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4760-7 Cover 4/18/01 10:45 AM Page 1

If XML can do it, you can do it too . . .

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“The XML Bible provides complete coverage on all XML-related
Now revised and expanded to cover the latest XML technologies and applications, this all-in-one tutorial and
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• Connect documents with XLinks and XPointers languages power of CSS and
and diverse XSL to format
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• Harness XML for site design, vector graphics, Take XML to the
and other real-world applications limit using XLinks,
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• Code for all examples in the book, plus
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• XML authoring tools, including expat, XT, Xalan,
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Mozilla
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 XML
Bible
Second Edition

Praise for Elliotte Rusty Harold’s XML Bible

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 XML
Bible
Second Edition

Elliotte Rusty Harold

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About the Author

Elliotte Rusty Harold is an internationally respected writer, programmer, and edu-
cator both on the Internet and off. He got his start writing FAQ lists for the
Macintosh newsgroups on Usenet and has since branched out into books, Web
sites, and newsletters. He’s an adjunct professor of computer science at
Polytechnic University in Brooklyn, New York. His Cafe con Leche Web site at
http://www.ibiblio.org/xml/ has become one of the most popular indepen-
dent XML sites on the Internet.

Elliotte is originally from New Orleans, to which he returns periodically in search of

a decent bowl of gumbo. However, he currently resides in the Prospect Heights
neighborhood of Brooklyn with his wife, Beth, and cats, Charm (named after the
quark) and Marjorie (named after his mother-in-law). When not writing books, he
enjoys working on genealogy, mathematics, and quantum mechanics. His previous
books include The Java Developer’s Resource, Java Network Programming, Java
Secrets, JavaBeans, XML: Extensible Markup Language, and Java I/O.
For Ma, a great grandmother
Preface
W elcome to the second edition of the XML Bible. When the first edition was
published about two years ago, XML was a promising technology with a
small but growing niche. In the last two years, it has absolutely exploded. XML no
longer needs to be justified as a good idea. In fact, the question developers are ask-
ing has changed from “Why XML?” to “Why not XML?” XML has become the data
format of choice for fields as diverse as stock trading and graphic design. More new
programs today are using XML than aren’t. A solid understanding of just what XML
is and how to use it has become a sine qua non for the computer literate.

The XML Bible is your introduction to the exciting and fast-growing world of XML.
With this book, you’ll learn how to write documents in XML and how to use style
sheets to convert those documents into HTML so that legacy browsers can read
them. You’ll also learn how to use document type definitions (DTDs) to describe
and validate documents. You’ll experience a variety of XML applications in many
domains, ranging from finance to vector graphics to genealogy. And you’ll learn
how to take advantage of XML for your own unique projects, programs, and Web
sites.

Who You Are

Unlike most other XML books on the market, the XML Bible discusses XML from the
perspective of a Web-page author, not from the perspective of a software developer.
I don’t spend a lot of time discussing BNF grammars or parsing element trees.
Instead, I show you how you can use XML and existing tools today to more effi-
ciently produce attractive, exciting, easy-to-use, easy-to-maintain Web sites
that keep your readers coming back for more.

This book is aimed directly at Web-site developers. I assume you want to use XML
to produce Web sites that are difficult to impossible to create with raw HTML. You’ll
be amazed to discover that in conjunction with style sheets and a few free tools,
XML enables you to do things that previously required either custom software cost-
ing hundreds to thousands of dollars per developer, or extensive knowledge of pro-
gramming languages such as Perl. None of the software discussed in this book will
cost you more than a few minutes of download time. None of the tricks require any
programming.

What’s New in the Second Edition

For the second edition, this book was rewritten from the ground up. While I
retained the basic flavor and outline that proved so popular with the first edition,
the writing has been tightened up throughout. I tried to address all common
viii Preface

complaints about the first edition. For instance, the largest examples are now
smaller and easier to digest. Where mistakes or misstatements were found, they
have been corrected. Most important, the text has been brought completely up to
date with the state of the XML world in 2001. Many technologies that were rapidly
changing, bleeding-edge tools in 1999 (XSLT, XSL-FO, XHTML, XLinks, XPointers,
namespaces, etc.), have become the solid rocks on which future XML technologies
are being built. Thus, it is now possible to offer much more comprehensive and
final coverage of these, rather than the somewhat tentative first steps I took in the
first edition.

