm, kh = (600/ 315)01 = 1,07
(Volume 2: section 3.3).

Design value of the bending strength:

f t kwdf^ = 1070’8'30 = 20,5 MPa

m’d h Zm ’ 1,25 ’

namely the bending moment is limited by:

0 OQ.0 52
MRd = /mdW = 20,5 • 103 ■ --------- 30,5 kNm
o

namely the moment capacity is sufficient, provided that the beam is

not subject to lateral buckling.

8 Design of timber structures - Volume 3

 Example 3.3: Capacity of
a notched timber beam

Characteristic value of the shear strength fv,k = 3,5 MPa.

Thereby is the design value of the shear strength given by:

f = = 0,80-3,5 = 2
V,d /m 1-25 ’

The design value of the shear capacity is given by:

VRd = |A-/v,dkN

The value of A should be determined on the basis of bef for a struc­

tural element subjected to bending moment. The effective width bef is
given by:

*ef = kJ>

where kcr = 0,67 for glulam, not exposed to precipitation and solar
radiation. This gives the following for the design value of shear
capacity:
1 2
=-M’/vd =-0,67-0,09-0,315-2,24-103 =28,4kN
Ka 3 cr J v,d 3 ? ? 5 5 ?

► This shows that VEd < VRd that is the beam has sufficient shear
capacity.

Now the notched areas have to be checked. In Eurocode 5: section 6.5.2,

it is stated that the following should be verified (also see Volume 2: sec­
tion 8.3):

^Mv,d
d *eAf

where hef is the reduced depth of the beam in the notch and kv is
a reduction factor defined as follows for beams notched on the same
side as the support.

= min-

where:
i is the notch inclination.
h is the beam depth in mm.
x is the distance from the line of action of
the support reaction to the corner of the notch, in mm.

kn = 6,5 for glulam.

Design of timber structures - Volume 3 9

Example 3.3: Capacity of
a notched timber beam

Width of the beam b = 90 mm

Depth of the beam h = 315 mm
Notch depth at each end of beam hnotch = 115 mm
Notch inclination i=0
Effective beam depth at each end hef = 200 mm
Ratio of hef /h a = hef /h = 0,63
Length of the notch from the centre line of x = 150 mm
the end support

= min-

_ f , cm
= 0,41
'315 Jo,63(1-0,63)+ 0,8 — 1
1-------- 0,6372
v ’ 315^0,63

The shear stress is:

l,5-13,3-103
ta=------- = 1,65 MPa
d 0,67-0,09-0,2

while the reduced shear strength is given by:

Vv,d = 0,41-2,24 = 0,92 MPa

► This means that the notched beam not has a sufficient capacity.

Further calculations give that it could be possible to have a notch cor­

responding to 16 percent of the total depth, in order to still have
the sufficient shear capacity. Alternatively the notches could be rein­
forced for example with wood screws.

10 Design of timber structures - Volume 3

 Example 3.4: Lateral torsional
buckling check of a glulam beam

Example 3.4 : Lateral torsional

buckling check of a glulam beam
z

Figure 3.2

A simply supported beam is loaded with point loads (coming from

columns standing on the beam). The point loads (combination of per­
manent and medium term duration) together with the self-weight of
the beam causes a design bending moment MEd = 74,6 kNm in
the middle of the beam and a design shear force VEd = 15,8 kN at
the end of the beam. The beam length is l = 10 m. The beam has
the dimensions h = 630 mm and b = 115 mm and is made of glulam
GL30c.

