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Discovering Computers
Fundamentals
Fifth Edition
C6671_FM_pp6.qxd 1/30/08 1:14 PM Page ii
C6671_FM_pp6.qxd 1/30/08 1:14 PM Page iii

Discovering Computers
Fundamentals
Fifth Edition

Gary B. Shelly Contributing Authors

Misty E. Vermaat Jeffrey J. Quasney
Susan L. Sebok
Jeffrey J. Webb
Steven M. Freund

Shelly Cashman Series®

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C6671_FM_pp6.qxd 1/30/08 1:14 PM Page iv

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Discovering Computers
Fundamentals
Fifth Edition

Contents
CHAPTER 1 Education........................................................................................22
Finance ............................................................................................23
Introduction to Computers ................................1 Government ..................................................................................23
Health Care ....................................................................................23
A WORLD OF COMPUTERS....................................................................2
Science ............................................................................................24
WHAT IS A COMPUTER? ........................................................................3 Publishing ......................................................................................25
Data and Information ....................................................................4 Travel ..............................................................................................25
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computers ..............4 Manufacturing ..............................................................................25
LOOKING AHEAD: Paying by Cell Phone ............................................................5 CHAPTER SUMMARY............................................................................26
Information Processing Cycle ......................................................5
COMPANIES ON THE CUTTING EDGE ................................................27
THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER ................................................6 Dell ..................................................................................................27
Input Devices ..................................................................................7 Apple Computer ..........................................................................27
Output Devices................................................................................7
System Unit ......................................................................................7 TECHNOLOGY TRAILBLAZERS ............................................................27
Storage Devices................................................................................7 Bill Gates ........................................................................................27
Communication Devices ................................................................8 Anne Mulcahy ..............................................................................27

NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET ..........................................................8 Chapter Review ..................................................................................28

Key Terms ............................................................................................29
COMPUTER SOFTWARE ......................................................................10 Checkpoint ..........................................................................................30
System Software ............................................................................10 Web Research ......................................................................................31
Application Software ....................................................................11 Learn How To ....................................................................................32
ETHICS & ISSUES: What Can Be Done to Combat Computer Addiction? ..............11 Learn It Online....................................................................................34
Installing and Running Programs ..............................................11
Software Development ................................................................12 Special Feature
TIMELINE: MILESTONES IN
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS ............................................................13
COMPUTER HISTORY 35
PERSONAL COMPUTERS......................................................................14
Desktop Computers ......................................................................14 CHAPTER 2
MOBILE COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES ................................14 The Internet and World Wide Web........49
Notebook Computers ..................................................................14
Mobile Devices ..............................................................................15 THE INTERNET ......................................................................................50
HOW THE INTERNET WORKS ..............................................................51
GAME CONSOLES ..................................................................................16
Connecting to the Internet ..........................................................51
SERVERS ................................................................................................16 Access Providers............................................................................52
MAINFRAMES ........................................................................................17 How Data Travels the Internet....................................................52
Internet Addresses ........................................................................53
SUPERCOMPUTERS ..............................................................................17
THE WORLD WIDE WEB ......................................................................54
EMBEDDED COMPUTERS ....................................................................17 Browsing the Web ........................................................................54
EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER USAGE ..................................................18 Web Addresses ..............................................................................56
Home User ....................................................................................18 Navigating Web Pages..................................................................57

ETHICS & ISSUES: What Should Be Done about Identity Theft? ..........................19 LOOKING AHEAD: Internet Speeds into the Future ............................................57

Small Office/Home Office User ..................................................20 Searching for Information on the Web ......................................58
Mobile User ....................................................................................20 Types of Web Sites ........................................................................61
Power User ....................................................................................21 ETHICS & ISSUES: Should You Trust a Wiki for Academic Research? ....................63
Large Business User......................................................................21
Evaluating a Web Site ..................................................................63
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN SOCIETY ..........................................22 Multimedia on the Web................................................................64
Web Publishing..............................................................................66
LOOKING AHEAD: Robots Perform Mundane, Dangerous Tasks ............................22 E-Commerce ..................................................................................67

v
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vi DISCOVERING COMPUTERS: Fundamentals, Fifth Edition

OTHER INTERNET SERVICES ..............................................................68 SOFTWARE FOR HOME, PERSONAL, AND

