Fungi

3rd Semester
Topics in the Book Introduction to
th
microbiology 10 Edition
• Topics: Page 330-337
• Characteristics of Fungi
• Medically important phyla of fungi
Introduction
• Topics:
• 1) Back ground
• 2)Reproduction
• 3) Structure
• 4) Classification
• 5) Lab techniques
 Introduction
• Topics:
• 1) Back ground
• Eukaryote/Spore bearing/Uni-multicellular
• No chlorophyll
• Organo-heterotrophs.
• Division Eumycota.
• 90000-150000 species.
• Parasitic and saprophytes.
• Diseases: plants, animals, human
 Introduction
• Topics:
• 1) Back ground
• 3 Morphological forms
• Unicellular Yeast
• Multicellular loose filamentous mold
• Multicellular compact filamentous mushroom
• Mold wooly fungi
• Mushroom flashy fungi.
• Fungi mostly terrestrial
• Fungi also fresh water marine.
 Introduction
• Topics:
• Importance
• Decomposer
• Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus cycle
• Diseases plant/animals/human
• Fermentation Bread/wine/beers/sauces
• Organic acid
• Ergotamine, cortisone
• Antibiotic penicillin cephalosporin
• Immunosuppressive cyclosporine.
 Introduction
• Topics:
• Importance
• Research tool in biology
• Y M Shift
• Such fungi are dimorphic.
• Transformed from yeast to mold
• Due O2 tension, redox, temperature, nutrient.
• Animal Fungi: Yeast in animal Mold in environment.
• Plant Fungi: Yeast in environment Mold in animal.
 Structure
• Fruiting Body: Thallus
• Thallus: mycellium+spores
• Mycellium= hyphae
• Hyphae= filamentous mass
• Hyphae= Septate, Coenocytic
• Hyphae vegetative
• Hyphae aerial.
• Mold= Hyphae loosely woven
• Mushroom= hyphae organized in compact mass.
• Yeast thallus= complete cell.
Reproduction
• 2 Modes of reproduction
• 1) Asexual Reproduction
• 2) Sexual Reproduction
• 1) Asexual reproduction:
• Binary fission
• Budding
• Fragmentation
• Spore formation
Reproduction
• Asexual spore formation
• A) Sporangiospores: Formed in sac like structure
• Sac—Sporangium
• Sporangium at the tip of hyphae– Sporangiophore
• Flagellated Rhizopus.
• B) Arthrospores: Hyphae undergoes fragmentation.
• Each fragment becomes spore.Coccidioides immitis
• C) Conidiospores: Nacked spores at the tip of hyphae.
• Single celled---Microconidia
• Large multicelled ---Macroconidia
Penicillium and Aspergillus
Reproduction
• Asexual spore formation
• D) Chlamydospores: Thick walled single celled
• Spores.
• Highly resistant to adverse conditions.
• Formed with in hyphae
Candida albicans.
• E) Blastospores: Formed by budding
Candida albicans and Cryptococcus
Reproduction
• sexual Reproduction
• Takes place by the fusion of two nuclei of compatible hyphae
• Phase in Sexual reproduction
• 1) Plasmogamy: Fusion of Protoplasm
• 2)Karyogamy: Fusion of Nuclei
• 3) Meiosis: Nuclear division to produce half chromosomes
Reproduction
• sexual Reproduction
• 1) Gametic copulation: Fusion of necked gametes
• One or both are motile.
• Isogamy: Both same
• Anisogamy: One large other small
• Oogamy: One sperm other egg
• 2) Gamete-gametangial copulation: Male and female gametangia
come close.
• Donot fuse.
• Tube is formed
Reproduction
• sexual Reproduction
• Male nuclei migrate to female through tube.
• 3) Gametangial copulation: Two Gametangial complete fused
• Fusion gives zygote.
• Zygote develop into spore.
• 4) Somatic copulation: Fusion of vegetative hyphae.