Check if the beam dimension is enough in service class 1 and

safety class 3. (Include the effect of lateral torsional buckling)

3.4.1 Geometric properties of the beam

Width of the beam b = 115 mm
Depth of the beam h = 630 mm
Clear span of the beam l = 10 000 mm

b-h2
Section modulus of the beam about W = =—^~
the y — y axis y 6
Wy = 7,61
’ IO6 mm3

Design of timber structures - Volume 3 11

Example 3.4: Lateral torsional
buckling check of a glulam beam

3.4.2 Glulam properties

Glulam GL30c:
Characteristic bending strength fm,k = 30 N/mm2

Characteristic shear strength fv,k = 3,5 N/mm2

Characteristic compression strength fc,90,k = 2,5 N/mm2

perpendicular to the grain

5th percentile modulus of elasticity E0,05 = 10,8 kN/mm2

parallel to the grain

5th percentile modulus of shear G05 = 0,54 kN/mm2

parallel to the grain

Mean modulus of elasticity E0,mean = 13,0 kN/mm2

parallel to the grain

Mean shear modulus Gmean = 0,65 kN/mm2

Mean density of the beam pm = 430 kg/m3

Volume 2: table 3.1 YM = 125
Material factor for glulam

3.4.3 Modification factors

Factor for medium duration loading M kmod = 0,8
and service class 1 (Volume 2: table 3.2)

Size factor for depth greater than 600 mm kh = 1,0

(Volume 2: section 3.3)

Lateral stability of the beam (Volume 2: Chapter 4) kcrit

Effective length of the beam — adopt case for lef = 0,8l
the most critical condition — the point load
lef = 8 m
(concentrated load) at mid-span (Volume 2: table 4.1)

Critical bending stress 0,78 -fr2

(Volume 2: Chapter 4 or Eurocode 5: Equation 6.32) ^m,Ctit — r n "^0,05

n 70 ik2
O’ -------- 7-^---- ---------- V • 10800 = 19,1 N/mm2
m’cnt 630 (0,8-10000 + 2-630)

Relative slenderness for bending

1 _ I -fm,k
(Volume 2: Chapter 4 or Eurocode 5: Equation 6.30) rel’m“\L
V c'm,cnt
*rel,m = 1,25
Lateral stability factor
(Volume 2: Chapter 4 or Eurocode 5: Equation 6.34) 1 if ^<0,75

^.,1,56-0,75^ if 0,75 <4^ <1,4

y-l— if
^reljn

kcrit = 0,62

12 Design of timber structures - Volume 3

 Example 3.4: Lateral torsional
buckling check of a glulam beam

3.4.4 Bending capacity

The design load case at the ULS is the result of a combination of self
weight of the beam plus the combined permanent and variable point
loads at mid span:

Design bending moment MEd = 74,6 kNm

Design bending strength fm,y,d = 19,20 MPa

Design bending strength taking lateral MRd = fm,y,d • Wy • kcrit

torsional buckling effect into account
MRd = 90,6 MPa
(Volume 2: Chapter 4)

Bending capacity is satisfactory for glulam, 115 x 630 GL30c.

3.4.5 Shear capacity

The design load case will be the result of combination of self weight of
the beam plus the combined permanent and variable point loads at mid
span:

Design value for end shear force Vd = 15,8 kN

Modification factor for shear (crack factor) kcr = 0,67

Effective width for shear b ef = kr • b

bef = 77 mm

Design shear stress (Volume 2: Chapter 6) l>4k= 1,5.15,8-lQ^ 8Mpa

d b^-h 0,077-0,63

Design shear strength (Volume 2: section 3.1) fv,d = 2,24 MPa

The beam dimension is sufficient.

Design of timber structures - Volume 3 13

Example 3.5: Design of a double
tapered beam (ULS and SLS)

Example 3.5: Design of a double

tapered beam (ULS and SLS)

b = 190 mm

h =700 mm

H = 20 m
Figure 3.3 Geometry of the beam

Table 3.1 Loads acting on the beam

Uniformly Uniformly
The loads considered for the design of the double tapered beam are
Load type
distributed distributed the following: beam self weight, roof dead load and snow load.
load load The wind load can be neglected. The centre-to-centre distance
[kN/m2] [kN/m]
between the primary beams is l1 = 6 m. However, the influence area
Beam self weight g1k = 1,10 for a beam is considered 10 percent larger than l x 11, to take into
Roof dead load 0,6 g2k = 3,96 account the effect of the continuity of the purlins over the primary
Snow 1,5 s = 9,42 beams. The snow load is reduced to take into account the roof shape
factor y. = 0,8 + 0,8 • (5,7 / 30) = 0,952. Here as an approximation on
the safe side we calculate with the snow load on the leeward side as
uniformly distributed along the whole beam length.