E-Mail..............................................................................................69 EDUCATIONAL USE........................................................................115
Mailing Lists ..................................................................................71 Software Suite (for Personal Use) ............................................116
Instant Messaging ........................................................................71 Personal Finance Software ........................................................116
Chat Rooms ....................................................................................71 Legal Software ............................................................................117
VoIP ................................................................................................72 Tax Preparation Software ..........................................................117
FTP ..................................................................................................72 Desktop Publishing Software
Newsgroups and Message Boards..............................................73 (for Personal Use) ..................................................................117
Paint/Image Editing Software
NETIQUETTE ..........................................................................................73
(for Personal Use) ..................................................................118
CHAPTER SUMMARY............................................................................74 Clip Art/Image Gallery ..............................................................118
Video and Audio Editing Software
ETHICS & ISSUES: Should Companies Be Able to Track Your Online Habits? ..........74
(for Personal Use) ..................................................................119
COMPANIES ON THE CUTTING EDGE ................................................75 Home Design/Landscaping Software......................................119
Google ............................................................................................75 Travel and Mapping Software ..................................................119
Yahoo!..............................................................................................75 Educational and Reference Software........................................119
Entertainment Software..............................................................120
TECHNOLOGY TRAILBLAZERS ............................................................75
Tim Berners-Lee ............................................................................75 APPLICATION SOFTWARE FOR COMMUNICATIONS ....................120
Meg Whitman ................................................................................75 ETHICS & ISSUES: Should Companies Monitor Employees’
E-Mail and Internet Traffic? ..........................................................................121
Chapter Review ..................................................................................76
Key Terms ............................................................................................77 POPULAR UTILITY PROGRAMS ........................................................121
Checkpoint ..........................................................................................78 WEB-BASED SOFTWARE ....................................................................122
Web Research ......................................................................................79
Learn How To ....................................................................................80 LOOKING AHEAD: Using Semantics with Web 3.0 ............................................122
Learn It Online....................................................................................82
LEARNING AIDS AND SUPPORT TOOLS FOR
APPLICATION SOFTWARE ............................................................123
Special Feature Web-Based Training ....................................................................123
MAKING USE OF THE WEB 83
CHAPTER SUMMARY..........................................................................124
CHAPTER 3 ETHICS & ISSUES: Copying Software — A Computer Crime! ..............................124
Application Software ................................................99 COMPANIES ON THE CUTTING EDGE ..............................................125
Adobe Systems ............................................................................125
APPLICATION SOFTWARE ..................................................................100
Microsoft ......................................................................................125
The Role of System Software ....................................................101
Working with Application Software ........................................102 TECHNOLOGY TRAILBLAZERS ..........................................................125
Dan Bricklin ................................................................................125
LOOKING AHEAD: Touch Drive Your Computer Screen ......................................103
Masayoshi Son ............................................................................125
BUSINESS SOFTWARE........................................................................104
Word Processing Software ........................................................105 Chapter Review ................................................................................126
Developing a Document ............................................................106 Key Terms ..........................................................................................127
Spreadsheet Software ................................................................107 Checkpoint ........................................................................................128
Database Software ......................................................................108 Web Research ....................................................................................129
Presentation Graphics Software................................................109 Learn How To ..................................................................................130
Note Taking Software ................................................................110 Learn It Online..................................................................................132
Personal Information Manager Software ................................110
Personal Mobile Device Business Software ............................110
Software Suite ..............................................................................110
Project Management Software ..................................................111 CHAPTER 4
Accounting Software ..................................................................111
Document Management Software ............................................111
The Components of the
Enterprise Computing Software ..............................................112 System Unit ........................................................................133
GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE......................................112 THE SYSTEM UNIT ..............................................................................134
Computer-Aided Design ............................................................113 The Motherboard ........................................................................136
Desktop Publishing Software
(for the Professional) ............................................................113 PROCESSOR ........................................................................................137
Paint/Image Editing Software The Control Unit ........................................................................137
(for the Professional) ............................................................113 The Arithmetic Logic Unit ........................................................138
Video and Audio Editing Software Machine Cycle ............................................................................138
(for the Professional) ............................................................114 The System Clock ........................................................................138
LOOKING AHEAD: Fastest Supercomputer Will Have Petaflop Speed ..................139
ETHICS & ISSUES: Should It Be Legal to Share Copyrighted Music or Video
Files over a Network? ..................................................................................114 Comparison of Personal Computer Processors......................139
Multimedia Authoring Software ..............................................114 Buying a Personal Computer ....................................................139
Web Page Authoring Software ..................................................114 ETHICS & ISSUES: Discarded Computer Components: Whose Problem Is It? ......139
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CONTENTS
CONTENTS vii

DATA REPRESENTATION ....................................................................140 GAMING AND MEDIA PLAYER CONTROLLERS ..............................172

Gamepads ....................................................................................172
MEMORY ..............................................................................................142
Joystick and Wheels....................................................................172
Bytes and Addressable Memory ..............................................142
Light Guns....................................................................................172
Memory Sizes ..............................................................................142
Dance Pads ..................................................................................172
Types of Memory ........................................................................142
Motion-Sensing Game Controllers ..........................................172
RAM ..............................................................................................143
Touch-Sensitive Pads ..................................................................172
ETHICS & ISSUES: Should Schools Supply Computers to All Students?..............144 OTHER TYPES OF INPUT ....................................................................173
Cache ............................................................................................144 LOOKING AHEAD: Controlling Games by Thinking ............................................173
ROM ..............................................................................................145
Flash Memory ..............................................................................145 Voice Input ..................................................................................173
CMOS............................................................................................146 Input for Smart Phones, PDAs, and Tablet PCs ....................174
Memory Access Times ................................................................146 Digital Cameras ..........................................................................175
Video Input ..................................................................................176
EXPANSION SLOTS AND ADAPTER CARDS....................................147 Scanners and Reading Devices ................................................177
Flash Memory Cards, USB Flash Drives,
PC Cards, and ExpressCard Modules..................................147 ETHICS & ISSUES: Is Using the Self-Checkout Saving Anybody Time or Money? ....178