The world never stands still for long, however. In the two years since the first edi-
tion appeared, new XML technologies have issued forth at a frightening pace. They
are discussed here as well, though often with caveats that the details are still sub-
ject to change. There are several completely new chapters covering many of these
cutting-edge applications, including chapters on:

✦ The Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML)

✦ Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)
✦ Schemas
✦ The Wireless Markup Language (WML)

Even more important than the new chapters are the new sections woven into more
familiar chapters. Although I made every effort to write more concisely in this edi-
tion (My favorite reader comment about the first edition was, “It would seem to me
that if you asked the author to write 10,000 words about the colour blue, he would
be able to do it without breaking into a sweat”), we still ended up with a book 200
pages longer than before, and most of those 200 pages are new material scattered
throughout the book. If you liked the first edition, I can only surmise that you’re
going to like the second edition even more. It is in every way a better, more compre-
hensive, more accurate book. If you didn’t like the first edition, I hope you’ll find the
second more to your taste.

What You Need to Know

XML does build on top of the underlying infrastructure of the Internet and the Web.
Consequently, I will assume you know how to ftp files, send e-mail, and load URLs
into your Web browser of choice. I will also assume you have a reasonable knowl-
edge of HTML at about the level supported by Netscape 1.1. On the other hand,
when I discuss newer aspects of HTML that are not yet in widespread use, such as
Cascading Style Sheets, I discuss them in depth.

To be more specific, in this book I assume that you can:

✦ Write a basic HTML page, including links, images, and text, using a text editor.
✦ Place that page on a Web server.
 Preface ix

On the other hand, I do not assume that you:

✦ Know SGML. In fact, this preface is almost the only place in the entire book
you’ll see the word SGML used. XML is supposed to be simpler and more
widespread than SGML. It can’t be that if you have to learn SGML first.
✦ Are a programmer, whether of Java, Perl, C, or some other language. XML is
a markup language, not a programming language. You don’t need to be a pro-
grammer to write XML documents.

What You’ll Learn

This book has one primary goal: to teach you to write XML documents for the Web.
Fortunately, XML has a decidedly flat learning curve, much like HTML (and unlike
SGML). As you learn a little you can do a little. As you learn a little more, you can do
a little more. Thus the chapters in this book build steadily on one another. They are
meant to be read in sequence. Along the way you’ll learn:

✦ How to author XML documents and deliver them to readers.

✦ How semantic tagging makes XML documents easier to maintain and develop
than their HTML equivalents.
✦ How to post XML documents on Web servers in a form everyone can read.
✦ How to make sure your XML is well formed.
✦ How to use international characters such as and Æ in your documents.
✦ How to validate documents against DTDs and schemas.
✦ How to use entities to build large documents from smaller parts.
✦ How to describe data with attributes.
✦ How to embed non-XML data in your documents.
✦ How to merge different XML vocabularies with namespaces.
✦ How to format your documents with CSS and XSL style sheets.
✦ How to connect documents with XLinks and XPointers.
✦ How to write metadata for Web pages using RDF.

In the final section of this book, you’ll see several practical examples of XML being
used for real-world applications, including:

✦ Web site design

✦ Schemas
✦ Push
✦ Vector graphics
✦ Genealogy
x Preface

How the Book Is Organized

This book is divided into five parts:

I. Introducing XML
II. Document Type Definitions
III. Style Languages
IV. Supplemental Technologies
V. XML Applications

By the time you finish reading this book, you’ll be ready to use XML to create com-
pelling Web pages. The five parts are described below.