• Dikaryotic hyphae develops.
• 5) Spermatization: Fusion of special male structure Spermatium.
• With female structure.
• Contents of male empties into female.
Reproduction
• sexual Spores
• 1) Ascospores
• Formed in a sac like structure.
• Structure ascus.
• 8 in each ascus
• 2) Basidiospores
• Spores are produced on a club shaped structure.
• Structure is Basidium.
Reproduction
• sexual Spores
• 3) Zygospores
• Formed when tips of compatible hyphae combine.
• 4) Oospores
• Formed with in female structure oogonium.
• Fusion takes place in oognium
Classification
• 1) Zygomycota
• 2) Basidiomycota
• 3) Ascomycota
• 4) Deuteromycota
• 1) Zygomycota
• Conjugation fungi
• Coenocytic hyphae.
• Mostly molds
• Asexual spores: Sporangiospores
• Sexual Spores: Zygospores
Classification
• 1) Zygomycota
• Zygospores: thick walled resistant.
• Male female parts distinguishable.
• Mostly saprophytic
• Some parasitic plants, insects, animals.
• Uses: birth control pills.
• Cheese (sufu) from soyabean.
• Meat tenderizer.
• Sexual Spore formation:
• Male + female gametangia plasmogamy conjugation.
Classification
• 1) Zygomycota
• Zygosporangia formation.
• Zygosporanigia with multiple haloid nuclei.
• Nuclei fusion---zygote with multiple diploid nuclei.
• Meiosis in zygote-----zygospores with haploid nuclei.
• 2) Basidiomycota
• Club fungi.
• Hyphae septate
• Mushroom belonged.
• Asexual spores conidiospores
Classification
• Sexual spores basidia
• 4 spores on each basidia.
• Hyphae both haploid diploid.
• Sexual spore: fusion between +,- hyphae—plasmogamy—dikaryotic.
• Dikaryotic mycelium basidiocarp.
• Basidiocarp Mitosis basidia
• Karyogamy-----zygote---meiosis 4 haploid basidiospores
• Primray mycelia formation.
• Secondary Mycelia formation.
Classification
3) Ascomycota
Sac fungi
Both yeast and mold
Asexual conidiospores
Sexual ascospores.
Ascospores: Fusion of anthridium+ascogonium---mitosis=dikaryotic
hyphae—fruiting body ascocarp.
Ascus on tips of ascocarp.
In asci karypgamy----diploid zygote.
Meiosis = 4--------mitosis---8 in acus.
Classification
4) Deuteromycota
Fungi imperfecti.
No sexual reproduction.
Low level fungi.
Aspergillus and Penicillium
 Viruses
3rd Semester Pharm D
Book: Introduction to Microbiology Tartora
th
10 Edition
• Topics
• General Characteristics of viruses. Pages: 368-373
• Viral size.
• Viral structure
• Nucleic acid
• Capsid
• General morphology
• Helical, icosahedral, complex.
Introduction
• Back ground
• Structure
• Morphology
• Classification
• Replication.
• Isolation, cultivation, Identification
Back ground
• Viruses: Ultramicroscopic, infectious, particles.
• Obligate intracellular parasites.
• Disease causing plants, animal, human, bacteria.
• First Concept: Contagium vivum fluidim : a Contagious fluid
• First Discovery: 1886 Adolf Mayer.
• First Virus Discovered: TMV= Tobacco mosaic virus
• Complete structure discovery: 1935
• Complete viral particle: virion.
• Incomplete viral particle in host: Proviron
Back ground
• Viruses size: 20-1000 nm.
• Normal Range: 300-400 nm.
• Single type of nucleic acid DNA or RNA.
• Capsid around nucleic acid.
• Envelope as outermost covering.
• Cannot multiply itself.
• Only few proteins and enzymes.
Back ground
• Virology is the study of viruses.
• Structure and Morphology
• Complete structure elucidation possible:
• electron microscope,
• X-rays diffraction,
• biochemical analysis, immunological assays.
