General Principles of Extraction of Metals 193

temperatures upto about 1750°C, bauxite upto 1800°C, 2200°C, Some carbides such as silicon carbide is used as
alumina upto 2000°C and magnesite, chromite, etc., upto refractory for special purposes.

MINERAL RESOURCES OF INDIA

Mineral resources of a country determine the economic for the development of aluminium industry in India.
position of the country. The country which is rich in mineral 4. Copper: The known copper ore deposits in India are
resources is definitely a prosperous country. India has large meagre. Almost all the present production of copper ore
mineral resources but not too large in view of the country's comes from Singhbhum and Hazaribagh districts of
huge size and population. India has abundant reserves of . Jharkhand and Khetri of Rajasthan,
coal, mica ore, manganese ore, iron ore, aluminium ore, 5. Gold: India has very meagre gold reserves. The only
titanium ore, etc., but particularly poor in non-ferrous metals. gold mine is at Kolar in Karnataka state. If is one of the
A short description of the important metals found in India deepest mines of the world.
is given here.
6. Chromium: Chromite (FeO Cr203) is the chief ore of
1. Iron: India contains some of the world's largest chromium. It is mainly found in Orissa, Jharkhand,
reserves of iron ore, mainly. haematite and magnetite. Mysore and Maharashtra.
India holds the sixth position regarding the production
7. Barium: Barytes is the main ore of barium. !tis mainly
of iron ore in the world. Large deposits have been
found in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.
reported in Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh,
Kamataka, Andhra Pradesh and Goa. The states of 8. Lead and Zinc: India has no important deposits of
Orissa and Jharkhand [Singhbhum Oharkhand); lead and zinc ores. Recently lead and zinc ores have been
Keonjhar, Sonai and Mayurbhanj (Orissa)] produce over found at Zawar mines near Udaipur and at Hazaribagh
75% of the total iron ore produced in India. The Oharkhand). Zawar deposits contain 8-10% Zn and 5%
important steel plants are located at Bhilai, Durgapur, lead.
Rourkela, Jamshedpur, Bhadravati and Bumpur. 9. Calcium: The sulphate ore of calcium (gypsum) is
2. Manganese : India possesses large reserves of mainly found in Rajasthan. Limestone and marble
manganese ore mainly pyrolusite (Mn02)' India holds (calcium carbonate) are found in large amounts in
the fourth position in the production of manganese ore almost all the states of India.
in the world. Orissa is the leading producer followed 10. Titanium: The principal ore of titanium is ilmenite. It
by Kamataka, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. is mainly found in the eastern and western coasts of
3. Aluminium : India is rich in bauxite reserVes. India.
Workable deposits are found in Jharkhand, Madhya 11. Thorium: Beach sands of Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kamataka, Orissa contain a useful mineral monazite which is used for the
and Gujarat. The availability of cheap power is a must extraction of thorium and rare-earths.

Problem 1. What are four most abundant elements in Problem 3. Why do metal sulphides occur mainly in rocks
earth's crust? Arrange them in decreasing abundance. and metal halides in lakes and seas?
Solution: Solution:
Oxygen, silicon, aluminium and iron are the most Metal sulphides are insoluble in water while metal
abundant elements in the earth's crust. The abundance order chlorides are soluble in water. Thus, chlorides get dissolved
is: in rain water and washed away to lakes and seas.
0> Si > Al > Fe Problem 4. What is the role of depressant in froth floatation
Problem 2. In general which metal do you expect to occur in process?
the native state in nature? Give examples. Solution:
Solution: The depressants help in the separation of two sulphide
The metals which are below hydrogen in the electro- ores. For example, in case of an ore containing PbS (Galena)
chemical series, i.e., which are less electropositive metals can and ZnS (Zinc blend e), the depressant is NaCN. It prevents
occur in native state in nature. These metals are not readily znS from coming to the froth but allows PbS to corne with
attacked by oxygen, moisture, carbon dioxide, etc. Examples froth in the froth floatation process. ZnS forms a soluble
are: Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, etc. complex with NaCN.
194 G.R.B. Inorganic Chemistry for Competitions

(c) It removes CO2 from a carbonate ore.

