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Test Bank for Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling

Concepts and Cases 6th Edition by Richard S. Sharf

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Book Title: Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling Concepts and Cases

Edition: 6th Edition

Author: Richard S. Sharf

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 EXAM QUESTIONS FOR
THEORIES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY AND COUNSELING:
CONCEPTS AND CASES SIXTH EDITON
RICHARD S. SHARF
Most of the multiple choice questions are about important concepts and their application. I have tried to
vary the type of question and difficulty level. I have included a very few questions about details of cases
described in the text. The numbers next to the answer indicate that it is the correct answer and show on
what page of the text it can be found. A few correct answers have no specific page reference and correct
answers are indicated with an *. Instructors may wish to change the order in which the questions are
presented, as the order sometimes gives a clue to the correct answer. Typically, I have listed them in the
order that they occur in the text. Questions comparing one theory to another will be found throughout.
However, questions from Chapter 17 include only questions that compare one theory with another.
Perhaps the best instructions are: Please choose the best answer from the choices that are given. Students
may view practice questions on the CengageBrain website for students.. None will be repeats of these
questions.

Please remember to delete the page numbers when creating a test!

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. Theories of any type should be based on
a. clear rules. (2)
b. many assumptions.
c. a unique plan.
d. unrelated laws or relationships.

2. The term "counseling"

a. does not differ consistently from "psychotherapy". (4)
b. is used to differentiate types of mental health professionals.
c. refers to helping people with educational and vocational concerns.
d. refers to helping people with normal problems.

3. The term "psychotherapy"

a. does not differ consistently from "counseling". (4)
b. is used to differentiate types of mental health professionals.
c. refers to helping people with educational and vocational concerns.
d. refers to helping people with normal problems

4. The most commonly identified approach to psychotherapy is

a. behavioral.
b. cognitive.
c. integrative. (4)
d. psychoanalytic/psychodynamic.

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 5. Which of these statements is a factor common to all therapies?
a. The relationship between client and therapist is important for progress. (11)
b. The therapist should be integrative.
c. The therapist should be trained in psychoanalysis.
d. The therapist should be able to give good advice.

6. An individual who is very talkative and distractible may be exhibiting behavior best described
as
a. anxious.
b. compulsive.
c. manic. (14)
d. unpredictable.

7. Mary has difficulty getting up in the morning and has little desire to do her school work. This
could be an indication of
a. borderline personality disorder.
b. depression. (14)
c. generalized anxiety disorder.
d. a phobia.

8. Abigail has had several brief romantic relationships, all ending in disappointment as she has felt
that her lovers did not live up to her expectations. This is most likely an indication of a (an)
a. borderline personality disorder. (15)
b. depression.
c. generalized anxiety disorder.
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

9. A re-occurring thought that one will die at the age of 46 is an example of

a. anxiety.
b. compulsions.
c. phobias.
d. obsessions. (15)

10. When headaches can not be traced to any known physiological cause they may be most likely
symptoms of
a. anxiety disorder.
b. conversion reaction.
c. posttraumatic stress disorder.
d. somatoform disorder. (16)

11. John feels that people at work should appreciate him and realize he is the reason his company is
successful, although he has little concern about his fellow employees and their problems.. This
may be a symptom of a(an)
a. borderline personality disorder.
b. phobia.
c. narcissistic personality disorder. (16)
d. somatoform disorder.

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 12. Belinda hears the voice of William Shakespeare communicating with her about her writing. She
may be suffering from
a. an anxiety disorder.
b. a borderline disorder.
c. neurosis.
d. schizophrenia. (17)

13. Kalinda has been eating 300 calories of food per day for the past year. She is suffering from:
a. anorexia. (16)
b. bulimia.
c. a somatoform disorder.
d. posttraumatic stress.

14. Which of these statements best describes evidence-based psychological treatments? Evidence-
based psychological treatments refer to therapies that
a. are based on treatments supported by scientific investigation. (19)
b. are multicultural in their approach.
c. are recommended by all theories of therapy.
d. uncover the unconscious.

15. Evidence-based psychological treatments

a. are based on studies of the effectiveness of psychotherapy. (19)
b. are multicultural in their approach.
c. are only used by cognitive and behavioral therapists.
d. are only used with individuals with phobias.

16. The position that there is a fixed truth rather than perceptions of reality or truth is associated
with
a. constructivism.
b. modernism. (20)
c. postmodernism.
d. social constructivism.

17. Focusing on the perceptions of the client rather than the therapist's view of the problem is most
consistent with
a. constructivism. (20)
b. modernism.
c. feminism.
d. colonialism.

18. A researcher studies a group of depressed patients for 5 years to determine the effectiveness of
therapy. Her research can be criticized for failing to
a. define the group to be studied.
b. do a follow up study.
c. have a control group. (22)
d. perform a meta-analysis.