Part I: Introducing XML

Part I consists of Chapters 1 through 7. It begins with the history and theory behind
XML and the goals XML is trying to achieve. It shows you how the different pieces
of the XML equation fit together to enable you to create and deliver documents to
readers. You’ll see several compelling examples of XML applications to give you
some idea of the wide applicability of XML, including Scalable Vector Graphics
(SVG), the Resource Description Framework (RDF), the Mathematical Markup
Language (MathML), the Extensible Forms Description Language (XFDL), and many
others. Then you’ll learn by example how to write XML documents with tags that
you define that make sense for your document. You’ll learn how to edit them in a
text editor, attach style sheets to them, and load them into a Web browser such as
Internet Explorer 5.0 or Mozilla. You’ll even learn how you can write XML docu-
ments in languages other than English, even languages that are nothing like English,
such as Chinese, Hebrew, and Russian.

Part II: Document Type Definitions

Part II (Chapters 8 through 13) focuses on document type definitions (DTDs). A
DTD specifies which elements are and are not allowed in an XML document, and the
exact context and structure of those elements. A validating parser can read a docu-
ment, compare it to its DTD, and report any mistakes it finds. DTDs enable docu-
ment authors to ensure that their work meets any necessary criteria.

In Part II, you’ll learn how to attach a DTD to a document, how to validate your doc-
uments against their DTDs, and how to write your own DTDs that solve your own
problems. You’ll learn the syntax for declaring elements, attributes, entities, and
notations. You’ll learn how to use entity declarations and entity references to build
both a document and its DTD from multiple, independent pieces. This enables you
to make long, hard-to-follow documents much simpler by separating them into
related modules and components. You’ll learn how to integrate other forms of data
like raw text and GIF image files in your XML document. And you’ll learn how to use
namespaces to mix together different XML vocabularies in one document.
 Preface xi

Part III: Style Languages

Part III, consisting of Chapters 14 through 18, teaches you everything you need to
know about style sheets. XML markup specifies only what’s in a document. Unlike
HTML, it does not say anything about what that content should look like.
Information about an XML document’s appearance when printed, viewed in a Web
browser, or otherwise displayed is stored in a style sheet. Different style sheets can
be used for the same document. You might, for instance, want to use one style
sheet that specifies small fonts for printing, another one with larger fonts for on-
screen presentation, and a third with absolutely humongous fonts to project the
document on a wall at a seminar. You can change the appearance of an XML docu-
ment by choosing a different style sheet without touching the document itself.

Part III describes in detail the two style sheet languages in broadest use today,
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL). CSS is a
simple style-sheet language originally designed for use with HTML. It applies fixed
style rules to the contents of particular elements. CSS exists in two versions: CSS
Level 1 and CSS Level 2. CSS Level 1 provides basic information about fonts, color,
positioning, and text properties and is reasonably well supported by current Web
browsers for HTML and XML. CSS Level 2 is a more recent standard that adds sup-
port for aural style sheets, user interface styles, international and bidirectional text,
and more.

XSL, by contrast, is a more complicated and more powerful style language that can
apply styles to the contents of elements as well as rearrange elements, add boiler-
plate text, and transform documents in almost arbitrary ways. XSL is divided into
two parts: a transformation language for converting XML trees to alternative trees,
and a formatting language for specifying the appearance of the elements of an XML
tree. Currently, many more tools support the transformation language than the for-
matting language.

Part IV: Supplemental Technologies

Part IV consists of Chapters 19 through 21. It introduces some XML-based lan-
guages and syntaxes that layer on top of basic XML. XLinks provides multidirec-
tional hypertext links that are far more powerful than the simple HTML <A> tag.
XPointers introduce a new syntax you can attach to the end of URLs to link not only
to particular documents but also to particular parts of particular documents. RDF
is an XML application used to embed metadata in XML and HTML documents.
Metadata is information about a document, such as the author, date, and title of a
work, rather than the work itself. All of these can be added to your own XML-based
markup languages to extend their power and utility.