ZnS+4NaCN ---7 Na2Zn(CN)4 +Na2S
Sodium tetracyanozincate (II) CaC03 ---7 CaO + CO2
Problem 5. What is the significance of leaching m the CuC03· Cu(OH)z ---7 2CuO + CO2 + H 20
extraction of aluminium? This process is generally done in a reverberatory furnace.
Solution: This process makes the ore porous.
The bauxite ore is always associated with silica, iron Roasting is a process in which the ore (usually the
oxide and titanium oxide as impurities. These impurities are sulphide ore) is heated strongly in the presence of excess
removed by the process of leaching. The powdered bauxite of air. The heating should be done at a temperature below
ore is heated with 45% solution of NaOH at 473-523 K the melting point of the ore. The ore is heated alone or
Alumina and silica dissolve while Fe203 and Ti02 remain mixed with some other materials. The process does the
insoluble. These are filtered off and solution is neutralised following things.
with CO2 and freshly precipitated Al(OHh is added when (a) It dries the ore.
hydrated alumina separates out. The sodium silicate remains (b) The volatile impurities like CO2, 502 organic matter,
in solution. Hydrated alumina is separated and dried. This moisture are all driven out.
gives pure alumina on heating strongly. (c) The ore is converted into oxide.
. 473-523 K 2ZnS + 302 ---7 2ZnO + 2502
Al203 ·2H20+2NaOH+H20 )2Na[Al(OH)41
Bauxite Sod. aluminate 2HgS + 302 ---7 2HgO + 2S02
Si02 + 2NaOH ---7 Na2Si03 Sometimes sulphide ore is converted into sulphate.
Sod. silicate
PbS + 202 ---7 PbS04
2Na[Al(0H)41 + 2C02---7 Al20 3·2H20 + 2NaHC03 + H 20
(d) The sulphide ore is converted into chloride.
1473 K .
Al20 3·2H20 ) Al20 3 + 2H20 Ag2S + 2NaCl ---7 2AgCI + Na2S
Problem 6. Which of the ores can be concentrated by . Problem 8. Why is the reduction of a metal oxide easier if
magnetic separation? the metal formed is in liquid state at the temperature of
Solution: reduction?
The ores in which one of the components either the actual Solution: .
ore or the impurity is magnetic in nature can be concentrated The entropy of a substance is higher in liquid state than
by magnetic separation. For example, ores of iron such as in solid state. In the reduction of a metal oxide, the entropy
haematite, magnetite, siderite, etc., can be concentrated by change (AS) will be +ve if the metal formed is in liquid state.
magnetic separation. Thus, the value of AGO becomes negative and reduction
Problem 7. Differentiate between occurs easily.
(i) Minerals and ores . Problem 9. Out of C and CO which is a better reducing agent
(ii) Roasting and calcination. at 673K?
Solution: Solution:
(0 The natural 'substances in which metals occur in the When carbon acts as a reducing agent, it is either converted
earth are called minerals. The mineral has a definite into CO or C02 or both.
composition. It may be a single compound or a complex
. 2C + O 2 ---7 2CO
mixture. It is usually associated with a number of impurities.
The minerals from which the metals can be conveniently C + 02 ---7 C02
and economically extracted are known as ores.
CO is oxidised to C02 when it is used as a reducing agent.
Thus, all ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores.
For example, iron is found in the nature as oxides, 2CO + 02 ---7 2C02
carbonate and sulphides. Out of these minerals, the oxides
From the Ellingham diagram, it is clear that at the
of iron such as haemafite, magnetite, etc., are used for
temperature 673 K, the ACO of the.formation of C02 from CO
extraction. Therefore, oxides of iron are the ores of iron.
is more negative than the formation of CO or CO2 from
(ii) Calcination is a process in which the ore is heated
carbon. Hence, at temperature 673 K, CO is a better reducing
below its fusion temperature in absence of air. The process
agent than C.
does the following things:
(a) It removes the volatile impurities like COg S02 organic o.Problem 10. Out of C and CO, which is a better reducing
matter, moisture from the ore. agent for 2nD?
(b) It removes water from hydrated oxide ore. Solution:
From the Ellingham diagram, it is clear that the free
AlzO:r 2H20 ---7 Al20 3 + 2H20
energy of formation of CO from C is lower at temperatures
. 2Fe203·3H:{) ~ 2Fe203 + 3H20 above 1120 K while that of CO 2 from carbon is lower above
General Principles of Extraction of Metals 195