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 19. Ethical codes should be
a. irrelevant to the practice of psychotherapy theory.
b. different for different psychotherapy theorists.
c. followed in the practice of theories of psychotherapy. (24)
d. identical across all mental health professions.

20. Ethical codes apply

a. only to psychoanalytic therapies.
b. only to behavior therapies.
c. only to humanist therapies.
d. to all therapies. (24)

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CHAPTER 2
PSYCHOANALYSIS
21. Freud's university training was in
a. medicine. (30)
b. philosophy.
c. English.
d. theology.

22. Freud's first work in psychiatry was with patients suffering from
a. anxiety disorders.
b. borderline disorders.
c. hysterical disorders. (31)
d. narcissistic disorders.

23. Thanatos refers not only to an instinct for death, but also to
a. aggressive drives. (34)
b. actualizing drives.
c. sexual drives.
d. unconscious drives.

24. According to Freud, events that can be remembered with some effort, but not immediately, arise
from the
a. collective unconscious.
b. conscious.
c. preconscious. (35)
d. unconscious.

25. According to Freud, forgotten memories that are frightening are likely to be found in the
a. conscious.
b. preconscious.
c. unconscious. (35)
d. countertransference.

26. Interpretation of dream material allows the psychoanalyst to

a. bring unconscious material into conscious awareness. (35)
b. bring unconscious material into the preconscious.
c. explore the unconscious.
d. explore the preconscious.

27. At birth the infant is all

a. false self.
b. id. (35)
c. superego.
d. all of the above.

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 28. Which of the following is identified with the id?
a. identity
b. conscious
c. preconscious
d. unconscious (35)

29. Anticathexis refers to the

a. ego's control over the id. (36)
b. ego's control over the superego.
c. superego's control over the ego.
d. superego's control over the false self.

30. When Barbara follows her parents' example in being kind to her baby sister, the following is
being formed:
a. ego.
b. ego ideal (36).
c. id.
d. superego.

31. According to Freud, Ben, who is angry at his brother and is afraid that he might push him into a
busy highway, is demonstrating
a. generalized anxiety.
b. moral anxiety.
c. neurotic anxiety. (36)
d. reality anxiety.

32. If Bernice can't remember being sexually abused as a child, she may be using the defense
mechanism called
a. projection.
b. reaction formation.
c. rationalization
d. repression. (37)

33. Picked on constantly at school, Bruce would come home and throw his cat against the wall, thus
____________ his anger. Pick the appropriate psychoanalytic term.
a. tantruming
b. displacing (37)
c. intellectualizing
d. repressing

34. Bill, a 7 year-old boy, wears a football jacket with the logo of his favorite football team to
school every day, and feels bigger and stronger because of this. Bill is illustrating the defense
mechanism of
a. identification. (38)
b. intellectualization.
c. regression.
d. repression.

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 35. During his first day of kindergarten, Basil curls up into a ball, cries, and sucks his thumb,
illustrating
a. denial.
b. reaction formation.
c. regression. (38)
d. repression.

36. Carla explains patiently to her boy friend why they should continue to see each other despite his
continual angry protest about her dating other men. Her feelings for him are becoming weaker,
yet she tells him that she believes in the philosophy of free loveillustrating
a. identification.
b. intellectualization. (38)
c. reaction formation.
d. regression.

37. The stage of development in which children develop the most bodily control is the
a. anal stage. (39)
b. genital stage.
c. oral stage.
d. phallic stage.

38. The earliest stage of development is the

a. anal stage.
b. genital stage.
c. phallic stage.
d. oral stage. (38)

39. The focus of sexual energy toward others rather than oneself occurs in the
a. anal stage.
b. latency stage.
c. oral stage.
d. genital stage. (39)

40. The significance of the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages is that they
a. are important to all psychoanalysts.
b. occur in no specific sequence.
c. refer to specific psychological disorders.
d. represent the importance of biological drives in determining personality. (39)

41. Anna Freud's concept of developmental lines refers to the gradual development of the
a. ego. (40)
b. genital stage.
c. id.
d. superego.

42. Which one of the following is considered an ego psychologist?

a. Donald Winnicott.
b. Erik Erikson (41)
c. Carl Jung
d. Sigmund Freud

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 43. According to Erik Erikson the development of trust in an individual begins in Freud's
a. anal stage.
b. genital stage.
c. oral stage. (41)
d. phallic stage.

44. A key stage for Erik Erikson that takes place in adolescence is
a. identity versus role confusion. (41)
b. industry versus despair.
c. integrity versus guilt.
d. intimacy versus isolation.