Part V: XML Applications

Part V, which consists of Chapters 22 to 28, shows you several practical uses of
XML in different domains. XHTML is a reformulation of HTML 4.0 as valid XML.
WML is an HTML-like language for serving Web content to cell phones, PDAs,
pagers, and other memory, display, and bandwidth limited devices. Schemas are an
XML-based syntax for describing the permissible content of XML documents that’s
considerably more powerful and extensible than DTDs. Scalable Vector Graphics
xii Preface

(SVG) is a standard XML format for drawings recommended by the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C). The Vector Markup Language (VML) is a Microsoft-proprietary
XML application for vector graphics used by Office 2000 and Internet Explorer 5.0.
Microsoft’s Channel Definition Format (CDF) is an XML-based markup language for
defining channels that can push updated Web-site content to subscribers. Finally, a
completely new application is developed for genealogical data to show you not just
how to use XML tags, but why and when to choose them. Combining all of these dif-
ferent applications, you’ll develop a good sense of how XML applications are
designed, built, and used in the real world.

What You Need

XML is a platform-independent technology. Furthermore, most of the best software
for working with XML is written in Java and can run on multiple platforms. Much of
this is included on the CD in the back of the book or is freely available on the
Internet. To make the best use of this book and XML, you need:

✦ A Web browser that supports XML such as Mozilla, Netscape 6.0, or Opera 5.0.
Internet Explorer 5.0/5.5 also supports XML; but its built-in XML parser,
MSXML, is quite buggy, so you’ll need to upgrade it to MSXML 3.0 or later
before you’ll be able to use many of the techniques in this book.
✦ A Java 1.2 or later virtual machine. (Java 1.1 can do in a pinch.) You’ll just
need it to run programs written in Java. You won’t need to write any programs
to use this book.

How to Use This Book

This book is designed to be read more or less cover to cover. Each chapter builds
on the material in the previous chapters in a fairly predictable fashion. Of course,
you’re always welcome to skim over material that’s already familiar to you. I also
hope you’ll stop along the way to try out some of the examples and to write some
XML documents of your own. It’s important to learn not just by reading, but also by
doing. Before you get started, I’d like to make a couple of notes about grammatical
conventions used in this book.

Unlike HTML, XML is case sensitive. <FATHER> is not the same as <Father> or
<father>. The father element is not the same as the Father element or the
FATHER element. Unfortunately, case-sensitive markup languages have an annoying
habit of conflicting with standard English usage. On rare occasion, this means
that you may encounter sentences that don’t begin with a capital letter. More
commonly, you’ll see capitalization used in the middle of a sentence where you
wouldn’t normally expect it. Please don’t get too bothered by this. All XML and
HTML code used in this book is placed in a monospaced font, so most of the time
it will be obvious from the context what is meant.

I have also adopted the British convention of placing punctuation inside quote
marks only when it belongs with the material quoted. Frankly, although I learned to
write in the American educational system, I find the British system far more logical,
 Preface xiii

especially when dealing with source code where the difference between a comma
or a period and no punctuation at all can make the difference between perfectly
correct and perfectly incorrect code.

What the Icons Mean

Throughout the book, I’ve used icons in the left margin to call your attention to
points that are particularly important.

Note Note icons provide supplemental information about the subject at hand, but gen-
erally something that isn’t quite the main idea. Notes are often used to elaborate
on a detailed technical point.

Tip Tip icons indicate a more efficient way of doing something, or a technique that
may not be obvious.

On the CD-ROM icons tell you that software discussed in the book is available on the
CD-ROM companion CD-ROM. This icon also tells you whether a longer example, dis-
cussed but not included in its entirety in the book, is on the CD-ROM.

Caution Caution icons warn you of a common misconception or that a procedure doesn’t
always work quite like it’s supposed to. The most common reason for a Caution
icon in this book is to point out the difference between what a specification says
should happen and what actually does.

Cross- The Cross-Reference icon refers you to other chapters that have more to say about
Reference a particular subject.