LOOKING AHEAD: Clothing, Appliances Show RFID Uses ..................................179

PORTS AND CONNECTORS................................................................148
Serial Ports....................................................................................149 Terminals ......................................................................................180
Parallel Ports ................................................................................149 Biometric Input............................................................................181
USB Ports......................................................................................149
FireWire Ports ..............................................................................150 WHAT IS OUTPUT? ..............................................................................182
Special-Purpose Ports ................................................................150 DISPLAY DEVICES................................................................................183
LCD Monitors and LCD Screens ..............................................184
BUSES....................................................................................................151 Plasma Monitors..........................................................................185
BAYS ......................................................................................................151 CRT Monitors ..............................................................................186

POWER SUPPLY ..................................................................................152 PRINTERS..............................................................................................187

MOBILE COMPUTERS AND DEVICES ..............................................152 Producing Printed Output ........................................................188
Nonimpact Printers ....................................................................189
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER ..............................................................154 Ink-Jet Printers ............................................................................189
LOOKING AHEAD: Body Heat May Power Notebook Computers ..........................154 Photo Printers ..............................................................................190
LOOKING AHEAD: Talking Paper Provides Information, Warnings ........................190
KEEPING YOUR COMPUTER CLEAN ................................................155
Laser Printers ..............................................................................190
CHAPTER SUMMARY..........................................................................156 Thermal Printers..........................................................................191
Mobile Printers ............................................................................192
COMPANIES ON THE CUTTING EDGE ..............................................157
Plotters and Large-Format Printers ..........................................192
AMD..............................................................................................157
Impact Printers ............................................................................192
Intel................................................................................................157
OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES ..................................................................193
TECHNOLOGY TRAILBLAZERS ..........................................................157
Speakers, Headphones, and Earphones ..................................193
Jack Kilby......................................................................................157
Fax Machines and Fax Modems ..............................................194
Gordon Moore ............................................................................157
Multifunction Peripherals..........................................................194
Data Projectors ............................................................................195
Chapter Review ................................................................................158
Interactive Whiteboards ............................................................195
Key Terms ..........................................................................................159
Checkpoint ........................................................................................160 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER ..............................................................196
Web Research ....................................................................................161
Learn How To ..................................................................................162 INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES FOR PHYSICALLY
Learn It Online..................................................................................164 CHALLENGED USERS....................................................................197
ETHICS & ISSUES: Should Web Sites Be Held Accountable for
Accessibility Levels for Physically Challenged People? ......................................197
CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER SUMMARY..........................................................................198
Input and Output ..........................................................165 COMPANIES ON THE CUTTING EDGE ..............................................199
Logitech ........................................................................................199
WHAT IS INPUT?..................................................................................166 Hewlett-Packard..........................................................................199
KEYBOARD AND POINTING DEVICES ..............................................167
The Keyboard ..............................................................................168 TECHNOLOGY TRAILBLAZERS ..........................................................199
Mouse............................................................................................169 Douglas Engelbart ......................................................................199
Donna Dubinsky ........................................................................199
ETHICS & ISSUES: Are Employers Responsible for Medical
Problems Related to Computer Use? ..............................................................169 Chapter Review ................................................................................200
Trackball........................................................................................170 Key Terms ..........................................................................................202
Touchpad ......................................................................................170 Checkpoint ........................................................................................203
Pointing Stick ..............................................................................170 Web Research ....................................................................................204
Light Pen ......................................................................................170 Learn How To ..................................................................................205
Touch Screen ................................................................................170 Learn It Online..................................................................................207
Pen Input ......................................................................................171
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viii DISCOVERING COMPUTERS: Fundamentals, Fifth Edition

Special Feature OPERATING SYSTEM FUNCTIONS ....................................................252