Load combinations
The beams are assumed to be indoors, in a heated environment.
Therefore, they are characterized by an environment in which rela­
tive humidity very seldom, if ever, exceeds 65 %. Thus, the service
class can be assumed to be 1.

Table 3.2

Safety class Service class Load combinations [kN/m] Load duration Kmod Kdef
Serviceability limit state (SLS)
- 1 gk = (g1k + g 1k ) = 5,1 — 0,6
- 1 s = 9,42 — 0,6
Ultimate limit state (ULS)
3^ 1 gd = 0,85 • 1,35 • (g 1k + g 2k) = 5,8 permanent 0,6 —
3^ 1 qd = 0,85 • 1,35 • (g 1k + g2k) + 1,5 • s = 19,93 medium-term 0,8 —

14 Design of timber structures - Volume 3

 Example 3.5: Design of a double
tapered beam (ULS and SLS)

Material Table 3.3

The material used for this structure is glulam GL30c
Characteristics Design values
(YM = 1,25, kmod = 0,8).
Bending fmd = 19,2 MPa
Shear fvd = 2,2 MPa
3.5.1 Bending at critical section (x = x0)
Compression parallel to grain f:0d = 15,7 MPa
and at mid-span (x=1/2) Compression perpendicular to grain f= 1,6 MPa

a. Determination of stresses Tension parallel to grain f:0d = 12,5 MPa

For a symmetrical double tapered beam with constant uniformly dis­ Tension perpendicular to grain f= 0,32 MPa
tributed load qd, the location of the critical cross section — that is Modulus of elasticity E0mean = 13 000 MPa
the abscissa where the maximum bending stress occurs — can be cal­ Shear modulus Gmean = 650 MPa
culated as follows:

l-h 16800 700

Xn ~------------------ = 3823 mm
ap 2-1538

The corresponding depth of the beam is:

hg =h + x0 -tan5,7o = 700 + 3823-tan5,7° = 1081mm

The bending moment at the critical cross section is:

Mo = - x0) = 19>93^3’82. (16,8 • 3,82) = 494 kNm

The corresponding bending stress at the critical cross section is:

_ 6-A/o _ 6-494-106
m,a,d °m,0,d AZ,2 91 S 10R12 H’^MPa
215-1U81

The bending moment at mid-span is:

19,93-16,82
ap,d g = 703 kNm
8

The corresponding bending stress at mid span:

6^=6.703.1tf
m’d b-h
ap
2 215-15382

At the mid-span (apex zone), the tensile bending stress shall be mag­
nified by a factor k to take into account of the fact that the depth of
the beam is not constant, but it varies linearly and it has a singular­
ity at the apex. The magnification factor k increases with increasing
roof slope and it can be obtained from Volume 2: section 8.2 or Eurocode
5: equation 6.43. For a slope a = 5,7° ^ k = 1,2.

O'm.d = • am d = 1,2 • 8,3 = 10,0 MPa

vid x = x0
G.

Figure 3.4

Design of timber structures - Volume 3 15

Example 3.5: Design of a double
tapered beam (ULS and SLS)

Table 3.4

Position gm,d [MPa] fm,d [MPa] fA''m,a fm,«,d [MPa] Utilization ratio

x = x0 11,8 19,2 0,86 19,2 • 0,86 = 16,5 11,8 /16,5 = 0,71

x = l/ 2 10,0 19,2 — — 10,0 /19,2 = 0,52

amd = design bending stress; fmd = design bending strength; fmad = reduced design bending strength (tapered edge).

b. Verifications
At the tapered edge of the beam the bending strength must be
reduced by a factor kmm a to take into consideration the effect of simul­
taneous action of compression parallel to grain, tension perpendicu­
lar to grain and shear. The reduction factor kma increases with
increasing roof slope and it can be obtained from Volume 1: figure 3.35.
For a slope a = 5,7° ^ kma = 0,86.

