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(Ebook) Palestinian Music in Exile : Voices of Resistance by Louis Brehony ISBN 9781649033055, 9781649033048, 9781649033062, 1649033052, 1649033044, 1649033060 Complete Edition

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PALESTINIAN MUSIC
IN EXILE
REFUGEES AND MI­G RANTS WITHIN THE ­M IDDLE EAST SERIES
Dawn Chatty, Stacy D. Fahrenthold, Annika Rabo, series editors

This series explores new research on refugees and mi­grants within the
­Middle East and North Africa to pre­sent some of the most innovative
work on displacement and mobility coming out of ­Middle Eastern stud-
ies. It engages with the legacies of migration on the region and aims to
reclaim refugees’ agency through examinations of, among other topics,
livelihoods, advocacy, cultural production, social movements, resilience,
and re­sis­tance.

Other titles in the series include:


Time and Power in Azraq Refugee Camp: A Nine-to-Five Emergency
by Melissa Gatter (2023)
PALESTINIAN MUSIC
IN EXILE Voices
of Resistance

The American University in Cairo Press


Louis
Cairo New York Brehony
This electronic edition published in 2023 by
The American University in Cairo Press
113 Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt
420 Lexington Avenue, Suite 1644, New York, NY 10070
www.aucpress.com

Copyright © 2023 by Louis Brehony

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Hardback ISBN 978 1 649 03304 8


WebPDF ISBN 978 1 649 03306 2
eISBN 978 1 649 03305 5

Version 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Brehony, Louis, 1983– author.


Title: Palestinian music in exile : voices of resistance / Louis Brehony.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023014097 | ISBN 9781649033048 (hardback) |

ISBN 9781649033055 (epub) | ISBN 9781649033062 (adobe pdf)


Subjects: LCSH: Palestinian Arabs—Music—History and criticism. |
Palestinian Arabs—Music—Political aspects. | Music—Middle
East—History and criticism. | Music—Egypt—History and criticism. |
Expatriate musicians—Middle East. | Expatriate musicians—Egypt.
Classification: LCC ML3754.9 .B74 2023 | DDC 780.89/9274—dc23/eng/20230501

1 2 3 4 5 27 26 25 24 23

Designed by Westchester Publishing Ser­vices


​For Bobbi and Layth
Contents

List of Figures ix

Preface xi

Acknowl­e dgments xv

Timeline of Key Events xix

Introduction
Strings of the Street: Re­sis­tance Aesthetics of a Nation in Movement 1

CHAPT ER ONE
Za‘tar, Zeit, and Fairuz: Growing up Palestinian in Kuwait
Reem Kelani’s Musical Beginnings 31

CHAPT ER T WO
“Nothing Stops Tradition”: Dialects of Cultural Reinvention in Exile
Experiences of Palestinian Instrumentalism in Bilad al-­Sham 54

CHAPT ER T HREE
Village Dreams in Urban Gaza: A Young Girl’s Musical Intifada
­Music and Land in a Palestinian Socialist House­hold 91

CHAPT ER FOUR
Smashing the Pyramids: Encores of Palestinian Radicalism in Egypt
Tamer Abu Ghazaleh, the Cairo Under­ground, and the Sabreen Influence 116

vii
viii C ontent s

CHAPT ER FIV E
“An Even Tougher Act of Re­sis­tance”: Instrumentalism in the Dakhil
Saied Silbak and the ­Music of Internal Displacement 144

CHAPT ER SIX
“Ahla ayyam”: The Most Beautiful Days
Tarab, al-Watan, and Gaza’s New Generation of Musicians 169

CHAPT ER SEV EN
Sumud and the City: Old and New Comradeship in Istanbul
Fares Anbar, Ahmed Haddad, and Palestinian Musicianship on the Turkish
Mi­grant Scene 209

Conclusion: Where to?


On ­Music’s Meanings, Journeys, and Appropriabilities 230

Glossary 243

Notes 245

Bibliography 287

Index 309
Figures

Figure 1. George Kirmiz onstage with al-­Bara‘em at Collège


de Frères, Jerusalem, 1975. Source: Palestinian Museum,
Birzeit, Palestine. 9

Figure 2. The child witness Handala watches as the steadfast


fellah cuts down the “ana” (I) of individualism. Naji al-­Ali,
January 20, 1986. Courtesy Wedad El-­Ali. 14

Figure 3. Vocalist Rola Azar appears in front of a Ghassan


Kanafani mural, Nazareth, May 2021. Public domain. 18

Figure 4. Reem Kelani sings at a concert at Qalandiya camp,


April 1993. Courtesy the Palestinian Museum, Birzeit, Palestine. 34

Figure 5. Ahmad Al Khatib. Courtesy of Medigrecian Productions. 66

Figure 6. Tareq Salhia at Damascus Opera House, August 9, 2018.