D I G I TA L I M A G I N G A N D Starting a Computer ..................................................................252
VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 208 Providing a User Interface ........................................................253
Managing Programs ..................................................................253
CHAPTER 6 Managing Memory ....................................................................255
Coordinating Tasks ....................................................................255
Storage........................................................................................219 Configuring Devices ..................................................................256
Establishing an Internet Connection ........................................256
STORAGE ..............................................................................................220 Monitoring Performance............................................................257
MAGNETIC DISKS................................................................................222 Providing File Management and Other Utilities....................257
Hard Disks....................................................................................223 Controlling a Network ..............................................................257
Administering Security ..............................................................258
LOOKING AHEAD: Heat Increases Disk Capacity ..............................................223
ETHICS & ISSUES: Who Should Be Responsible for Notebook Computer
Floppy Disks ................................................................................228
Security?....................................................................................................258
OPTICAL DISCS....................................................................................229
OPERATING SYSTEM UTILITY PROGRAMS ....................................259
LOOKING AHEAD: Interactive Gift Cards Provide Marketing Opportunities ............231 File Manager ................................................................................259
CD-ROMs ....................................................................................231 Search Utility................................................................................259
CD-Rs and CD-RWs....................................................................232 Image Viewer ..............................................................................259
DVD-ROMs, BD-ROMs, and HD DVD-ROMs ......................233 Personal Firewall ........................................................................260
Uninstaller ....................................................................................260
ETHICS & ISSUES: Is the Blu-Ray and HD DVD Competition Disk Scanner ................................................................................260
Good for Consumers? ..................................................................................233 Disk Defragmenter......................................................................261
Recordable and Rewritable DVDs............................................234 Diagnostic Utility ........................................................................261
Backup Utility ..............................................................................261
TAPE ......................................................................................................234 Screen Saver ................................................................................261
PC CARDS AND EXPRESSCARD MODULES ..................................235
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS ....................................................262
MINIATURE MOBILE STORAGE MEDIA............................................235
STAND-ALONE OPERATING SYSTEMS..............................................262
Flash Memory Cards ..................................................................236
Windows XP ................................................................................262
USB Flash Drives ........................................................................236
Windows Vista ............................................................................263
Smart Cards..................................................................................237
Mac OS X ......................................................................................264
ETHICS & ISSUES: Should the World Become a Cashless Society? ....................237 UNIX ............................................................................................264
Linux ............................................................................................265
MICROFILM AND MICROFICHE ........................................................238
ETHICS & ISSUES: Closed Source vs. Open Source
ENTERPRISE STORAGE ......................................................................238 Operating Systems ......................................................................................265
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER ..............................................................239 LOOKING AHEAD: Open-Source Projects Promote Digital Identity Sharing ............265
ETHICS & ISSUES: Who Should Be Looking at Your Medical Records? ..............239
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS ....................................................266
CHAPTER SUMMARY..........................................................................240
EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEMS..................................................266
ETHICS & ISSUES: Who Is Responsible for Maintaining Your Online Storage? ......240
STAND-ALONE UTILITY PROGRAMS ................................................267
COMPANIES ON THE CUTTING EDGE ..............................................241 Antivirus Programs ....................................................................267
Seagate Technology ....................................................................241 Spyware and Adware Removers ..............................................268
SanDisk Corporation ..................................................................241 Internet Filters..............................................................................268
File Compression ........................................................................269
TECHNOLOGY TRAILBLAZERS ..........................................................241 File Conversion............................................................................269
Al Shugart ....................................................................................241 Media Player ................................................................................269
Mark Dean....................................................................................241 CD/DVD Burning ......................................................................269
Personal Computer Maintenance ............................................270
Chapter Review ................................................................................242
Key Terms ..........................................................................................243 CHAPTER SUMMARY..........................................................................270
Checkpoint ........................................................................................244 COMPANIES ON THE CUTTING EDGE ..............................................271
Web Research ....................................................................................245 Red Hat ........................................................................................271
Learn How To ..................................................................................246 Research in Motion (RIM)..........................................................271
Learn It Online..................................................................................248
TECHNOLOGY TRAILBLAZERS ..........................................................271
Alan Kay ......................................................................................271
Linus Torvalds ............................................................................271
CHAPTER 7
Chapter Review ................................................................................272
Operating Systems and Key Terms ..........................................................................................273
Utility Programs ............................................................249 Checkpoint ........................................................................................274
Web Research ....................................................................................275
SYSTEM SOFTWARE ..........................................................................250 Learn How To ..................................................................................276
Learn It Online..................................................................................278
OPERATING SYSTEMS ........................................................................251
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CONTENTS
CONTENTS ix

Special Feature COMPANIES ON THE CUTTING EDGE ..............................................323

BUYER’S GUIDE: HOW TO PURCHASE Cisco Systems ..............................................................................323
A PERSONAL COMPUTER 279 Qualcomm ....................................................................................323

TECHNOLOGY TRAILBLAZERS ..........................................................323

Robert Metcalfe............................................................................323
CHAPTER 8 Patricia Russo ..............................................................................323
Communications and Networks ..............295
Chapter Review ................................................................................324
COMMUNICATIONS ............................................................................296 Key Terms ..........................................................................................325
Checkpoint ........................................................................................326
USES OF COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS......................................297
Web Research ....................................................................................327
Internet, Web, E-Mail, Instant Messaging, Chat Rooms,
Learn How To ..................................................................................328
Newsgroups, Blogs, Wikis, RSS, VoIP, FTP, Web
Learn It Online..................................................................................330
Folders, Video Conferencing, and Fax ..............................298
Wireless Messaging Services ....................................................298
ETHICS & ISSUES: High-Tech Cheating via Wireless Messaging Services ............299
Wireless Internet Access Points ................................................300 CHAPTER 9
Cybercafés ....................................................................................301 Database Management ......................................331
Global Positioning Systems ......................................................301
Collaboration ..............................................................................302 DATABASES, DATA, AND INFORMATION ........................................332
Groupware ..................................................................................302 Data Integrity ..............................................................................333
Voice Mail ....................................................................................302 Qualities of Valuable Information ............................................334
Web Services ................................................................................302
THE HIERARCHY OF DATA ................................................................334
NETWORKS ..........................................................................................303 Characters ....................................................................................335
LANs, MANs, and WANs ........................................................303 Fields ............................................................................................335
Network Architectures ..............................................................305 Records..........................................................................................336
Network Topologies....................................................................306 Files................................................................................................336
Intranets ........................................................................................307
Network Communications Standards ....................................308 ETHICS & ISSUES: Are Portable Storage Devices a Threat to Businesses? ..........336