1323 K than free energy of formation of ZnO. However, the Thus, thermodynamic factor helps in choosing a
free energy of formation of CO2 from CO is always suitable reducing agent for the reduction of a particular metal
higher than that of ZnO. Hence, C is a better reducing agent oxide.
ofZnO. • Problem 12. (i) Suggest a condition under which magne-
Problem 11. The choice of a reducing agent in a particular sium could reduce alumina.
case depends on thermodynamic factor. How far do you agree with (ii) Predict condition under which At might be expected to
this statement? Support your opinion with two examples. reduce MgO.
Solution: Solution:
From the Ellingham diagram, it is evident that any metal (i) l'lG of formation of Al20 Sat temperatures below 1665 K
oxide with lower l'lG' is more stable than the metal oxide with is less negative than l'lG of formation of MgO.Thus, below
higher l'lGo, ThisAmplies that the metal oxidE' F!uced lower 1665 K magnesium can reduce Al20 S to AI.
in the diagram cannot be reduced by the metal involved in (ii) The temperature of intersection of the Al ~ Al20 S
the formation of the oxide placed higher in the diagram. and Mg ~ MgO curves in the Ellingham diagram is 1665
However, reverse can readily take place. Thus, AhOs cannot K. Above this temperature, l'lG of formation of Al20 Sis more
be reduced by Cr. However, chromium oxide can be reduced
negative than l'lG of formation of MgO. Thus, above 1665 K
by AI.
aluminium can reduce MgO into Mg.
At temperature 1773 K, the change in free energy for the
formation of Al20s and Cr20S is given below: Problem 13. Copper can be extracted by hydrometallurgy but
not zinc. Explain.
2Al + ~ 02 ~ AI20 S; . l'lG = -900 kJ morl '" (i)
Solution:
· 3 1 Copper is comparatively less active metal as its reduction
2Cr + 2: O2 ~ Cr20S; l'lG = -SOO kJ mol- .,. (ii)
The reaction for the reduction of Al20S with Cr may be potential, i.e., Eo(Cu2+ICu) is high (+ 0.34 V). It can be
obtained by subtracting eq. (i) from eq. (ii). displaced from solutions of Cu2+ ions by more active metals
Al20S + 2Cr ~ Cr20S + 2Al; l'lG = 400 kJ mol-1 which have fO values lower than copper. For example, EO of
This reaction is thermodynamically not feasible since l'lG zinc (Zn2+ IZn) is -0.76 V and thus, zinc can displace copper
has +ve value. from solutions of Cu2+ ions.
The reaction for the reduction of Cr20S with Al may be In contrast to displace zinc from solutions of Zn2+ ions a
obtained by subtracting eq. (ii) from eq. (i). more reactive metal than it is required. But, the more activp.
Cr20S + 2Al ~ Al20 S + 2Cr; l'lG = -400 kJ mol-1 metals readily react with water forming their corresponding
This reaction is feasible since l'lG has negative value. ions and evolve hydrogen gas. Thus, it is difficult to displace
Similarly, both Al and Zn can reduce FeO to Fe but Fe cannot zinc from solutions of Zn2+ ions. Hence, copper can be
reduce Al20 s or ZnO. extracted by hydrometallurgy but not zinc.

'i SUMMARY AND IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER n

1. The most abundant element in the earth's crust is oxygen. (b) Sulphurised or arsenical ores : The examples are:
Next to oxygen is the element silicon. Galena (PbS); Zinc blende (ZnS); Cinnabar (HgS);
2. The most abundant metal in the earth's crust is aluminium. Argentite (Ag2S); Copper pyrite (CuFeS:2); Kupfer nickel
3. The most abundant transition metal in the earth's crust is (NiAs).
iron. (c) Oxidised ores : Metals are present as oxides or
4. About 88 elements are naturally occurring while the oxysalts. The examples are : Haematite (Fe2O'3); Bauxite
remaining have been synthesized. The earth's crust is the (AI2O'3·2H2O'); Tinstone (Sn02); Rutile (riO'2); ancite
biggest source of metals. Metals occur in nature sometimes (ZnO'); Limestone (CaC~); Dolomite (CaCO'3· MgCO'3 );
free (native state) but mostly in the combined state.The Malachite [CuCO'3 · Cu(O'Hhl; Calamine (ZnCO'3); Chile
natural substances in which the metals or their compounds saltpetre (NaNO' 3); Gypsum (Ca50 4, 21120'); Barytes
occur in the earth are called minerals. The minerals from (Ba504); Beryl (3BeO'· Al20:,· 6SiO'2).
which the metal can be conveniently and economically (d) Halide ores: Examples are : Comlllon salt (NaCI);
extracted are called ores. Ores may be divided into four Carnallite (KCI·MgCI2·6H2O'), Fluorspar (CaF2)'
groups: 5. .The .whole process of obtaining a pure metal from one o{
(a) Native ores: Metals present in free state associated its ores is known as metallurgy. Metallurgy of a metal
1i\Tith rock or alluvial materials such as gold, platinum, involves three main operations: •
silver, etc. Sometimes lumps of pure metals are found. (a) Concentration or dressing of the ore (b) Isolation of crude
These are termed nuggets. metals (c) Purification or refining.
196 G.R.B. Inorganic Chemistry for Competitions

