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Culture and Customs
of Ukraine
Ukraine. Courtesy of Bookcomp, Inc.
 Culture and Customs
of Ukraine

ADRIANA HELBIG, OKSANA BURANBAEVA,

AND VANJA MLADINEO

Culture and Customs of Europe

GREENWOOD PRESS
Westport, Connecticut • London
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Helbig, Adriana.
Culture and customs of Ukraine / Adriana Helbig, Oksana Buranbaeva and Vanja Mladineo.
p. cm. — (Culture and customs of Europe)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–313–34363–6 (alk. paper)
1. Ukraine—Civilization. 2. Ukraine—Social life and customs. I. Buranbaeva, Oksana.
II. Mladineo, Vanja. III. Title. IV. Series.
DK508.4.H45 2009
947.7—dc22 2008027463
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.
Copyright © 2009 by Adriana Helbig, Oksana Buranbaeva, and Vanja Mladineo
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be
reproduced, by any process or technique, without the
express written consent of the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008027463
ISBN: 978–0–313–34363–6
First published in 2009
Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881
An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
www.greenwood.com
Printed in the United States of America

The paper used in this book complies with the

Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National
Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984).
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The authors dedicate this book to Marijka Stadnycka Helbig and to the memory
of Omelan Helbig;
to Rimma Buranbaeva, Christoph Merdes, and Ural Buranbaev;
to Marko Pećarević.
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

Series Foreword ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Chronology xv

1 Context 1

2 Religion 30

3 Language 48

4 Gender 59

5 Education 71

6 Customs, Holidays, and Cuisine 90

7 Media 114

8 Literature 127
viii CONTENTS

9 Music 147

10 Theater and Cinema in the Twentieth Century 162

Glossary 173
Selected Bibliography 177
Index 187
 Series Foreword

The old world and the New World have maintained a fluid exchange of
people, ideas, innovations, and styles. Even though the United States became
the de facto world leader and economic superpower in the wake of a devas-
tated Europe in World War II, Europe has remained for many the standard
bearer of Western culture.
Millions of Americans can trace their ancestors to Europe. The United
States as we know it was built on waves of European immigration, starting
with the English who braved the seas to found the Jamestown Colony in
1607. Bosnian and Albanian immigrants are some of the latest new Ameri-
cans.
In the Gilded Age of one of our great expatriates, the novelist Henry James,
the Grand Tour of Europe was de rigueur for young American men of means,
to prepare them for a life of refinement and taste. In a more recent demo-
cratic age, scores of American college students have Eurailed their way across
Great Britain and the Continent, sampling the fabled capitals and bergs in
a mad, great adventure, or have benefited from a semester abroad. For other
American vacationers and culture vultures, Europe is the prime destination.
What is the New Europe post–Cold War, post Berlin Wall in a new mil-
lennium? Even with the different languages, rhythms, and rituals, Europe-
ans have much in common: they are largely well educated, prosperous, and
worldly. They also have similar goals and face common threats and form
alliances. With the advent of the European Union, the open borders, and
x SERIES FOREWORD

the Euro and considering globalization and the prospect of a homogenized

Europe, an updated survey of the region is warranted.
Culture and Customs of Europe features individual volumes on the coun-
tries most studied and for which fresh information is in demand from stu-
dents and other readers. The Series casts a wide net, inclusive of not only the
expected countries, such as Spain, France, England, and Germany, but also
countries such as Poland and Greece that lie outside Western Europe proper.
Each volume is written by a country specialist, with intimate knowledge of
the contemporary dynamics of a people and culture. Sustained narrative
chapters cover the land, people, and brief history; religion; social customs;
gender roles, family, and marriage; literature and media; performing arts
and cinema; and art and architecture. The national character and ongoing
popular traditions of each country are framed in an historical context and
celebrated along with the latest trends and major cultural figures. A country
map, chronology, glossary, and evocative photos enhance the text.
The historied and enlightened Europeans will continue to fascinate
Americans. Our futures are strongly linked politically, economically, and
culturally.
 Preface