ETHICS & ISSUES: Should You Worry about Cell Phone MAINTAINING DATA ............................................................................336
and Cellular Antenna Radiation? ..................................................................309 Adding Records ..........................................................................336
Changing Records ......................................................................338
COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE........................................................310 Deleting Records ........................................................................338
Validating Data ............................................................................339
COMMUNICATIONS OVER THE TELEPHONE NETWORK ..............310
Dial-Up Lines ..............................................................................311 FILE PROCESSING VERSUS DATABASES ........................................340
Dedicated Lines ..........................................................................311 File Processing Systems..............................................................341
The Database Approach ............................................................341
COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES ............................................................312
Dial-Up Modems ........................................................................313 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS..............................................343
ISDN and DSL Modems ............................................................314 Data Dictionary ..........................................................................343
Cable Modems ............................................................................314 File Retrieval and Maintenance ................................................344
Wireless Modems ........................................................................314
Network Cards ............................................................................315 LOOKING AHEAD: Archive an Entire Lifetime ..................................................345
Wireless Access Points................................................................315
Backup and Recovery ................................................................346
Routers ..........................................................................................315
Data Security................................................................................346
HOME NETWORKS ..............................................................................316 ETHICS & ISSUES: Should People Be Punished for Accidently Accessing
Wired Home Networks ..............................................................316 Stolen Data? ..............................................................................................346
Wireless Home Networks ..........................................................316
RELATIONAL, OBJECT-ORIENTED, AND
COMMUNICATIONS CHANNEL ..........................................................317 MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATABASES ..............................................347
LOOKING AHEAD: Technology Curbs Impaired Drivers ......................................319 Relational Databases ..................................................................347
Object-Oriented Databases ........................................................349
PHYSICAL TRANSMISSION MEDIA ..................................................319 Multidimensional Databases ....................................................349
Twisted-Pair Cable ......................................................................319
Coaxial Cable ..............................................................................320 WEB DATABASES ................................................................................350
Fiber-Optic Cable ........................................................................320 ETHICS & ISSUES: Who Should Be Held Accountable for the Rash of
Database Security Breaches? ......................................................................350
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA..................................................320
Infrared ........................................................................................321 DATABASE ADMINISTRATION............................................................351
Broadcast Radio ..........................................................................321 Database Design Guidelines......................................................351
Cellular Radio ..............................................................................321 Role of the Database Anaylsts and
LOOKING AHEAD: Femto Base Stations Enhance Cell Phone Signals ..................321 Administrators ......................................................................351
Microwaves ..................................................................................321 Role of the Employee as User ..................................................351
Communications Satellite ..........................................................322
CHAPTER SUMMARY..........................................................................352
CHAPTER SUMMARY..........................................................................322 LOOKING AHEAD: Barcodes Identify World’s Animal, Plant Species ....................352
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x DISCOVERING COMPUTERS: Fundamentals, Fifth Edition

COMPANIES ON THE CUTTING EDGE ..............................................353 ETHICS & ISSUES: Should Spyware Be Legal?................................................381
Oracle ............................................................................................353 Phishing ........................................................................................381
Sybase............................................................................................353 Spam..............................................................................................382
Privacy Laws................................................................................382
TECHNOLOGY TRAILBLAZERS ..........................................................353
Social Engineering ......................................................................384
E. F. Codd ....................................................................................353
Employee Monitoring ................................................................384
Larry Ellison ................................................................................353
Content Filtering ........................................................................384
Computer Forensics ....................................................................385
Chapter Review ................................................................................354
Key Terms ..........................................................................................355 LOOKING AHEAD: Computer Knowledge Assessment
Checkpoint ........................................................................................356 Using Brain Fingerprinting ............................................................................385
Web Research ....................................................................................357
Learn How To ..................................................................................358 HEALTH CONCERNS OF COMPUTER USE ......................................385
Learn It Online..................................................................................360 Computers and Health Risks ....................................................385
Ergonomics and Workplace Design ........................................386
Computer Addiction ..................................................................387
Green Computing........................................................................387
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER SUMMARY..........................................................................388
Computer Security, Ethics, ETHICS & ISSUES: What Can Be Done to Stop the Growing Threat
and Privacy............................................................................361 of Cybercrime? ..........................................................................................388

COMPUTER SECURITY RISKS ..........................................................362 COMPANIES ON THE CUTTING EDGE ..............................................389

INTERNET AND NETWORK ATTACKS ..............................................364 McAfee ..........................................................................................389
Computer Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses ......................364 Symantec ......................................................................................389
Safeguards against Computer Viruses, Worms,
TECHNOLOGY TRAILBLAZERS ..........................................................389
and Trojan Horses ................................................................365
Donn Parker ................................................................................389
Botnets ..........................................................................................367
Clifford Stoll ................................................................................389
Denial of Service Attacks ..........................................................367
Back Doors ..................................................................................367
Chapter Review ................................................................................390
Spoofing........................................................................................367
Key Terms ..........................................................................................391
Safeguards against Botnets, DoS Attacks, Back Doors,
Checkpoint ........................................................................................392
and Spoofing ..........................................................................367
Web Research ....................................................................................393
Firewalls........................................................................................367
Learn How To ..................................................................................394
Intrusion Detection Software ....................................................368
Learn It Online..................................................................................396
UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS AND USE ................................................368
Safeguards against Unauthorized Access
and Use ..................................................................................368
Special Feature
D I G I TA L E N T E R TA I N M E N T 397
Identifying and Authenticating Users ....................................368

