PPG REVIEWER
LESSON 1
EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT, RELATIONSHIP AND IMPORTANCE OF POLITICS, GOVERNANCE AND GOVERNMENT
POLITICS
The science of the government
It includes the decision-making process in any group that makes and enforces rules for
its members.
HEYWOOD (2013)
Politics is an activity that involves the interaction of people
Who relationship is characterized by conflict and cooperation
Who come together to solve such disagreements through binding solutions.
POLITICAL CONFLICTS
There are different views in Politics (Agree &Disagree)
TASK OF POLITICAL SCIENTISTS
To consider how people resolve these disagreements
HOW CAN WE STUDY POLITICS?
Studying politics entails using different approaches or perspectives.
Through political science, array of; theoretical Perspectives, variety of analytic frameworks. EX: Marxism, Feminis, etc.
In the Philippines,
Politics can be studied through the exercise of power by political leaders,and the effectiveness of government institutions, etc.
POLITICS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER DISCIPLINES
Politics &History (Tracing the past -Political History)
Politics & Economics (Economic Policy Making)
Politics & Sociology (Social Institutions)
Politics & Anthropology (Political Leadership)
Politics &Psychology (Behavior and Actions)
Politics & Geography (Geopolitics -Location,Territory,and Resources)
Politics and Law (Exercise of Political Authority)
GOVERNMENT
Refers to the governing body where it is the instrument of the state through which the will of the people is expressed,carried out,and formulated.
Includes the persons and organizations that make,enforce,and apply political decisions for a society.
An institution,it is them who concretizes the policies and addresses the problems of the state.
GOVERNANCE
It pertains to the administrative action of sovereign authority
The exercise of authoritative direction or control over a particular political unit or organization, including the implementation of policies and the
monitoring or its jurisdiction.
Defined as the exercise of power or authority by political leaders
To govern should now mean to facilitate or regulate, not to dominate or command.
WHY STUDY POLITICS?
(1)It helps you to know your rights
(2)It clarifies what you believe
(3)It helps you understand the affairs of our nation
(4)It prepares you for adult life.
WHY SHOULD YOU CARE ABOUT POLITICS?
(1)You should always know what is going on around you.
(2)You should have a say in what will happen.
(3)The decisions people make will affect many lives.
LESSON 3 P1
POWER, NATURE, DIMENSONS, TYPE, AND CONSEQUENCES
Type of Power
01-Defining Power
02-Power as Thought Control
03-Type of Power
04-Consequences of Power
DEFINING POWER
Ability to achieve a desired outcome and is sometimes seen as the "power to" do something. Heywood(2007)
He further explained that in the context of politics and governance
power is usually thought of as a relationship: the ability to influence the behaviour of others, and the ability to punish or reward.
POWER
Is the capability to control and influence people's behavior
It can be perceived as good or bad, just or unjust, and its exercise is accepted and acknowledged
Expressed as Upward, where the leader or superior influences the members or subordinates
Expressed as Downward, where the members or subordinates influence the decisions of their leader or superior
POWER MAY BE USED THROUGH:
1. INFLUENCE
The power to change or affect someone or something
The power to cause changes without directly forcing them to happen and a person or thing that affects someone or something in an important way.
2. AUTHORITY LEGITIMACY
Authority is the power to give orders or make decisions
The power or right to direct or control someone or something.
Legitimacy means conformity to the law or to rules. It is the acceptance of the government by the governed
Legitimacy is a product of power.
SOVEREIGNTY
Sovereignty is the highest exercise of political power
It is the supreme(unlimited power) and ultimate authority that cannot be overruled by a higher power.
Sovereignty is exercised by government
DIMENSIONS OF THE POWER
1. ONE-DIMENSIONAL VIEW OF POWER
the issue method.
Focuses only on behavior in decision making
Often,these can be observed through political participation and action.
2. TWO-DIMENSIONAL VIEW OF POWER
Setting the agenda.
A person or group has power when that person or group consciously or unconsciously creates or reinforces barriers to the public airing of policy
conflict.
Determining the agenda is an important source of power
3. THREE-DIMENSIONAL VIEW OF POWER
manipulating the view of others.
It is the set of ways in which the powerful transforms the powerless in such a way that the latter behaves as the former wishes, even without coerced.