6; The undesired impurities such as sand, clay, rocks, etc., (i) Smelting : The process of extracting a metal by.
associated with the ore .are called gangue or matrix. The heating the metal oxide with a suitable reducing
removal of these impurities from the ores is known as agent such as C, Hz, CO, water gas, Na, K, Mg, Al,
concentration or dressing of ores. The concentration is done etc., at high temperature is called smelting. The
in a number of ways depending upon the nature of process, in general, is termed pyrometallurgy.
impurities. It is applicable especially for the extraction of less
(a) The process of removing the lighter particles of sand, electropositive metals such as Fe, Zn, Pb, Sn, etc.,
clay, etc., by washing with water either using Wilfley carbon, carbon monoxide and aluminium are
table or Hydraulic classifier is called levigation or generally used as reducing agents.
gravity separation. The term smelting is applied when coke or carbon
The oxide ores of iron (haematite) and tin (cassiterite is used as a reducing agent. The ore is mixed with
or tinstone) and native ores of Ag, Au, etc., are concen- a suitable quantity of. coke or charcoal (acts as a
trated by this process. reducing agent) and heated to a high temperature
(b) Electromagnetic separation methLd .is applied when above its melting point. An additional reagent is
either the ore or the impurities are magnetic in nature. usually added to the concentrated ore to remove if
Chromite ore (magnetic) is separated from non- still impurities are present. This additional reagent
magnetic silicious impurities. Wolframite (FeW04), a is called flux. Flux combines with impurities and
magnetic ore is separated from non-magnetic Qre, forms a fusible slag. The selection of flux depends
cassiterite (Sn02), by this method. on the nature of impurities. If impurities are acidic,
(c) Froth floatation process is used for the concentration of basic flux such as CaO is used while acidic flux such
sulphide ores. This process is based on the preferential as silica is used. if the impurities are basic. The
wetting of ore particles by oil (pine oil) and gangue process is carried out in a blast furnace.
particles by water. Zinc blende, copper pyrites, galena, (ii) Goldschmidt aluminothermic process-Reduction
etc., are concentrated by this process. by aluminium: This process is used in the case
(d) Leaching involves the treatment of the ore with' a of those metals which have very high melting
suitable reagent to make it soluble wpile impurities points and are to be extracted from their oxides. A
remain insoluble. The ore or the metal is recovered from mixture of metal oxide and aluminium powder,
the solution by a suitable chemical method. COrru:i1only called' as thermite, is' taken in a steel
For example, bauxite is digested with aqueous solution crucible placed in a bed of sand. The reaction is
of NaOH, when Al20 3 dissolves forming sodium meta started by the use of an ignition mixture containing
aluminate (NaAl02) while impurities such as Fez03' magnesium powder and barium peroxide.
TiOz and silica remain insoluble. Pure alumina is (iii) Auto or Self reduction process: .The sulphide ores
recovered from the filtrate. of less electropositive metals like Hg, Pb, Cu, etc.,
Native ores of Ag and Au are treated with aqueous are heated in air as to convert part of the ore into
dilute solution of NaCN in presence of oxygen. The Ag oxide or sulphate which then reacts with the
and. Au particles get dissolved forming. complex remaining sulphide ore to give the metal and S02.
cyanides. Ag or Au is recovered from the solution by No external reducing agent is used in this process.
addition of electropositive metal, Zn. (iv) Electrolytic reduction : The highly electro-
7. Extraction of crude metals: Metals are usually extracted positive metals such as alkali metals, alkaline earth
by reduction. Thus, the concentrated ore is converted into a metals, AI, etc., are extracted by the electrolysis of
form which is suitable for reduction. Oxides are easier to hydroxides, chlorides or oxides in the fused state.
reduce. Therefore, the extraction involves the following two Sometimes, a small amount of some other salt is
steps: added to decreases the fusion temperature or to
(a) Conversion of the ore into metallic oxide. increase the. conductivity or both. The metal is
(b) Reduction of metallic oxide. liberated at the cathode.
(a) Two methods are used for conversion into oxides. (v) Hydrometallurgy: Certain metals such as silver
0) Calcination involves heating of the ore below its and gold are extracted by dissolving the
fusion temperature in absence of air. This step concentrated ore in some suitable reagent and then
expels organic matter and moisture from the ores. recovering the metal from the solution by
Carbonates may be decomposed. treatment with some more electropositive metal.
(ii) Roasting involves heating. of the ore either alone 8. Thermodynamic principles : The. basic concepts of
or with some other material in presence of oxygen thermodynamics are quite helpful in selecting a suitable
(air) below its fusion temperature. This process is reducing agent for a particular oxide. In the oxidation
generally done in a reverberatory furnace. Non- reduction reaction, the Gibbs free energy change should be
metallic impurities are removed as their volatile negative at an appropriate temperature.
oxides. The ores such as sulphides are simulta- ilGO ilW - Tt.S
neously converted into corresponding oxides either