LOOKING AHEAD: Biometric Software Aids Behavior Detection ..........................370 CHAPTER 11

HARDWARE THEFT AND VANDALISM..............................................371 Information System Development
Safeguards against Hardware Theft and and Programming Languages ....................405
Vandalism ..............................................................................371
THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT CYCLE ..............................................406
SOFTWARE THEFT ..............................................................................372 Who Participates in the System Development Cycle? ..........407
Safeguards against Software Theft ..........................................372
LOOKING AHEAD: Right-Brain Skills Essential for Analysts’ Success ....................408
INFORMATION THEFT..........................................................................373 Project Management ..................................................................408
Safeguards against Information Theft......................................373 Feasibility Assessment................................................................409
Encryption ....................................................................................373 Documentation ............................................................................409
Data and Information Gathering Techniques ........................410
SYSTEM FAILURE ................................................................................374
Safeguards against System Failure ..........................................374 ETHICS & ISSUES: Do You Work Harder When Someone Is Watching? ................410
BACKING UP — THE ULTIMATE SAFEGUARD................................375 What Initiates the System Development Cycle? ....................410

WIRELESS SECURITY ........................................................................375 ETHICS & ISSUES: How Can Workers Overcome Writer’s Block When
Preparing Documentation? ..........................................................................411
ETHICS AND SOCIETY ........................................................................376
Information Accuracy ................................................................377 Cyber Coast Café — A Case Study ..........................................412
Intellectual Property Rights ......................................................378 Planning Phase ............................................................................412
Planning at Cyber Coast Café ..................................................413
ETHICS & ISSUES: Is It Illegal to Delete Some Files from Your Analysis Phase ............................................................................413
Own Computer? ..........................................................................................379 Preliminary Investigation at Cyber Coast Café......................414
Detailed Analysis at Cyber Coast Café....................................416
INFORMATION PRIVACY ....................................................................379 Design Phase................................................................................416
Electronic Profiles........................................................................380 Hardware Acquisition at Cyber Coast Café............................418
Cookies..........................................................................................380 Detailed Design at Cyber Coast Café ......................................420
Spyware and Adware ................................................................381 Implementation Phase................................................................420
C6671_FM_pp6.qxd 1/30/08 1:14 PM Page xi

CONTENTS xi

LOOKING AHEAD: Training Delivery Becomes Flexible ......................................421 ENTERPRISE-WIDE TECHNOLOGIES AND METHODOLOGIES ......467
Implementation at Cyber Coast Café ......................................421 Portals ..........................................................................................467
Operation, Support, and Security Phase ................................422 Communications ........................................................................468
Operation, Support, and Security at Cyber Coast Café ........422 Data Warehouses ........................................................................468
Extranets ......................................................................................469
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND PROGRAM Web Services ................................................................................469
DEVELOPMENT TOOLS ......................................................................423 Workflow ......................................................................................469
Low-Level Languages ................................................................424 Virtual Private Network ............................................................470
Procedural Languages ................................................................425
Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program E-COMMERCE ......................................................................................470
Development Tools ..............................................................427 E-Retailing ....................................................................................470
Other Programming Languages ..............................................430 ETHICS & ISSUES: Who Can You Trust When Making Purchases Online? ............471
Classic Programming Languages ............................................431
Finance ..........................................................................................472
Other Program Development Tools ........................................431
Health............................................................................................472
ETHICS & ISSUES: Who Should Be Held Accountable for Macro LOOKING AHEAD: Health Devices Automate Patients’ Care ................................472
Security Threats? ........................................................................................432
Entertainment and Media ..........................................................472
Web Page Development ............................................................433
ETHICS & ISSUES: Does Availability of News on the Web Threaten
Multimedia Program Development ........................................437
the Daily Newspaper? ..................................................................................473
THE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT CYCLE ..........................................438 Travel ............................................................................................473
ETHICS & ISSUES: Who Is Responsible for Bugs? ..........................................439
Other Business Services..............................................................473

What Initiates the Program Development Cycle?..................439 ENTERPRISE HARDWARE ..................................................................474

LOOKING AHEAD: Software Factories Provide Low-Cost RAID..............................................................................................474
Programming Alternatives ............................................................................439 Network Attached Storage and Storage
Area Networks ......................................................................475
Control Structures ......................................................................440 Enterprise Storage Systems ......................................................476
CHAPTER SUMMARY..........................................................................442 ETHICS & ISSUES: How Much Data Should Companies Be Required to Keep? ....476
COMPANIES ON THE CUTTING EDGE ..............................................443 Blade Servers................................................................................477
Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) ..................................443 High-Availability Systems ........................................................477
Electronic Arts (EA) ....................................................................443 Scalability ....................................................................................477
Utility and Grid Computing......................................................478
TECHNOLOGY TRAILBLAZERS ..........................................................443 Virtualization ..............................................................................478
Grace Hopper ..............................................................................443 Interoperability ............................................................................478
James Gosling ..............................................................................443
BACKUP PROCEDURES......................................................................478
Chapter Review ................................................................................444 Disaster Recovery Plan ..............................................................479
Key Terms ..........................................................................................445
CHAPTER SUMMARY..........................................................................480
Checkpoint ........................................................................................446
Web Research ....................................................................................447 COMPANIES ON THE CUTTING EDGE ..............................................481
Learn How To ..................................................................................448 EMC ..............................................................................................481
Learn It Online..................................................................................450 IBM ................................................................................................481