45. Erikson's stage of trust vs. mistrust corresponds with one of Freud's stages?
a. anal stage
b. genital stage
c. oral stage (41)
d. phallic stage

46. Object relations theorists focus on how individuals

a. deal with id impulses.
b. handle id-ego conflict.
c. separate from their mothers and become independent persons. (42)
d. develop the bipolar self.

47. Vivian, due to her mother's excellent child-raising, gradually becomes a self sufficient,
independent person. This observation is most likely to be made by which of these schools of
psychoanalysis?
a. drive theory
b. ego psychology
c. object relations (42)
d. self psychology

48. Barry, 8-years-old, acts in age appropriate ways, not as his mother demands. According to
Donald Winnicott, he is developing his
a. false self.
b. true self. (43)
c. superiority complex.
d. super ego.

49. According to Donald Winnicott, when children act as they are expected to by others, rather than
act as they want, then they may develop
a. a false self. (43)
b. a true self.
c. an inferiority complex.
d. separation anxiety.

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 50. Donald Winnicott believes that in early infancy, infants must have their needs met by their
mother, but later they must be helped by their mother to develop independence. This concept is
called
a. good-enough mothering. (43)
b. hatching.
c. authenticity.
d. separation.

51. According to Donald Winnicott, an object that can help children make the transition from a
subjective view of self to being a person in the world, is
a. a bottle.
b. a sibling.
c. a teddy bear. (43)
d. a therapist.

52. Object relations theorists focus on psychological problems that occur in the individual
__________ adolescence.
a. prior to (43)
b. at the same time as
c. after
d. because of

53. As defined by Otto Kernberg, splitting refers to

a. keeping early memories outside of consciousness.
b. keeping incompatible feelings separate from each other. (44)
c. the gradual separation of the personality into two parts.
d. the sudden emergence of traumatic memories into consciousness.

54. The tension between not getting what you want and believing that your parents are wonderful is
associated with the work of
a. Anna Freud.
b. Donald Winnicott.
c. Heinz Kohut. (45)
d. Sigmund Freud.

55. The tension between not getting what you want and believing that your parents are wonderful is
called
a. splitting.
b. the bipolar self. (45)
c. the selfobject.
d. transmuting internalizations.

56. According to Heinz Kohut, the motivating organizer of development is

a. splitting.
b. the collective unconscious.
c. the superego.
d. narcissism. (45)

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 57. For Kohut, mirroring supports
a. the development of the superego.
b. the grandiose self. (45)
c. the identity stage.
d. the separation and individuation process.

58. The concepts of id, ego, and superego were LEAST important for
a. Anna Freud.
b. Donald Winnicott.
c. Heinz Kohut. (45)
d. Sigmund Freud.

59. A focus on intersubjectivity, the concept that both psychoanalyst and patient influence each
other, is most closely identified with
a. drive theory.
b. ego psychology.
c. object relations.
d. relational psychoanalysis. (47)

60. The concept of two-person psychology is most likely to be associated with

a. drive theory.
b. ego psychology.
c. object relations.
d. relational psychoanalysis. (47)

61. Psychoanalysis can help patients get better by helping them to

a. resolve unconscious conflicts within themselves. (49)
b. change their beliefs to change behavior.
c. learn about their regression.
d. understand their id.

62. For psychoanalysts of all types, a significant therapeutic goal for patients is
a. free association.
b. resolving conflicts within themselves. (49)
c. understanding the separation and individuation process.
d. understanding splitting.

63. Adapting in positive ways to the external world, is a therapeutic goal associated with
a. ego psychology. (49)
b. Freudian drive theory.
c. object relations.
d. self psychology.

64. Traditional psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic therapy are similar in that they both
a. explore the impact of early childhood development. (50)
b. have meetings 4 times a week with the patient.
c. rely on free association as a primary technique.
d. use a couch.

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 65. Which of these forms of therapy is likely to be most expensive for the patient
a. behavior therapy.
b. cognitive therapy.
c. psychoanalysis. (50)
d. psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

66. In psychoanalysis, forgetting appointments is an example of

a. free association.
b. regression.
c. resistance. (52)
d. separation.

67. In psychoanalysis, the symbolic content of a dream refers to its

a. archetypal content interpretations about archetypes.
b. latent content, symbolic and unconscious motives in the dream. (53)
c. manifest content, the dreams as the dreamer sees it.
d. existential content.

68. Charlene, having been ignored by her father when she was a small child, also feels angry at her
psychoanalyst, whom she believes is ignoring her. This is an example of
a. countertransference.
b. repression.
c. interpretation.
d. transference. (51, 54 )

69. Identifying irrational feelings in the psychoanalytic therapist as they relate to the patient is
associated with the concept of
a. countertransference. (55)
b. denial.
c. the superego.
d. transference.