partially or completely. The concept is graphically displayed in plots of ilGo vs T
(b) Reduction of the oxide to the free metal is done by a (Ellingham diagram). Any metal oxide with lower value of
suitable reducing agent. The following methods can be ilGo is more stable than metal oxide with higher t.Go. This
applied. implies that metal oxide placed higher in the diagram can
General Principles of Extraction of Metals 197
be reduced by the metal involved in the formation of the volatile nickel carbonyl is formed. The carbonyl is
oxide placed lower in the diagram. This concept is applied subjected to 450-470 K, when it decomposes giving pure
in the extraction of Fe, Zn and Cu. nickel.
9. The concept of electrode potential is useful in the isolation Impure + CO 330-350 K) NiC0 4 450-470 K) Ni +4CO
of the metals either by electrolysis· or by displacing one nickel Volatile
metal by other in the solution. The sum of the E" of two
redox couples should be positive so that Gibbs energy
change is negative. (i) Chromatographic methods: It is based on selective
6.GO == -nFEO distribution of various constituents of a mixture
between two phases, a stationary phase and a moving
The process of extraction of metals by electrolysis of their phase. The stationary phase can be either solid or tightly
fused salts is called electrometallurgy. In electrolysis, bound liqui(1 on a solid support. The moving phase may
electrons act as reducing agent at cathode. One example of be a liquid or a gas. Different types of chromatographic
the electrometallurgy is the extraction ·of aluminium metal methods have been developed. The most common are :
from bauxite ore.
10. Third operation : Purification or refining : The process of
(a) Column chromatography,
purifying impure metals is called refining. (b) Thin layer chromatography,
(a) Liquation process : The process is based on the (c) Paper chromatography,
difference in fusibility of the metal and impurities. When (d) Gas chromatography, etc.
the impurities are less fusible than the metal itself, this Column chromatography is the simplest method. This
process is used: The impure metal such as Bi, Sn, Pb, is based on adsorption phenomenon. The extent of
Hg, etc., is placed on the sloping hearth of a furnace and adsorption of various constituents present in the mixture
gently heated. The metal melts and flows down. liquid (moving phase) varies with a given adsorbent
(b) Distillation: The process is used for those metals which (stationary phase). The common adsorbents used are
are volatile. The impure metal is heated and the vapours alumina, silica gel, magnesium oxide, active animal
are separately condensed in a receiver. This is used for charcoal, etc.
the purification of Zn, Cd, Hg, etc. It involves the following steps:
(c) Cupellation: The impure metal is heated in cupel or
(a) Preparation of adsorption column
oval shaped crucible made of bone ash or cement and a
(b) Adsorption
blast of air is passed over the molten mass. The
impurities are oxidised and removed with the blast of (c) Elution of components and recovery.
air. Impurity of lead in silver is removed by this process. This method is useful for those elements which are
(d) Poling: .It is used for purification of those metals which available in small amounts and the impurities are not
contain their own oxides as impurity. The molten impure much different in chemical properties from the element
metal is stirred with green poles of wood. to be purified.
(e) Electrorefining: Metals like Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Cr, Al, 11. The materials which can withstand very high temperatures
etc., are purified by this method. The impure metal is without melting or becoming soft are known as refractory
made the anode and a strip of pure metal is made as materials. These are used in the form of bricks for the internal
cathode while electrolytic solution consists of a solution linings of furnaces.5ilica, quartz, lime, graphite, bone ash,
of a suitable salt of the metal. etc.! are used as refractory materials.Refractory materials are
(f) Zone refining: When highly pure metals are required, of three types:
this method is applied for purification. The method is 0) Acid refractories: Silica, quartz, silicious sand stones,
based on the difference in solubility of impurities in etc., are the examples.
molten and solid state of the metal. This method is used (ii) Basic refractories: Lime, dolomite, magnesite, etc.,
in purification of germanium, gallium, silicon, etc., are the examples.
which are used as ·semiconductors. (iii) Natural refractories: Graphite, chromite, bone ash,
(g) Van Arkel process: This method is used for obtaining etc., are the examples.
ultrapure metals. The impure metal is converted into Silica (92% Si02, 2.7% Al2~) and quartz can tolerate
volatile compound which is then decomposed temperatures upto about 1750°C, bauxite upto 1800"C,
electrically to get pure metal. Ti, Zr, Hf, Si, etc., are alumina upto 20000C and magnesite, chromite, etc.,
refined by this method. upto 2200°C. Some carbides such as silicon carbide is
used as refractory for special purposes.
Impure + 12 -7 Metal iodide THeati:,g) Metal + 12 12. India has abundant reserves of coal; mica ore, manganese
metal t vapours ffi~~e~~ pure I ore, iron ore, aluminium ore, titanium ore, etc., but parti-
cularly poor in non-ferrous metals.
(h) Mond's process: Nickel is purified by this method. The
impure nickel is treated with CO at 330-350 K, when
198 G.R.B. Inorganic Chemistry for Competitions