Photo­graph by Ghyath Haboub. 69

Figure 7. Bahaa Joumaa and Mustapha Dakhloul, m ­ iddle row,


first and second from right, with Beit Atfal Assumoud bagpipe
band, 2016. Courtesy of the artists. 76
Figure 8. Um Jabr Wishah, third from left, leads a protest
for po­liti­cal prisoners. Source: Eman Mohammed/Electronic
Intifada. Ma‘an News Agency. 96

ix
x F i g ure s

Figure 9. Al-­Ashiqeen recorded and performed in Damascus


in the 1980s. Cassette distribution boosted their following
in Gaza. Photograph supplied by the band. 106

Figure 10. Tamer Abu Ghazaleh, Thulth ­album artwork, 2016.


Photo­graph by Omar Mostafa, courtesy of the artist. 117

Figure 11. Saied Silbak onstage in Antwerp, 2017. Photograph


supplied by the artist. 154

Figure 12. Said Fadel and Reem Anbar play oud at Hilal al-­Ahmar
in an early Sol Band gig, 2016. Photo supplied by the artists. 170

Figure 13: Rawan Okasha sings with al-­Dawaween, March 2016.


Public domain. 191

Figure 14. Ahmed Haddad. Photograph by Ramadan M. al-­Agha. 215

Figure 15. “Wipe Sykes–­Picot off the Map”; Darbet Shams


in Haifa, July 2021. Video still. 239
Preface

A
world was swept into the eleven-­day confrontation waged across
Palestine from May 10 to 21, 2021, with global mobilizations in
defense of Palestinian rights and in solidarity with a new intifada,
or uprising, that would continue ­after the “ceasefire.” Gaza, densely popu-
lated by displaced Palestinians and the frontline of de­cades of strug­gle, bore
the brunt, as Israeli bombs rained down indiscriminately, killing 256, in-
cluding sixty-­six ­children, destroying residential blocks, and exacerbat-
ing the social deprivation of blockade. But beating back the onslaught
and delaying the imminent colonial land grab of Sheikh Jarrah, Jerusalem,
the protest movement and armed re­sis­tance of the colonized was momen-
tarily united, throwing the complicit Palestinian Authority (PA) ­under
Mahmoud Abbas into irrelevance, as urban and rural centers took m ­ atters
into their own hands. Further afield, Palestinian refugees took to the
streets to play their part, demanding not to be forgotten, in Lebanon, Syria,
and in Jordan, where descendants of the displaced in ’48 and ’67 forced
their return over the West Bank border. In Istanbul, Gaza-­born rappers led
chants of “strike, strike Tel Aviv!” outside the Israeli embassy.
Palestinians in Gaza, al-­Khalil, Jenin, and other locations known for
their fighting spirit ­were joined by ­those with nominal Israeli citizenship,
casting aside the myth that the national question is settled for ’48 Pales-
tinians, as new generations of activists and performers emerged within
the borders claimed by Israel since the Nakba of 1948. During days of an-
ger, repression, and elation, liberated zones in Haifa, Yafa, Umm al-­Fahm,
and Nazareth brought new and old songs of re­sis­tance to the streets. In
the mass strike of May 18, a young protest band in Ramallah, featuring