70. Otto Kernberg's term, transference psychosis, refers to the patient's behavior toward the
therapist that reflects
a. behavior towards the therapist that includes unclear speech and description of hallucinations.
b. behavior towards friends and family that includes unclear speech and description of
hallucinations.
c. the destructive relationship the patient had with parents. (59)
d. free associations that are incoherent and non-productive.

71. When being empathic, Heinz Kohut focuses on his patient's

a. concern about relationship's with friends or family.
b. early difficulties with self and others. (61)
c. experiences in the session.
d. separation from the family.

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 72. Focusing on the developing interaction between mother and child is an indication that the
therapist is using the point of view derived from
a. Freudian drive theory.
b. object relations.(42)
c. self psychology.
d. relational psychoanalysis.

73. Focus on conflictual relationship in short term psychodynamic therapy has been the work of
a. Anna Freud.
b. Kohut.
c. Luborsky. (64)
d. Sigmund Freud.

74. "It seems to me that you want to be in a relationship where . . . " is a statement that is most
likely to be made by a psychodynamic therapist using
a. Freud's drive theory.
b. ego psychology.
c. Luborsky's Core Conflictual Relationship Theme method. (64)
d. self psychology.

75. Relationship Episodes are likely to be used in psychodynamic therapy when _______________
is applied.
a. Freud's drive theory
b. ego psychology
c. Luborsky's Core Conflictual Relationships Theme method (64)
d. self psychology

76. Treatment manuals are used in the application of _________ to psychoanalytic therapy.
a. ego psychology
b. Freudian drive theory
c. Luborsky's Core Conflictual Relationship Theme method (67)
d. object relations psychology

77. In psychoanalysis constructivism has had a major influence on a

a. one person psychology.
b. two person psychology. (67)
c. three person psychology.
d. five person psychology.

78. In a long term study of psychoanalysis, Wallerstein reported that an important reason for
therapeutic change in psychoanalysis was
a. insight brought about by therapist interpretation of unconscious material
b. insight brought about by therapist interpretation of counter transference issues
c. the release of repressed material into consciousness
d. willingness to change to please the therapist (69)

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 79. Recent research shows
a. that psychoanalysis is more effective than cognitive therapy
b. that reality therapy and psychoanalysis can be used well together.
c. evidence for the effectiven ess of long term psychoanalytic therapy. (70)
d. explanations for the impact of splitting on psychotherapeutic change.

80. Attachment theory studies concepts that are most similar to concepts in
a. ego psychology.
b. Freudian drive theory.
c. object relations. (71)
d. self psychology.

81. Brief psychoanalytic therapy is typically this length.

a. 1-5 sessions
b. 12-40 sessions (64)
c. 35-125 sessions
d. 75-225 sessions

82. Attachment theory is the study of the child ____________bond.

a. peer
b. mother (71)
c. therapist
d. sibling

83. The theory that has been subject to the most criticism for its treatment of the psychological
development of women has been
a. behavior therapy.
b. gestalt therapy.
c. Jungian therapy.
d. psychoanalytic therapy. (71)

84. Chodorow and some other critics of the psychoanalytic treatment of women's development
suggest that object relations theorists should focus on
a. child-mother relationships.
b. child-parent relationships. (71)
c. penis envy.
d. womb envy.

85. The psychoanalytic theorist who was most interested in multicultural issues was
a. Donald Winnicott.
b. Erik Erikson. (73)
c. Heinz Kohut.
d. Sigmund Freud.

86. As an example of recent work in multicultural issues as they affect psychoanalysts, researchers
have studied
a. the effect of the shadow archetype on psychoanalysis.
b. inferiority and superiority in self-esteem across cultures.
c. how skin color can effect the transference relationship. (73)
d. meaningfulness in life as it applies to different cultures.

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 87. Psychoanalysis can be criticized because of
a. a tendency to make broad generalizations about women. (71)
b. its recent failure to reach out to diverse populations.
c. its failure to attend to early childhood development.
d. its tendency to ignore group approaches to therapy.

88. After six years of three times a week psychoanalytical therapy, Ellen becomes silent and less
cooperative with her analyst than she had been before. Her analyst would most likely focus on
her
a. ego.
b. grandiose self.
c. regression.
d. resistance. (52)

89. A major goal of psychoanalysis is

a. behavioral change.
b. improved marital relationships.
c. parental reconciliation.
d. self understanding. (49)

90. Harvey got angry at his psychoanalyst for no apparent reason. This is most likely and example
of
a. empathy.
b. countertransference.
c. transference.(54)
d. interpretation.

91. Examining how a patient's dream relates to a current problem would be called
_______________ in psychoanalysis.
a. countertransference
b. transference
c. interpretation (52)
d. a relational response

92. In psychoanalytic group therapy, some group leaders emphasize making interpretive comments
about
a. efforts by group members to achieve target behaviors.
b. empathic relationships within the group.
c. resistances and transference. (74)
d. the group as a family system.

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