TECHNOLOGY TRAILBLAZERS ..........................................................481

John Chambers ............................................................................481
CHAPTER 12 Jim Clark ......................................................................................481
Enterprise Computing ............................................451 Chapter Review ................................................................................482
WHAT IS ENTERPRISE COMPUTING? ..............................................452 Key Terms ..........................................................................................483
Types of Enterprise ....................................................................454 Checkpoint ........................................................................................484
Organizational Structure of an Enterprise ..............................454 Web Research ....................................................................................485
Learn How To ..................................................................................486
LOOKING AHEAD: The CEO of the Future ........................................................455 Learn It Online..................................................................................488
Levels of Users in the Enterprise ..............................................455
How Managers Use Information ..............................................456
APPENDIX A: QUIZ YOURSELF ANSWERS ................................APP 1
INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE ENTERPRISE ............................456
Information Systems within Functional Units........................457 GLOSSARY/INDEX..........................................................................IND 1
General Purpose Information Systems ....................................461 PHOTO CREDITS ..........................................................................IND 29
Integrated Information Systems ..............................................465
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xii DISCOVERING COMPUTERS: Fundamentals, Fifth Edition

Online Companion
Use the Online Companion at
scsite.com/dcf5e to bring unparalleled
currency to the learning experience.
Access additional information about
important topics and make use of online
learning games, practice tests, and
additional reinforcement. Gain access to
this dynamic site through CoursePort,
Course Technology’s login page.

Learn How To
Apply the concepts presented
in the chapter to every day
life with these hands-on activ-
ities. See the Learn How To
activities in action with visual
demonstrations on the Online
Companion.

Ethics and Issues

Ethics and Issues boxes raise
controversial, computer-related
topics of the day, challenging
readers to closely consider
general concerns of computers
in society.
C6671_FM_pp6.qxd 1/30/08 1:14 PM Page xiii

ABOUT THE BOOK xiii

Companies on the Cutting Edge

Everyone who interacts with computers
should be aware of the key computer-
related companies. Each chapter profiles
two of these key companies.

Technology Trailblazers
The Technology Trailblazers section in
each chapter offers a glimpse into the life
and times of the more famous leaders of
the computer industry.

Quiz Yourself
Three Quiz Yourself boxes per
chapter help ensure retention
by reinforcing sections of the
chapter material, rather than
waiting for the end of the chap-
ter to test. Use Appendix A for
a quick check of the answers,
and access additional Quiz
Yourself quizzes on the Online
Companion for interactivity
and easy use.

Career Corner
Each chapter ends with a Career
Corner feature that introduces
a computer career opportunity
relating to a topic covered in
the chapter.
C6671_FM_pp6.qxd 1/30/08 1:14 PM Page xiv

xiv DISCOVERING COMPUTERS: Fundamentals, Fifth Edition

Web Link
Obtain current information
and a different perspective
about key terms and
concepts by visiting the
Web addresses in the Web
Links found in the margins
throughout the book.

Looking Ahead
The Looking Ahead boxes offer a
glimpse of the latest advances in
computer technology that will be
available, usually within five years.

FAQ
FAQ (frequently asked questions)
boxes offer common questions and
answers about subjects related to
the topic at hand.

Learn It Online
The Learn It Online exercises, which
include brand new online videos,
practice tests, interactive labs, learning
games, and Web-based activities, offer
a wealth of online reinforcement.
C6671_FM_pp6.qxd 1/30/08 1:14 PM Page xv

ABOUT THE BOOK xv

Checkpoint
Use these multiple choice,
true/false, matching, short
answer, and working
together exercises to
reinforce understanding
of the topics presented
in the chapter.

Web Research
Each Web Research exercise
requires follow-up research
on the Web, and suggests
writing a short article or
presenting the findings of
the research to the class.

Chapter Review
Use the Chapter Review before taking an
examination to ensure familiarity with the
computer concepts presented. This section
includes each objective, followed by a
one- or two-paragraph summary.

Key Terms
Before taking a test, use the Key Terms page
as a checklist of terms to know. Visit a Key
Terms page on the Online Companion and
click any term for additional information.
C6671_FM_pp6.qxd 1/30/08 1:14 PM Page xvi

xvi DISCOVERING COMPUTERS: Fundamentals, Fifth Edition

Chapter Objectives
and Table of Contents
Before reading the chapter, carefully
read through the Objectives and
Contents to discover knowledge that
will be gleaned from chapter.

Initial Chapter Figure

Carefully study the first figure
in each chapter because it
provides an easy-to-follow
overview of the major purpose
of the chapter.

Step Figures
Each chapter includes numerous step figures that present the more
complex computer concepts using a step-by-step pedagogy.
C6671_FM_pp6.qxd 1/30/08 1:14 PM Page xvii

ABOUT THE BOOK xvii

Glossary/Index
The Glossary/Index at the back of
the book not only provides page
references, it also offers definitions
for all the key terms included in
the text and boxed features.

