Training Data For Machine Learning Models 1st Edition Anthony Sarkis PDF Version
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Kili Technology
Training Data for Machine
Learning
Human Supervision from Annotation to Data Science
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Anthony Sarkis
Training Data for Machine Learning
by Anthony Sarkis
Copyright © 2023 Anthony Sarkis. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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In this chapter, we’ll introduce what training data is, why it matters,
and dive into many key concepts that will form the base for the rest
of the book.
Schema
Schema is central in every aspect of Training Data. Schema is the
map between human input and meaning for your use case. It
defines what the ML program is capable of outputting. It’s the vital
link, it’s what binds together everyone’s hard work. So, to state the
obvious, it’s important.
A good Schema is useful and relevant to your specific need. It’s
usually best to create a new, custom Schema, and then keep
iterating on it for your specific cases. It’s normal to draw on domain
specific databases for inspirations, or to fill in certain levels of detail,
but be sure that’s done in the context of guidance for a new, novel,
Schema. Don’t expect an existing Schema from another context to
work for ML programs without further updates.
So, why is it important to design it according to your specific needs,
and not some predefined set?
First, the Schema is for both human annotation and ML machine
use. An existing domain specific schema may be designed for human
use in a different context or for machine use in a classic, non-ML
context. This is one of those cases where something that’s output
seems really similar, but is actually formed in totally different ways.
Like two different math functions that both output the same value,
but run on completely different logic. The output of the Schema may
appear similar, but the differences are important to make it friendly
to annotation and ML use.
Second, if the Schema is not useful, then even great model
predictions are not useful. Failure with Schema design likely will
cascade to failure of the overall system. The context here is that ML
programs can usually only predict what is included in the Schema.1
It’s rare that an ML Program will produce relevant results that are
better than the original Schema. It’s also rare that it will predict
something that a human, or group of humans, looking at the same
raw data could not also predict.
It is common to see Schemas that have questionable value. So, it’s
really worth stopping and thinking “If we automatically got the data
labeled with this Schema, would it actually be useful to us?”. And
“Can a human looking at the raw data, reasonably choose something
from the Schema that fits it?”
In the first few chapters, we will cover the technical aspects of
Schema, and we will come back to Schema concerns through
practical examples later in the book.
Raw data
When we think about raw data, the most important thing is that it’s
collected and used in a way relevant to the Schema.
To illustrate the idea of relevance let’s consider the difference
between hearing a sports game on the radio, seeing it on TV, or
being at the game in person. It’s the same event regardless of the
medium, but you receive a very different amount of data in each
context. The context of the collection frames the potential of the
data. So, for example, if you were trying to determine possession of
the ball automatically, the visual data will likely be a better fit then
the radio data.
Compared to software we humans are good at automatically making
contextual correlations and working with noisy data. We make many
assumptions, often drawing on data sources not present in the
moment to our senses. This ability to understand the context above
the directly sensed sights, sounds, etc. makes it difficult to
remember that software is more limited here.
Software only has the context that is programmed into it, be it
through data or lines of code. This means the real challenge with
raw data is overcoming our human assumptions around context to
make the right data available.
So how do you do that? One of the more successful ways is to start
with the Schema, and then map ideas of raw data collection to that.
It can be visualized as a chain of Problem -> Schema -> Raw Data.
The Schema need is always defined by the Problem or Product. That
way there is always this easy check of “Given the Schema, and the
raw data, can a human make a reasonable judgment?”
Centering around the Schema also encourages thinking about new
ways of data collection, instead limiting to existing or easiest to
reach data collection methods. Over time the Schema and Raw Data
can be jointly iterated on, this is just to get started. Another way to
relate it on the product side, is that the Schema represents the
Product. So, to use the cliche of “Product Market Fit”, this is “Product
Data Fit”.
To put the above abstractions into more concrete terms, here’s some
of what I see most common in industry:
Differences between data used during development and production
are one of the most common sources of errors. It is common
because it is somewhat unavoidable. That’s why being able to get to
some level of “real” data early in the iteration process is crucial. You
have to expect that production data will be different, and plan for it
as part of your data overall data collection strategy.
The data program can only see the raw data and the annotations.
Only what is given to it. If a human annotator is relying on
knowledge outside of what can be understood from the sample
presented, it’s unlikely the data program will have that context, and
it will fail. We must remember that all needed context must be
present, either in the data or lines of code of the program.
To recap:
Quality
Training Data quality is naturally a spectrum. What is acceptable in
one context may not be in another.
So, what are the biggest factors that go into Training Data quality?
Well, we already talked about two of them: Schema and raw data.
For example:
Integrations
Much time and energy are focused on “training a model”. However,
this often misses the point because training a model is a primarily
technical, and primarily data science focused concept.
What about maintenance of the training data? What about ML
programs that output useful training data results, such as sampling,
finding errors, reducing workload etc., that are not to do with
training a model? How about the integration with the application the
results of the model or ML sub program will be used in? What about
tech that tests and monitors datasets? The hardware? Human
notifications? How is the technology packaged into other tech?
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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