When Oksana Baiul won the gold medal in ice skating at the 1994 Win-
ter Olympics, the medal ceremony was delayed as skating officials searched
frantically for a tape of the Ukrainian anthem. More than a decade and a half
has passed since that international event, when the world first watched the
Ukrainian flag rise to honor an athlete who embodied the Ukrainian spirit
of struggle and perseverance. Having shed the cloak of imperial domination
and the yoke of communism, Ukraine has become a society in which citizens
grapple with the fast-paced changes introduced by democratic and market
reforms. A nation-state defined by a multitude of ethnic groups, religions,
languages, and worldviews, Ukraine is a kaleidoscope of old and new ideas
and practices. This book examines Ukraine’s cultural framework through the
lenses of history, politics, family, social networks, artistic expression, religion,
custom, and tradition. From the dark experiences of war to the warmth of the
kitchen table, this volume charts a journey through a country that has built
fast trains in the post-Soviet era but whose people are constantly reminded
that they still travel on Soviet-era tracks.
This page intentionally left blank
 Acknowledgments

We are deeply grateful to Mark Andryczyk, Gennadi Poberezny, and Maria

Rewak for their expert reading of this manuscript and to Maxim Tarnawsky
for his expert advice on certain topics.
We wish to thank Rafis Abazov, who helped make this project happen.
This project would not have been possible without the guidance of Kaitlin
Ciarmiello of Greenwood Publishing Group.
We also wish to thank the following colleagues and friends for their sup-
port throughout the project and for their feedback on individual chapters:
Rimma Buranbaeva, Marijka Stadnycka Helbig, Damir Huremović, Olya
Kolomyyets, Samantha Lach, Ingrid Lee, Erica Marcus, Christoph Merdes,
Petro Mishchenko, Anna Nadezhina, Natalia Nakhapetian, Maxim Novi-
chenko, Natalia Palidwor Sonevytska, Kudrat Virk, and Catherine Wanner.
Special thanks to Natasha Kipp for her editorial assistance.
This page intentionally left blank
 Chronology

P REHISTORY
ca. 4000–2000 B.C. Trypillian culture flourishes.
ca. 1150–950 B.C. The Cimmerians dominate Ukrainian lands.
ca. 750 B.C. The Scythians chase the Cimmerians out of Ukrainian
territory.
513 B.C. The Scythians defend their territory by defeating Persian
king Darius I.
339 B.C. The Macedonians defeat the Scythians.
ca. 100 B.C.–A.D. 100 The Sarmatians populate Ukrainian lands.
ca. A.D. 500 Slavs begin arriving in Ukrainian lands.

K YIVAN R US ’
878–912 Prince Oleh reigns.
882 The state of Kyivan Rus’ is established.
911 Prince Oleh invades Constantinople.
945–962 Princess Olha reigns.
xvi CHRONOLOGY

957 Princess Olha embarks on a diplomatic mission to Constan-

tinople.
962–972 Prince Sviatoslav reigns.
965–969 Prince Sviatoslav defeats the Khazars and the Volga Bulgarians.
980–1015 Prince Volodymyr the Great reigns.
988 The Kyivan Rus’ realm is Christianized.
1036–1054 Prince Yaroslav the Wise reigns.
cc. 1113 Monk Nestor compiles The Primary Chronicle (Chronicle
of the Bygone Years).
1113–1125 Grand Prince Volodymyr Monomakh reigns.
1240 Invading Mongol armies overrun Kyiv.

G ALICIA -V OLHYNIA
1253 A papal representative crowns Danylo king of Galicia-
Volhynia.
1264 King Danylo dies.

P OLISH AND L ITHUANIAN R ULE

1340 King Casimir of Poland conquers Galicia.
1366 A war between Poland and Lithuania ends with the Poles
occupying Galicia and a part of Volhynia.
1368 Lithuanian Prince Algirdas occupies Kyiv and controls
approximately half of Kyivan Rus’ territory.
1385 The Union of Krevo between Lithuania and Poland trans-
fers Lithuanian and Ukrainian lands to the Polish crown.
1508 Ukrainian nobles rise up against Grand Prince Sigismund,
led by Mykhailo Hlynsky.
1568 The Union of Lublin is formed.