Lateral torsional buckling

Lateral torsional buckling in the double tapered beam (primary
beams) may only occur between two adjacent purlins, under the con­
dition that 1) the roof is braced in the transverse direction and
2) the purlins are adequately fastened to the primary beams. In that
case, the buckling length can be assumed as the centre-to-centre dis­
tance between purlins, that is l2 = 2 400 mm. Within this distance,
the depth of the cross section can be regarded as constant. The criti­
cal bending stress can be calculated according to Volume 1:
equation 3.34:

0,78-l>2 0,78-2152
^m,crit •10800 = 150 MPa
V/ 0’05 1081-2400

The relative slenderness ratio for bending is defined in Volume 1: equa­

tion 3.30 and the corresponding reduction factor kcrit is defined in
Volume 1: table 3.3:

► Since 1relm < 0,75, full bending strength can be achieved without
risk for lateral torsional buckling.

It is important to check the shear capacity for tapered beams due to

the normally low beam depth at the supports. Yet this check is omit­
ted in this example.

16 Design of timber structures - Volume 3

 Example 3.5: Design of a double
tapered beam (ULS and SLS)

3.5.2 Tension perpendicular to the grain

a. Determination of stresses
The tensile stress perpendicular to the grain can be evaluated by mul­
tiplying the bending stress at mid-span by the factor kp, which can be
taken from Volume 1: figure 3.38:

O't.w.d = ■ o-m d = 0,02 ■ 10,0 = 0,20 MPa

Table 3.5

Position &t,90,d [MPa] ft,90,d [MPa] kvol /,90,d_red [MPa] Utilization ratio
x = l/2 0,20 0,32 0,64 0,64 • 0,32 = 0,205 0,20 /0,205 = 0,97

b. Verifications
The tension strength perpendicular to grain shall be reduced in order
to take into account the volume effect. The volume of wood which is
loaded in tension can be estimated as follows, see Volume 1: table 3.4:

V = b-h^ = 215-15382-10“9 =0,51

The reduction factor due to volume effect can be calculated accord­

ing to Volume 1: equation 3.53:

^vol=^s- = 1 /I = 0,64
’ lo,51J

where kdis is a factor that takes into account that the tension stress
perpendicular to the grain is not uniformly distributed in the loaded
timber volume V.
Here the need for reinforcement is just about necessary.
Additionally the shear capacity at the supports has to be verified.
This is of special importance for double tapered beams because of
their reduced cross sectional height at the supports. By slopes 1/10 or
more the shear stresses at the supports are often designing the beam
dimensions.

3.5.3 Shear at the supports

Support reaction

J? = 19,93-16,8/2 = 167,4kN

Advantageously the shear force is given by applying the possible

reduction according to Euro code 5: Section 6.1.7 (3). With purlins spaced
at 2 400 mm centres a load on 1 200 mm of the primary beam goes
directly to the support and does so not contribute to the shear stress.

V = 167,4-1,2-19,93 = 143,5 kN

t = 1,5-143,5-103/(0,215-0,7) = 1,43 MPa

/vd =0,67-2,2-106 =1,47 MPa

The utilization ratio is then 1,43 / 1,47 = 0,97, what is acceptable.

Design of timber structures - Volume 3 17

Example 3.5: Design of a double
tapered beam (ULS and SLS)

3.5.4 Compression perpendicular to

the grain at the supports
a. Determination of stresses
We assume that the column supporting the double tapered beam has
a cross section 190 x 360 mm. The support length between beam and
column is therefore b x lb = 190 x 360 mm2.