r.··- PRACTICE PROBLEMS

• Subjective Type Questions (vii) Autoreduction
r· .. -
(viii) Electrolytic refining
(ix) Reverberatory furnace (x) Blast furnace
1. (a) Name one oxide ore of each of the following metals : (xi) Leaching (xii) Cupellation
(i) iron (ii) zinc (iii) aluminium 9. (a) Which of the following metals can be obtained by the
(b) Name the metal present in : electrolytic reduction of aqueous solution of their salts-
(i) chlorophyll (ii) haemoglobin Al, Na, Cu and Ag?
2. (a) What types of ores are roasted? (b) Which of the metals Na, Ag and Fe are extracted by,
(b) How is copper pyrite concentrated? (i) Complex formation
(c) How is bauxite generally concentrated? (ii) Reduction with carbon and
3. (a) Name the diagram which can be used to compare the (iii) Electrolysis of fused salt?
reducing nature of different elements. (c) Which ores are generally concentrated by froth floatation
(b) Indicate the temperature at which carbon Ccln be used as process?
reducing agent for FeO. (d) (0 Which of the following metals is lightest and which
(c) Which is a better reducing agent below 983 K Carbon one of them is least reactive?
or carbon monoxide? Cu, Ag, Al, Fe.
4. Name the following :
(ii) Which one out of the two may be found in native
(i) Two metals which never occur in native state. state?
(ii) Two metals which always occur both in native and in 10. Explain the following:
combined states.
(i) Zinc but not copper is used for the recovery of Ag from
(iii) Two metals which always occur naturally in an
the complex [Ag(CN)2f.
uncombined state.
[Hint : Zinc is more powerful reducing agent in comparison
(iv) Two metals which are manufactured by the electrolysis
to copper. Zinc is also cheaper than copper.]
of their fused salts.
(v) Two metals which are used for the reduction in (ii) Partial roasting of sulphide ore is done in the metallurgy
metallurgical process. of copper.
5. Name the metals with which the following ores/minerals [Hint : Partial roasting of sulphide ore forms some oxide.
are associated: This oxide then reduces the remaining sulphide ore
(i) Cryolite (ii) Dolomite (iii) Calamine into metal.
(iv) Haematite (v) Malachite (vi) Lepidolite 2CuS + 30,. ---4 2CuO + 2S02
(vii) Polyhalide (viii) Triphylite (ix) Borax (x) Chromite
2CuO + CUS 3Cu + ~ (Autoreduction)
6. What term is assigned to the following?
(iii) Why is chalcocite roasted and not calcined during
(0 Naturally occurring compounds from which metals are
recovery of copper?
extracted profitably.
(ii) Sulphide ores are generally heated in a stream of air. [Hint : Chalcocite is a sulphide ore. It is to be converted into
(iii) Metal is extracted from its ore by heating the ore with oxide and thus roasting and not calcination is done.]
a suitable reducing agent. (iv) Aluminium metal is frequently used as a reducing agent
(iv) Metal ions get discharged on an electrode. for the extraction of metals such as chromium,
(v) The materials which can withstand very high tempera- manganese, etc.
tures without melting and softening. [Hint : Aluminium has great affinity for oxygen. It acts as a
(vi) The substances used for the removal of gangue in the reducing agent when the metal having high melting
ores in the form of slags. point is to be extracted from its oxide.
(vii) The process in which aluminium is used as a reducing Cr203 + 2Al ---4 2Cr + A1203]
agent for the extraction of metal from its oxide.
(v) Magnesium oxide is used for the lining in steel making
7. Differentiate the following giving a suitable example :
furnace.
(i) Mineral and ore
(ii) Calcination and roasting [Hint; Magnesium oxide acts as a flux to remove impurities
(iii) Flux and slag of 5i, P and 5 through slag formation.
(iv) Smelting and roasting- MgO + 5i02 ---4 MgSi03
8. Write short notes on : 3MgO + P20S ---4 Mg3(PO.v2
(i) Froth floatation process (ii) Calcination
MgO + 502 ---4 Mg50:3
(iii) Roasting (iv) Smelting
(v) Hydrometallurgy (vi) Pyrometallurgy
General Principles of Extraction of Metals 199
11. How the following impurities can be removed? • Matching Type Questions
(a) An impurity of lead in silver.
(b) An impurity of cuprous oxide in copper. Match the following:
(c) Impurities of Fe, Cu, etc., in aluminium. [A] (a) Al (0 Cinnabar
12. Describe the thermodynamic principles of metallurgy. How (b) Cu (li) Calamine
Ellingham diagram is useful in predicting the feasibility of (c) Mg (iii) Cryolite
thermal reduction of a metal oxide. (d) Zn (iv) Malachite
13. Describe the principle of extraction of each of the following: (e) Hg (v) Carnallite
(a) Cu from CuFeSz (b) Zn from ZnO (c) Fe from Fe203 [B] (a) Zn (i) Self reduction
14. Explain the following ; (b) Ag (ii) Fused salt electrolysis
(a). Carbon reduction process is not applied for reducing (d Fe (iii) Carbon reduction
alumina. (d) Ca (iv) Amalgamation
(b) Aqueous solution of sodium chloride cannot be used for (e) Cu (v) CO reduction
the isolation of sodium by electrolysis. [C] (a) Calamine (i) PbS
(d Graphite is used as anode and not diamond. (b) Galena (ii) KCI'MgCl 2'6H 20
(c) Cassiterite (iii) AIP3'2H20
(d) Bauxite (iv) Sn02
(e) Carnallite (v) ZnC03
[D] (a) Sulphide ore (i) Silver
(b) Mond's process (ii) Iron
(c) Cupellation (iii) Carbonate ores
(d) Calcination (iv) Froth floatation process
(e) Pyrometallurgy (v) Nickel