Structure
• 1) Nucleic acid
• 2) Capsid
• 3) Envelope
Structure
• 1) Nucleic acid
• Either DNA or RNA.
• Not both.
• Linear & circular.
• Generally single.
• ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA, dsRNA, +RNA, -RNA.
Structure
• 2) Capsid
• Gives a virion a definite shape.
• Nuclear material is enclosed in.
• Made up of proteins.
• Necessary virion structure.
• Generally two types helical & Icosahedral
• Helical: Hollow tube like.
• Rigid & flexible.
• Made up of protein building blocks protomers
Structure-capsid
• Only single type of protomers.
• Nuclear material is wound in spiral form inside.
• Turns of nucleic acid adjusted in inner grooves.
• Icosahedral
• Several faces edges.
• Made up of 20 equilateral triangles
• 20 triangular faces 12 corners.
• Made up of subunit capsomer.
• Each capsomer 2 protomers, pentamers form
• Vertices hexamers for edges and faces.
Structure-capsid
• Icosahedral
• RNA plant viruses hexamers & pentamers same proteins.
• Animal viruses different.
• Bonds b/w protein units in protomer
• stronger than b/w capsomers.
Structure-envelope
• 3) Envelope, proteins Enzymes
• Only few viruses possess enzymes.
• Enzymes associated with envelope & capsids.
• Most with capsids.
• Enzymes: involve in nucleic acid replication
Nucleic acid Size Name Diseases
ssDNA Non-Enve 18-20 nm Parvovirus Anemia
dsDNA Non-Enve 70-90 nm Adenovirus Respiratory infection
40-57 nm Papovavirus Cervical/anal cancer
dsDNA Envelop 200-350 nm Poxvirus Small pox
150-200 nm Herpes virus Chicken pox
40 nm HVB Hepatitis
ssRNA +, Non-Enve 28-30 nm Picorna virus polio
ssRNA +, Envelope 60-70 nm Togavirus Encephalitis
80-160 nm Corona virus COVID
ssRNA, -ve Envelope 70-180 nm Rabies Rabies
ssRNA, -ve, multiple 80-120 nm Orthomyxovirus influenza
Envelope
Reverse transcriptase 100 nm Retrovirus HIV
dsRNA, Envelope 60-80 nm Reovirus Respiratory infection
Life cycle of viruses in host
• 1) Attachment
• 2) Entry
• 3) Nucleic acid replication
• 4) Maturation
• 5) Relesase
Life cycle of viruses in host
• 1) Attachment
• Attachment receptors on host cell membrane proteins/glycoproteins.
• Viral binding sites nacked virus all over capsid.
• Binding site Envelope virus spikes.
• High specific binding.
• After one binding all receptors come close for further binding.
• 2) Entry
• Nacked virus-----Receptor mediated-----Endocytosis
• Enveloped virus-----Cell fusion
Life cycle of viruses in host
• 3) Uncoating
• Removal of capsid inside host cell
• Some capsid removal lysosomal enzymes.
• Other cytoplasmic enzymes.
• 4) Nucleic acid Synthesis or Replication
• DNA replication----- inside host nucleus ---exception Poxvirus—viral
enzymes.
• Capsid synthesis-----in cytoplasm----host enzymes.
• Transportation---nucleus--cytoplasm through ER.----cell membrane--
release
Life cycle of viruses in host
• 4) Nucleic acid Synthesis or Replication
• Early gene transcription—translation—enzymes—multiplication DNA.
• Early gene transcription by host enzymes.
• Capsid synthesis cytoplasm.
• Capsid transportation—nucleus—assembly.
• Release of mature virus
• Replication RNA---cytoplasm
• Maturation assembly cytoplasm.
Life cycle of viruses in host
• 5) Maturation release
• First step maturation capsid assembly
• Spontaneous process.
• Envelope acquire during release