xi
xii P reface

multiple ouds, rearranged the socialist anthem “Nizilna ‘al-­shawari‘ ” (We


went down to the streets) as the red kuffieh was worn by the mass who sang
to the land as “Janna” (Paradise) in Haifa. Continuing the movement
months ­later, youths led street protests in Akka, repeating choruses of
folklorist Abu Arab’s revolutionary anthem of return “Hadi ya bahr” (Be
still, oh ocean), while c­ hildren painted pictures of the Naji al-­Ali cartoon
character Handala, the steadfast child.
­Music became an established theme of the rebellion in occupied Jeru-
salem, where oud player Canaan Ghoul performed in front of Damascus
Gate. Admitting that her “blood was aflame,” vocalist Rola Azar came back
from Germany to join leftist contingents in her native Nazareth and, hav-
ing lived through the past three Israeli wars on Gaza, Reem Anbar sent
home from Britain an instrumental oud version of Lebanese composer
Marcel Khalife’s “Amur bi-ismik” (I walk with your name). Rapper Daboor
rhymed about the bullets “ululating in Sheikh Jarrah” and, writing and
singing “Sumud” (steadfastness), classically trained Nai Barghouti lyri-
cized Palestine as “­mother of song,” whose ­people remained “steadfast
despite the siege.” In Gaza, singer Ramy Okasha released a well-­produced
ode to Jerusalem, “Sawt ahli” (Voice of my ­people), presenting imagery of
armed re­sis­tance alongside the beauty of the city, and channeling the
popu­lar chant that “with soul, with blood,” al-­Aqsa would be liberated.
Near Umm al-­Fahm, young fellahi songwriter Kokym sang a new “Pales-
tinian liberation wedding chant” in dedication to the Palestinian flag,
combining ukulele chords with traditionalized melody.
In the events on the ground in 2021, musicians, artists, and other per-
formers ­were hurled into the waves of Zionist repression and revolution-
ary re­sis­tance. Unprotected by the privileges attached to statehood or
being a ­music industry’s token success story, singers and players ­were part
of the masses. Fadi Washaha, artist son of buzuq player Rami, succumbed on
June 2 to the Israeli bullets fired into his head at a protest two weeks prior.
Palestine National Orchestra bassist Mariam Afifi was violently arrested
on May 9. Rap group DAM faced military siege in Lydd. In Gaza, over forty
cultural institutions ­were destroyed or damaged during Israel’s aerial de-
struction, including the Mashariq studio in Ansar, where real­ity TV vocal-
ist Mohammed Assaf had once recorded.
Over the ruins in Gaza on June 3, kuffieh-­wearing students of the Edward
Said National Conservatory played a qanun-­ and oud-­led instrumental
P reface xiii

arrangement of “Mawtini” (My homeland), based on Ibrahim Touqan’s


1934 poem against the British occupation. In 2018, young refugee bands
had sung its lyr­ics in the debris of the Said al-­Mashal theater, obliterated
by Israeli bombing a day ­earlier on August 9, quickly gathering attendees
of its ­music and cultural proj­ects, including now-­defunct bands Dawaween
(plural of diwan) and Awtar al-­Shari‘ (Strings of the Street). A spontane-
ous audience joined in with the popu­lar “Muqawama” (Re­sis­tance), per-
formed by Lebanese diva Julia Boutros in the wake of the Hizbullah victory
over Israel in 2006. They would sing it again in 2021.

Your glory was tainted by humiliation and defeat


When the south stood up to resist
The history of dignity never sleeps
It writes of our land stories of heroism.

Once sung to the Lebanese south by Palestinian refugees who had with-
stood the invasion, the song’s movement to Gaza chartered the frontlines
shifting around a kernel. What­ever the overwhelming odds, the displaced,
the oppressed, and the downtrodden would sing last.
Acknowl­edgments

I
t feels difficult to locate the starting gate for this proj­ect, or to remem-
ber when love for the m ­ usic and involvement in campaigning turned
into “serious” study. For myself and ­others, Britain’s predatory role in
the 2003 invasion of Iraq was the spark for becoming active and learning
about the Palestinian cause, beginning a pro­cess of collective po­liti­cal ed-
ucation. Bob Shepherd and Manchester comrades ­were par­tic­u­lar inspi-
rations, while the Fight Racism! Fight Imperialism! editorial board taught
many young comrades the discipline of writing and self-­criticism.
The University of Salford could not match the institutions appearing
higher on the national league t­ ables for resources, but it boasted an open-­
minded faculty of lecturers who promoted my early research into Pales-
tinian ­music and Marxist aesthetics; elsewhere, the response may have
been the opposite.
Thinking further back, the stellar figure guiding the routes of me and
my siblings into arty-­farty vocations was Gran, Irish-­Mancunian opera-­
singing matriarch Pauline Brehony, who would have it no other way. She
lives on in the ­music, film, acting, and photography of our “Von Trapp”
sibling group, and I strug­gle for words to describe the creative tenacity of
Fiona, Roisin, and Leon.
In 2013, a­ fter working in Palestine solidarity organ­izing for a de­cade,
alongside performing in bands on the British scene, a friend invited me
to stay with their ­family in occupied Jerusalem. Mohammed Assaf had just
won Arab Idol and I was curious to hear the thoughts of musicians on the
ground. Assisted by the warmth and passion of the Ghneim ­family, who