The compression stress perpendicular to the grain can be evaluated

according to Volume 2: section 5.2 or Eurocode 5: section 6.1.5:

= 0,5-gd-l = qd-t 1
,d Aef 2 Z>-(^b+30mm)

19’93 16800-------- '----------- r=2,00MPa

2 215-(360 + 30)
Table 3.6

Position ac,90,d [MPa] fc,90,d [MPa] kc,90

f’c,90,d [MPa] Utilization ratio
x= 0 2,0 1,6 1,75 1,75 • 1,6 = 2,8 2,0 / 2,8 = 0,71

b. Verifications
The compression strength perpendicular to grain can be magnified by
factor kc90 = 1,75. Because gk / qk > 0,4 it is not recommended to
choose kmod and ym as 1,0.

3.5.5 Deflection
For a double tapered beam, resting on supports and subjected to
a uniformly distributed load q, the deflection w should be evaluated
by the following equation, Piazza et al. (2005), see Volume 1: section 3.6:
5 q-t , 1 q-f ,
w - ------------ 1--------- km + r-------- i-------- kv
384 fi'o.mean-'y “ 8 G^-A '

where x = 1,2, Iy and A are the moment of inertia and area of the cross
section at the support respectively, whilst km and kv are defined as:

f—T 1
Iff J 0,15 + 0,85-/2/7^

700
1538 J --------------------------------= 0,18
0,15 + 0,85-700/1538

l+(H/h)213 l + (1538/700)2/3

The instantaneous deflections are:

- wg inst — due to self weight
- wqsi inst — due to the variable action q s1 (snow load)

18 Design of timber structures - Volume 3

 Example 3.5: Design of a double
tapered beam (ULS and SLS)

5 gk-^4 , 1 gk’^2 ,
w k + y • — ■ —----------- • k =
=-------- ■ —------------- •
e’,nst Z 8 G
384' EnOjnean Iy m mean -A v

5 5,1 168004 12 „1O , 1 5,l-168002 n nA c

=---------- t -0,184-1,2---------------------- 0,74 = 13,5 mm
384 13000-215-7003 8 650-215-700

5 s-t , 1 s-£2 L
’ ’ 384 E^-Iy m v
5 9,42-168004-12 nio , „ 1 9,42-168002 n „A n
- ---------------------------5- • 0,18 +1,2 0,74 = 25,0 mm
384 13000-215-7003 8 650-215-700

With W2 1 = 0,2 (snow load) and kdef = 0,6 (service class 1), the final
deflection is:
Wfin = Wg,mst • (1 + ^drf ) + Wq.mst ' f1 + 5^2,1 ' ^def ) =

= 13,5-(l + 0,6) + 25-(l + 0,2-0,6) = 21,7 + 28,0 = 49,7mm

► This deflection corresponds to 1/338 which is fully acceptable for

an industrial building. For schools, stores and similar facilities with
higher requirements, it can be considered to manufacture the beam
with a precamber of say 40 mm.

Design of timber structures - Volume 3 19

Example 4.1: Design of tie rod connection

Design of timber joints

Example 4.1 : Design of

tie rod connection
Hint: Failure mode d) in Volume 2: figure 10.2 is governing the behav­
iour of the connection and the rope effect is not necessary to take
into account.

A balcony in timber is at the front edge supported by a tie rod made

of steel. This steel rod is attached to the floor beam of the balcony
with 12 wood screws. The supporting floor beam has the dimension
115 x 270 mm. The wood screws have a length of 60 mm, a diameter
of 8 mm and an ultimate strength of 410 MPa. For simplicity
the effective diameter def is here assumed to be equal the outer
thread diameter d. This information is usually to be found in the dec­
larations from the screw manufacturers. The thickness of the steel
plate is 8 mm. The tensile resistance perpendicular to the grain of
the floor beam is assumed to be sufficient to withstand the force
from the tie rod.

Calculate the maximum load in the tie rod with respect to

the capacity of the steel-to-wood connection.

Spacings and edge distances for the screws are assumed to be

adequate.

Geometry
Steel thickness t = 8 mm

Screw diameter def = d = 8 mm

Screw length ls = 60 mm
Screw length in the timber t1 = ls - t = 52 mm
Angle between force and a = 45°
grain direction
Number of wood screws n = 12

20 Design of timber structures - Volume 3

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