Special Features
Five special features following Chapters 1, 2, 5, 7, and 10 encompass
topics from the history of computers, to what’s hot on the Web, to a
buyer’s guide, to the latest in new technology.
C6671_FM_pp6.qxd 1/30/08 1:15 PM Page xviii

xviii DISCOVERING COMPUTERS: Fundamentals, Fifth Edition

Preface
The Shelly Cashman Series ® offers the finest textbooks in computer education. This book is our
answer to the many requests we have received from instructors and students for a textbook
that provides a succinct, yet thorough, introduction to computers.
In Discovering Computers: Fundamentals, Fifth Edition, you will find an educationally sound,
highly visual, and easy-to-follow pedagogy that presents a complete, yet to the point, treatment
of introductory computer subjects. Students will finish the course with a solid understanding of
computers, how to use computers, and how to access information on the World Wide Web.

NEW TO THIS EDITION

Discovering Computers: Fundamentals, Fifth Edition includes exciting new features, certain to
engage and challenge students, making learning with Discovering Computers: Fundamentals, Fifth
Edition an enriched experience. These new features include:
• Comprehensive updates for currency, including coverage of new hardware and software,
digital communications, social networking and other societal issues, career opportunities,
and industry trends.
• Brand new CNET At the Movies videos highlight current events of interest to students in
the world of technology, bringing relevance to the concepts course.
• Brand new Blogging exercise on the Web Research page engages students and brings
relevance to the concepts course.
• Revised chapter features such as Ethics and Issues, Looking Ahead, FAQ, Web Links,
Companies on the Cutting Edge, and Technology Trailblazers include the most relevant and
interesting examples to students.
• Updated Checkpoint exercises reinforce students’ understanding of key concepts presented
in the chapters.

OBJECTIVES OF THIS TEXTBOOK

Discovering Computers: Fundamentals, Fifth Edition is intended for use as a stand-alone textbook
or in combination with an applications, Internet, or programming textbook in a one-quarter or
one-semester introductory computer course. No experience with computers is assumed. The
objectives of this book are to:
• Provide a concise, yet comprehensive introduction to computers
• Present the most-up-to-date technology in an ever-changing discipline
• Give students an understanding of why computers are essential components in business
and society
• Teach the fundamentals of computers and computer nomenclature, particularly with
respect to personal computer hardware and software, the World Wide Web, and enterprise
computing
• Present the material in a visually appealing and exciting manner that motivates students
to learn
• Present strategies for purchasing a notebook computer, a Tablet PC, and a PDA
• Offer alternative learning techniques and reinforcement via the Web
• Offer distance-education providers a textbook with a meaningful and exercise-rich Online
Companion
C6671_FM_pp6.qxd 1/30/08 1:15 PM Page xix

P R E FA C E xix

DISTINGUISHING FEATURES
To date, more than six million students have learned about computers using a Discovering
Computers textbook. With the additional World Wide Web integration and interactivity, stream-
ing up-to-date audio and video, extraordinary step-by-step visual drawings and photographs,
unparalleled currency, and the Shelly and Cashman touch, this book will make your computer
concepts course exciting and dynamic. Distinguishing features of this book include:

A Proven Pedagogy
Careful explanations of complex concepts, educationally-sound elements, and reinforcement
highlight this proven method of presentation.

Essential Computer Concepts Coverage

This book offers the same breadth of topics as our well-known
Discovering Computers 2009: Complete, but the depth of coverage focuses
on the basic knowledge required to be computer literate in today’s digi-
tal world.

A Visually Appealing Book that Maintains Student Interest

The latest technology, pictures, drawings, and text are combined art-
fully to produce a visually appealing and easy-to-understand book.
Many of the figures include a step-by-step presentation (see page
141), which simplifies the more complex computer concepts. Pictures
and drawings reflect the latest trends in computer technology.

Latest Technologies and Terms

The technologies and terms your students see in this book are
those they will encounter when they start using computers.
Only the latest application software packages are shown
throughout the book.

World Wide Web Enhanced

This book uses the World Wide Web as a major supplement.
The purpose of integrating the World Wide Web into the book
is to (1) offer students additional information and currency on
important topics; (2) use its interactive capabilities to offer cre-
ative reinforcement and online quizzes; (3) make available
alternative learning techniques with Web-based learning
games, practice tests, and interactive labs; (4) underscore the relevance of the World
Wide Web as a basic information tool that can be used in all facets of society; (5) introduce stu-
dents to doing research on the Web; and (6) offer instructors the opportunity to organize and
administer their traditional campus-based or distance-education-based courses on the Web
using the Blackboard platform. This textbook, however, does not
depend on Web access to be used successfully. The Web access
adds to the already complete treatment of topics within the book.

Extensive End-of-Chapter Materials

A notable strength of this book is the extensive student activi-
ties at the end of each chapter. Well-structured student activities
can make the difference between students merely participating in
a class and students retaining the information they learn. The
activities in this book include: Chapter Review, Key Terms,
Checkpoint, Web Research, Learn How To, and Learn It Online.
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