C OSSACK U PRISING
1648 Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky leads the Great Cossack
Revolt.
1649 Triumphant Khmelnytsky enters Kyiv.
 CHRONOLOGY xvii

1651 Khmelnytsky is defeated and signs the Treaty of Bila

Tserkva.
1654 Cossacks accept a Muscovy protectorate in the Pereiaslav
Agreement.

R USSIAN I MPERIAL AND P OLISH R ULE

1656 The Muscovy tsar concludes peace with Poland in defiance
of the Pereiaslav Agreement.

1657 Hetman Khmelnytsky dies.

1708 Hetman Ivan Mazepa allies the Cossacks with Sweden.
1709 The forces of Catherine the Great destroy the Cossack
Zaporozhian Sich.
1765 Sloboda Ukraine becomes part of the Russian Empire.
1775 Zaporozhzhian lands become part of the Russian Empire.
1783 Peasants are officially deprived of the right to leave their
landlords, formalizing serfdom. The Ukrainian nobility are
granted privileges equal to those of the Russians.

1785 Hetmanate becomes part of the Russian Empire.

1795 Polish rule over the Right Bank ends.
1848 The Supreme Ruthenian Council is established in L’viv.
Serfdom is abolished in Galicia.

1861 Serfdom is abolished in eastern Ukrainian lands.

W ORLD W AR I AND I MMEDIATE P OSTWAR Y EARS

1917

March The Ukrainian Central Rada is formed.

November The Central Rada proclaims an autonomous Ukraine.
December The Bolsheviks invade Ukraine.

1918

January The Central Rada proclaims an independent Ukrainian Na-

tional Republic.
xviii CHRONOLOGY

February The Brest-Litovsk Treaty is concluded between Ukraine

and the Central Powers.
March German forces enter Ukraine.
April The Central Rada is disbanded.
Hetmanate is established.
November German forces withdraw from Ukraine.
Late 1918 The West Ukrainian People’s Republic is established.
Early 1919 The Ukrainian People’s Republic is established.
1919 The Polish military victory in eastern Galicia ends the
Western Ukrainian People’s Republic.
1920 The Red Army conquers Ukraine.

S OVIET U KRAINE AND W ORLD W AR II

1920

December Soviet Ukraine allies with the Russian Soviet Federated

Socialist Republic.
1922 Ukraine becomes one of the four constitutive republics of
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
1924 The Soviet constitution is passed.
1932–1933 Forced famine/genocide, Holodomor (extermination by
hunger), causes 7–10 million deaths in eastern Ukraine.
1938 Joseph Stalin orchestrates the liquidation of the leadership of
the Ukrainian Soviet government and Communist Party.
1941

June Germany invades the Soviet Union.

November Erich Koch becomes the Reichskommissar of Ukraine.
December Most of Ukraine is occupied by Germany.
1942 The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) is organized in Vol-
hynia and Polissia.
1943

November The westward-advancing Red Army captures Kyiv.

 CHRONOLOGY xix

1944

October The German occupation of Ukrainian lands ends.

1953 Stalin dies.

1972 First Secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party Petro

Shelest is removed from his position.

1976 Ukrainian Helsinki Group is formed.

1985 Mikhail Gorbachev becomes the head of the USSR.

1989 Rukh, the People’s Movement for Restructuring in Ukraine,

is formed.

1990 The first partially free elections for Parliament are held in
Ukraine.

M ODERN U KRAINE
1991

August Parliament declares Ukrainian independence.

December The referendum in support of independence is passed.

1996

June Parliament adopts the Ukrainian constitution.

2000

September Opposition journalist Heorhii Gongadze is last seen alive.

November Oleksandr Moroz implicates President Kuchma in Gonga-
dze’s murder after the journalist’s decapitated body is found.

2001

February “Ukraine without Kuchma” protests begin.

April President Kuchma replaces Prime Minister Yushchenko.
2004

November Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych engage in a

presidential election standoff.
The Orange Revolution begins.
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