About the Companion CD-ROM

Inside the back cover of this book is a CD-ROM that holds all numbered code list-
ings from this book as well as some longer examples that couldn’t fit into this book.
The CD-ROM also contains the complete text of various XML specifications in XML
and HTML. (Some of the specifications are also available in other formats like PDF.)
Finally, you will find an assortment of useful software for working with XML docu-
ments. Many (though not all) of these programs are written in Java, so they’ll run
on any system with a reasonably compatible Java 1.1 or later virtual machine. Most
of the programs that aren’t written in Java are designed for Windows 95 or later,
though there are also a few programs for Mac and Linux readers.

For a complete description of the CD-ROM contents, please read Appendix A. In

addition, to get a complete description of what is on the CD-ROM, you can load the
file index.html onto your Web browser. The files on the companion CD-ROM are not
compressed, so you can access them directly from the CD.
xiv Preface

Reach Out
Hungry Minds and I want your feedback. After you have had a chance to use this
book, please take a moment to send us an e-mail at [email protected].
Be sure to include the title of this book in your e-mail. Please be honest in your
evaluation. If you thought a particular chapter didn’t tell you enough, let me know.
Of course, I would prefer to receive comments like: “This is the best book I’ve ever
read,” “Thanks to this book, my Web site won Cool Site of the Year,” or “Because I
was reading this book on the beach, I met a stunning swimsuit model who thought I
was the hottest thing on feet,” but I’ll take any comments I can get.

Feel free to send me specific questions regarding the material in this book. I’ll do
my best to help you out and answer your questions, but I can’t guarantee a reply.
The best way to reach me is by e-mail:

[email protected]

Also, I invite you to visit my Cafe con Leche Web site at http://www.ibiblio.
org/xml/, which contains a lot of XML-related material and is updated almost
daily. Despite my persistent efforts to make this book perfect, some errors have
doubtless slipped by. Even more certainly, some of the material discussed here
will change over time. I’ll post any necessary updates and errata on my Web site at
http://www.ibiblio.org/xml/books/bible/. Please let me know via e-mail of
any errors that you find that aren’t already listed.

Elliotte Rusty Harold

[email protected]

http://www.ibiblio.org/xml/

New York City, April 7, 2001

Acknowledgments
T he folks at Hungry Minds have all been great. The acquisitions editors, John
Osborn on the first edition and Grace Buechlein on this edition, deserve spe-
cial thanks for arranging the unusual scheduling this book required to hit the mov-
ing target that XML presents, as well for putting up with multiple missed deadlines.
I’ll do better on the third edition guys, I promise! Sharon Nash shepherded this
book through the development process. With poise and grace, she managed the
constantly shifting outline and schedule that a book based on unstable specifica-
tions and software requires. Terri Varveris edited the first edition. Without her,
there could never have been a second edition.

Steven Champeon brought his SGML experience to the book, and provided many
insightful comments on the text. My brother Thomas Harold put his command
of chemistry at my disposal when I was trying to grasp the Chemical Markup
Language. Carroll Bellau provided me with the parts of my family tree you’ll find in
Chapter 20. Piroz Mohseni and Heather Williamson served as technical editors on
the first edition and corrected many of my errors. Heather Williamson also wrote
parts of the CSS, Namespaces, and VML chapters for the first edition. WandaJane
Phillips wrote the original version of Chapter 27 on CDF that is adapted here.

I also greatly appreciate all the comments, questions, and corrections sent in by
readers of the first edition and XML: Extensible Markup Language. I hope that I’ve
managed to address most of those comments in this book. They’ve definitely
helped make the XML Bible a better book. Particular thanks are due to Michael
Dyck, Alan Esenther, and Donald Lancon Jr. for their especially detailed comments.