This is what Lukes termed as "power of domination.”
Dimensions or Faces of Power
Power is exercised by members of society. These are called dimensions or faces of power:
1. Power as Decision-Making
2. Power as Agenda Setting
3. Power as Thought Control.
Power as Decision-Making
This face of power consists of conscious actions that in some way influence the content of decisions.
Identifying who has power is done by analyzing decisions
The powerful are able to get what they want and make others believe the way they wanted then to.
Decisions can be influenced in a variety of ways distinguished between the use force or intimidation productive exchanges involving mutual gain (the
deal), and the creation of obligations, loyalty and commitment (the kiss).
Power as Agenda Setting
The second face of power is the ability to prevent decisions being made: that is, in effect,'non-decision- making'.
Involves the ability to set or control the political agenda
Preventing issues or proposals from being aired in the first place.
Power as Thought Control
The third face of power is the ability to influence another by shaping what he or she thinks,wants,or need.
This is power expressed as ideological indoctrination or psychological control.
In political life, the exercise of the from of power is seen in the use of propaganda and, more generally, in the impact of ideology.
PPG LESSON P2
TYPES OF POWER
REWARD POWER
Persons who are in power are able to give out rewards.
Often, these rewards are in the form of promotions, added benefits, salary increase, training opportunities, or compliments.
This form of power is based on the thought that people are more inclined to do things well when they are getting something in return.
COERCIVE POWER
This form of power is based upon the idea of compulsion, which means that someone is forced to do something against their will.
Coercion is applied when the boss (for example) wants his/her employee to comply.
This form of power leads to problems because this is often abused. Moreover, it can lead to unhealthy behavior and dissatisfaction at work.
LEGITIMATE POWER
This power gives the elected, selected, or appointed position of authority the ability to administer to other people a certain feeling of obligation or
notion of responsibility.
Leaders can reward or punish their subordinates based on their actions.
Disadvantage: Whenever the leaders lose their title, they also lose their power to persuade or influence their subordinates.
INFORMATIONAL POWER
Power that comes from access to and control over information.
Information is a form of influence and social power by providing information to a person resulting them to think and act in different way
EXPERT POWER
Influence based on special skills or knowledge.
Referent Power influenced based on possession by an individual of desirable resources or personal traits.
REFERENT POWER
Leaders in this form of power are often seen as role models and their power is often treated with admiration or charm.
They are highly liked and people identify strongly with them in some way
TYPES OF POWER ACCORDING TO FRENCH AND RAVEN(1959).
POWER TAXONOMY
TYPES OF POWER DESCRIPTION
The target person complies
REWARD POWER in order to obtain rewards
he or she believes are
controlled by the agent.
The target person complies
in order punishments he or
she believes arecontrolled
COERCIVE POWER by the agent.
The target person complies
because he or she believes
the agent has the right to
LEGIMATE POWER make the request and the
target person has the
obligation to comply.
EXPERT POWER The target person complies
because he or she believes
that the agent has special
knowledge about the best
way to do something
REFERENT POWER The target person
complies because he or
she admires or identifies
with the agent and wants
to gain the agents
approval.
CONSEQUENCES OF POWER
There are three consequences of power compliance, consequences, and resistance.
He further stressed that employing certain type of power in particular ways may result into these consequences.
COMPLIANCE
Means readiness or act of agreeing to do something.
The two types of power most likely to cause Compliance are: legitimate or position power and reward power.
Compliance with the order may occur if it is perceived to be within the leader scope of authority
Compliance is most likely to happen if the reward is something valued by theterget person.
COMMITMENT
Is an even more desirable outcome because of the trust and emotional pledge that it cause.
It is perceived as loyalty or a sense of dedication or devotion.
Most likely to be the consequences when the power used are referent and expert.
The common way to exercise referent power is merely to ask someone with who has a friendship to do something
Expert power may result to commitment if the leader presents logical arguments and supporting evidence
Commitment is a very unlikely consequences if coercive power is employed.
RESISTANCE
Means to refuse or to appose.
It is the most likely outcome when coercive power is used in a hostile or manipulative way.
It is best to use coercion power in preventing behavior that is harmful to the society and well-being of the people such as illegal and violent activities.