xv
xvi A c k now l ­e d g m ent s

helped in meeting musicians and shared their own stories, the idea for
deeper study solidified. I’d written sporadically on Palestinian ­music since
2004 but it was time to step ­things up a notch.
A Europe-­based focus for the first few years meant that I began to bet-
ter understand the significance of the ghurba (exile) for Palestinians around
the world. Though I had come to refocus on the Arab region, the journeys
of Europe-­based refugees clearly formed part of a bigger picture, w ­ hether
it meant imprisonment ­under hostile immigration systems or understand-
ing the demands placed on Palestinian performers to “coexist” or depo-
liticize in order to get by in the m
­ usic industry. Similar stories ­were being
played out elsewhere.
Encouragement for developing this research came from Professor
Martin Stokes at King’s College London, my PhD supervisor from 2014 to
2019, and my work has benefited greatly from his critical support and ad-
vice along the way.
I offer the highest praise and gratitude to all of the musicians appear-
ing in this text, along with a broader list whose input has informed the
research: Walid Abdalsalam, Tamer Abu G ­ hazaleh, Reem and Fares Anbar,
Majd Antar, Samer Asakli, Huda Asfour, Mohammed Assaf, Rola Azar, Rim
Banna, Nai Barghouti, Mustapha Dakhloul, Maysa Daw, Said Fadel, Marcel
Ghusain, Ahmed Haddad, Ziad Hbouss, Bahaa Joumaa, Khaled Jubran, Faten
Kabha, Reem Kelani, Ahmad Al Khatib, Said and Wissam Murad, Tamer
Nafar, Mtanes Nahas, Hamada Nasrallah, Rawan and Mohammad Okasha,
Nizar Rohana, Fida’ al-­Sha‘ir, Yara Salahiddeen, Tarek Salhia, George
Sawa, Ibrahim Sbehat, Ruba Shamshoum, Saied Silbak, Sol Band, Reem
Talhami, George Totari and Kofia band, Umm Ali and Umm Fadi, Basel
and Christine Zayed.
I am indebted to a long list of friends, comrades, and contacts, whose
support has ranged from deep discussions over food and ­music to brief but
illuminating correspondence, including Kinan Abu Akel, Emile Ashrawi,
Sami Abu Shumays, Qusai Alhaj, Khalid Mohamed Ali, Khalid and Wedad
El-­Ali, Olfat Anbar, Randa Safieh-­Angeles, Ali Bahtha, Tarik Beshir, Khaled
Barakat and Charlotte Kates at Samidoun, Ramzy Baroud, Issa Boulos, Re-
ime and Ronaya Gedal, Tahrir Hamdi, Haya, Maha, and the Ghneim ­family,
Nafiz Ghneim, Nader Jalal, Leila Khaled, Johnny Faraj, Samir Harb, Asim
Ka‘abi and Sumoud Saadat, the Kirmiz ­family, Rima Khcheich, Mohamed
Salah Eddine Madiou, Lena Meari, Yousif Qandeel, Nikolaz Quinio at Sumud
A c k now l ­e d g m ent s xvii

Guirab, Gilbert Mansour, Ahmed Mukhtar, Ahmed Ramadan, Akram al-­


Rayess, Mahdi Saafin, Hussain Sabsaby, Aser al-­Saqqa, Hazem Shaheen,
Bashar Shammout, and Ourooba Shetewi.
At vari­ous stages in the last ten years of research, Arabic support has
come from Duaa Ahmed, Reem Anbar, Shadi Daana, Mohammad Daghrah,
Mariam al-­Hasan, Mo Juhaider, and Lama Mansour. ­Unless stated other­
wise, the translations are my own.
The proposal for this book was realized thanks to the enthusiasm of
Anne Routon and Stacy Farenthold at The American University in Cairo
Press, along with the editorial team, reviewers, and all of the workers in-
volved in publishing.
I must thank my ­family, including my juggling, gardening, Palestine
flag-­adorning mum Jayne Mealing; dad, Damien Brehony, as first guitar
teacher and football indoctrinator; the siblings and their loved ones.
Fi­nally and essentially, to Reem, for inspiring and putting up with me
in equal mea­sure.
Key Events

May 1916 Sykes–­Picot agreement finalized in secret between


Britain and France, carving up territory ruled by the
Ottoman Empire following World War I.

November 1917 Balfour Declaration signals Britain’s support for


establishing a “national home for the Jewish ­people”
in Palestine. Britain occupies Palestine ­until 1948.

September 1923 Death of Egyptian composer and revolutionary


Sayyid Darwish.

August 1929 British suppression of Palestinian mobilizations in


Jerusalem and other cities, including the Buraq
rebellion, near al-­Aqsa mosque.

June 1930 Execution of Fuad Hijazi, Atta al-­Zeer, and


Mohammad Khalil Jamjoum by the British regime at
Acre prison. Poet Nuh Ibrahim dedicates the song
“Min sijn ‘Akka” (From Acre prison) to them.

March–­April 1932 Cairo Congress of Arab ­Music, aiming to standardize


and modernize Arab ­music.

ca. 1934 Ibrahim Touqan composes the poem “Mawtini”


(My homeland).

1936–39 Palestinian revolution against Zionism and British


imperialism, brutally suppressed by Britain, with
over 5,000 Palestinian deaths, collective punishment,
expulsion, and internment.

xix
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