The agenting talents of David and Sherry Rogelberg of the Studio B Literary Agency
(http://www.studiob.com/) have made it possible for me to write more or less
full-time. I recommend them highly to anyone thinking about writing computer
books. And as always, thanks go to my wife, Beth, for her endless love and
understanding.
Contents at a Glance
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Part I: Introducing XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 1: An Eagle’s Eye View of XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2: XML Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chapter 3: Your First XML Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Chapter 4: Structuring Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Chapter 5: Attributes, Empty Tags, and XSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Chapter 6: Well-formedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Chapter 7: Foreign Languages and Non-Roman Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Part II: Document Type Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Chapter 8: DTDs and Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Chapter 9: Element Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Chapter 10: Entity Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Chapter 11: Attribute Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Chapter 12: Unparsed Entities, Notations, and Non-XML Data . . . . . . . . . . 317
Chapter 13: Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Part III: Style Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Chapter 14: CSS Style Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Chapter 15: CSS Layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Chapter 16: CSS Text Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Chapter 17: XSL Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Chapter 18: XSL Formatting Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Part IV: Supplemental Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

Chapter 19: XLinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Chapter 20: XPointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Chapter 21: The Resource Description Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Part V: XML Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Chapter 22: XHTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Chapter 23: The Wireless Markup Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
Chapter 24: Schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Chapter 25: Scalable Vector Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Chapter 26: The Vector Markup Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
Chapter 27: The Channel Definition Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
Chapter 28: Designing a New XML Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995

Appendix A: What’s on the CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

Appendix B: XML Reference Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
Appendix C: The XML 1.0 Specification, Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153
End-User Licence Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212
CD-ROM Installation Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214
 Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Part I: Introducing XML 1

Chapter 1: An Eagle’s Eye View of XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
What Is XML? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
XML is a meta-markup language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
XML describes structure and semantics, not formatting . . . . . . . . 5
Why Are Developers Excited About XML? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Design of field-specific markup languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Self-describing data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Interchange of data among applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Structured and integrated data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The Life of an XML Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Parsers and processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Browsers and other applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The process summarized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Related Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Cascading Style Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Extensible Stylesheet Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
URLs and URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
XLinks and XPointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
The Unicode character set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Putting the pieces together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Chapter 2: XML Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

XML Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chemical Markup Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Mathematical Markup Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Channel Definition Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Classic literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
HTML+TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Open Software Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Scalable Vector Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Vector Markup Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
xx Contents

MusicML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
VoiceXML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Open Financial Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Extensible Forms Description Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
HR-XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Resource Description Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
XML for XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
XSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
XLinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Behind-the-Scene Uses of XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Microsoft Office 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Netscape’s What’s Related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Chapter 3: Your First XML Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Hello XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Creating a simple XML document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Saving the XML file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Loading the XML file into a Web browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Exploring the Simple XML Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Assigning Meaning to XML Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Writing a Style Sheet for an XML Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Attaching a Style Sheet to an XML Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Chpater 4: Structuring Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Examining the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Batters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Pitchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Organization of the XML data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
XMLizing the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Starting the document: XML declaration and root element . . . . . . 70
XMLizing league, division, and team data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
XMLizing player data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
XMLizing player statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Putting the XML document back together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
The Advantages of the XML Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Preparing a Style Sheet for Document Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Linking to a style sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Assigning style rules to the root element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Assigning style rules to titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Assigning style rules to player and statistics elements . . . . . . . . . 94
Summing up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Chapter 5: Attributes, Empty Tags, and XSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Attributes versus Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Structured metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Meta-metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
 Contents xxi

What’s your metadata is someone else’s data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Elements are more extensible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Good times to use attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Empty Elements and Empty Element Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
XSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
XSLT templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
The body of the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
The title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Leagues, divisions, and teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Separation of pitchers and batters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Element contents and the select attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
CSS or XSL? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Chapter 6: Well-formedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Well-Formedness Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
XML Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
The XML declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
A document must have exactly one root element that completely
contains all other elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Text in XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Elements and Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Element names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Every start tag must have a corresponding end tag . . . . . . . . . . 149
Empty element tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Elements may nest but may not overlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Attribute names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Attribute values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Entity References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Processing Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
CDATA Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Well-Formed HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Rules for HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Chapter 7: Foreign Languages and Non-Roman Text . . . . . . . . . 175

Non-Roman Scripts on the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Scripts, Character Sets, Fonts, and Glyphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
A character set for the script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
A font for the character set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
An input method for the character set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Operating system and application software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Legacy Character Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
The ASCII character set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
The ISO character sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
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