Answers : Subjective Type Questions 6. (i) ores, (ii) roasting, (iii) smelting, (iv) electrolytic reduction,
1. (a) (i) Haematite (li) Zincite (iii) Bauxite (v) refractory materials, (vi) fluxes, (vii) thermite process.
(b) (i) Magnesium (ii) Iron 9. (a) Cu and Ag; (b) (i) Ag, (m Fe, (iii) Na; (c) Sulphide ores; (d)
2. (a) sulphide ores (b) froth floatation process (d leaching (i) lightest element AI, least reactive Ag, (li) Ag.
3. (a) Ellingham diagram (b) Above 1123 K(c) Carbon monoxide 11. (a) Cupellation, (b) Poling, (c) Electrolytic.
4. (i) Sodium and potassium; (li) Copper, silver; (iii) Au, Pt; Answers : Matching Type Questions
(iv) Sodium, aluminium; (v) Aluminium, magnesium, iron or (A) (a-iii); (b-iv); (c-v); (d-ii); (e-i)
sodium. (B) (a-lii); (b-iv); (c-v); (d-ii); (e-i)
5. (i) Na and AI; (iil Mg .and Ca; (lii) Zn; (iv) Fe; (v) CUi (vi) Li, AI, (C) (a-v); (b-i); (c-iv); (d-lii); (e-ii)
Na and K; (vli) K, Mg and Cal (viii) Li, Na, Fe and Mn; (ix) Na; (D) (a-iv); (b-v); (c-i); (d-lii); (e-ii)
(x) Cr, Fe.
200 G.R.B. Inorganic Chemistry for Competitions

fUlJS1RATfONS OF OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. The main ore of lead is galena (PbS). Lead is extracted from List I List II
galena ore either by (A) or (R). A. Mond's process 1. Purification of copper
(A) PbS R::~d) PhO + 502 B. Van Arkel method 2. Purification of zinc
C. Cupellation 3. Purification of nickel
Heated
D. Distillation 4. Purification of titanium
Ph + CO2
with C
Codes:
(B) PbS R?as~ed)
malt
PhO + PhS (a) A-I, B-2, C-3, D-4 . (b) A-2, B-3, C-4, 0-1
IHeated (c) A-3, B-4, C-l, 0-2 (d) A-4,B-l, C":'2, 0-3
. with PbS. Ph + S02 Ans : (c)
5. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using
Auto-reduction process is :
(a) A (b) B (d both (d) none the codes given b.elow :
Ans. (b) List I List II
2. Which of the following processes involves smelting? A. Cinnabar 1. Zinc
B. Cassiterite 2. Aluminium
(a) Znco3 ~ Zno + COz C. Bauxite 3. Tin
D. Calamine 4. Me:r;cury
(b) .2PbS + 302 ~ 2PbO + 2SO:i Codes:
(a) A - 4, B-3, C 2, D - 1
(c) Al2~·2H20~ Al203 + 2H20 (b) A-I, B-2, C - 3, D - 4
(d A 2, B-3, C - 4, D 1
(d) Fez~ + 3C ~ 2Fe + 3CO (d) A - 3, B - 4, C - 1, D 2
Ans. (d) Ans : (a)
3. Consider the following statements : 6. The method of zone refining of metals is based on the
Roasting is carried out to : principle of :
1. convert sulphide into oxide (a) greater mobility of the pure metal than that of impurity
2. melt the ore (b) greater solubility of the impurity in the molten state
3. remove moisture, water of hydration and expel organic than in the solid
matter (d higher melting point of the impurity than that of the
4. remove sulphur and arsenic in the form of volatile pure metal
oxides (d) all above are correct
Out of these statements : Ans ; (b)
(a) I, 3 and 4 are correct (b) I, 2 and 3 are correct
7. In the equation, 4M + 8CN- + 2H 20 + ~ ~
(d 2, 3 and 4 are correct (d) 1,2 and 4 are correct
4[M(CN)z] + 40H , the metal Mis:
Ans. (a)
(a) copper (b) iron
4. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using
(d gold (d) zinc
the codes given ahead :
Ans ; (c)
 _.... -
General Principles of Extraction of Metals 201

I OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Set I : This set contains questions with one correct answer.
1. The most abundant metal in the earth crust is : 12. Autoreduction process is used in the extraction of :
[J.E.E. (W.B.) 2010] (a) Cu and Hg 0 (b) Zn and Hg 0
(a) Al o (b) Fe o (c) Cu and AI 0 (d) Fe and Ph 0
(c) Ca o (d) Na o 13. I.n thermiteprocess, the reducing agent is :
2. Which metal is generally found in native state? (a) C O · (b) Zn 0
(a) Cu 0 (b) Au 0 (c) Na 0 (d) Al 0
(c) Al 0 (d) Fe 0 14. Complex formation method is used for the extraction of :
3. A mineral is called ore if : (a) Zn 0 (b) Ag 0
. (a) the metal present in the mineral is costly 0 (c) Hg 0 (d) Cu 0
(b) a metal can be extracted from it 0 15. Carbon monoxide reduction process is used for the
(c) a metal can be extracted profitably from it 0 extraction of :
(d) a metal cannot be extracted, from it 0 (a) Cu o (b) Ag o
4. Select the correct statement.
(d Fe o (d~ Sn o
16. Gold is extracted by hydrometallurgical process based on
(a) Dolomite is the ore of zinc 0
its property: [CE.T. (Kamataka) 2005]
(b) Galena is the ore of mercury 0
(a) of being electropositive 0
(c) Pyrolusite is the ore of iron 0
(b) to form complexes which are water soluble 0
(d) Cassiterite is the ore of tin 0
(d of being less reactive 0
5. Which of the following pairs consists of minerals of the
(d) to form salts which are water soluble 0
same metal?
17. Argentite is a mineral of :
(a) Bauxite, limonite o (b) Haematite, Magnetite 0 (a) Au 0 (b) Pt 0
(c) Galena, Cerusite o (d) Both (b) and (c) 0 (c) Ag 0 (d) Cu 0
6. Froth floatation process is based on : [P.E.T. (Kerala) 2005] lB. Electrometallurgical process (electrolysis of fused salt) is
(a) specific gravity of the ore particles 0 employed to extract :
(b) magnetic properties of the ore particles 0 (a) lead o (b) silver o
(c) wetting properties of the ore particles 0 (d sodium o (d) none of these o
(d) electrical properties of the ore particles 0 19. When Zns and PhS minerals are present together, NaCN is
7. The function of flux during the smelting of the ore is : added to separate them in froth floatation process because:
(a) to make the ore porous 0 (a) Pb(CNh is precipitated while there is no effect on Zns
(b) t6 remove gangue 0 o
(c) to facilitate reduction 0 (b) ZnS forms soluble complex, Na2Zn(CN}4 o
(d) to facilitate oxidation 0 (dPhS forms soluble complex, Na2Pb(CN)4 o
B. Name the metal M which is extracted on the basis of (d) both (a) and (b) . o
following reactions : [Hint : Zns + 4NaCN ~ Na2Zn(CN)4 + Na2S]
4M + BNaCN + 2H20 + 02 ~ 4NaM(CNh + 4NaOH 20. To obtain chromium from chromic oxide (Cr203), the
2NaM(CNh + Zn ~ Na2Zn(CN)4 + 2M method used is :
(a) Au or Ag 0 (b) Hg 0 (a) carbon reduction o
(c)· Ni 0 (d) Fe 0 (b) carbon monoxide reduction o
9. Which of the following statements is true ? (c) aluminothermic o
(a) All ores are minerals o (d) electrolytic reduction o
(b) All minerals are ores o 21. Poling process is used :.
(c) A mineral cannot be an ore o (a) for the removal of CU2Q from eu o
(d) An ore cannot be a mineral 0
(b) for the removal. of Al 20 3 from AI o
10. The impurities present in the mineral are called :
(c) for the removal cif Fe2~ from Fe o
[J.E.E. (Orissa) 2010]
(d) in all the above o
(a) flux 0 (b) gangue 0 22. ACl 2 + BCl 2 ~ A04 + B.J,
(Excess)
(c) alloy 0 (d) slag 0
BO Heat )B+l/2 O 2
11. Electrolytic reduction process is used for the extraction of :
(A and B are metals.)
(a) alkali metals 0 (b) alkaline earth metals 0
The ore of B is :
(c) aluminium 0 (d) all of these 0
202 G.R. B. Inorganic Chemistry for Competitions

(a) cinnabar o (b) azurite o 36. The furnace lining in steel manufacture consists of :
(c) galena o (d) siderite o (i) CaO (ii) SiOz (iii) MgO (iv) CaC03
[Hint: SnC12 + Hg02 ~ Sn04 + Hg (a) (ii) and (iv) 0 (b) (i) and (iii) 0
HgO ~ Hg + 1/2 O2 J (c) (iii) and (iv) 0 (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv) 0
23. Essential constituent of amalgam is : 37. The furnace which gives the highest temperature is :
(a) an alkali metal 0 (b) silver 0 (a) blast furnace 0 (b) reverberatory furnace 0
(c) mercury 0 (d) iron 0 (c) electrical furnace 0 (d) muffle furnace 0
24. Heating of pyrites in presence of air to remove sulphur is 38. Which method of purification is represented by the
called as : [A,F,M.C. 2005] following equations? [C.li.E. (Kefala) 2004;
(a) roasting 0 (b) calcination 0 P:,E. (Orislla) 2010]
(c) smelting P (d) fluxing 0
Ti+2Iz 523K ) TiI 4 1700K )Ti+2I z
25. Calamine is :
(a) Zns0 4 o (b) Zno o (a) Cupellation 0 (b) Poling 0
(c) ZnS o (d) ZnC0 3 o (c) Van Arkel 0 (d) Zone refining 0
26. Radium is obtained from : 39. Van Arkel method of purification of metals involves
(a) pitchblende 0 (b) haematite 0 converting the metal to a :
(c) monazite 0 (d) none of these 0 (a) volatile stable compound 0
27. From gold amalgam, gold may be recovered by : (b) volatile unstable compound 0
(a) addition of Zn metal 0 (c) non-volatile stable compound 0
(b) electrolytic refining 0 (d) none of the above 0
(c) distillation 0 40. Zone refining is a method to obtain :
(d) dissolving Hg in HN03 0 (a) very high temperature 0
28. Froth floatation process is used for the : (b) ultrapure Al 0
(a) oxide ores 0 (b) sulphide ores 0 (c) ultrapure metals 0
(c) chloride ores 0 (d) all of these 0 (d) ultrapure oxides 0
29. Leaching is a process of : 41. MgO can be used as refractory material because :
(a) reduction 0 (b) concentration 0 (a) it is a good electrical insulator 0
(c) refining 0 (d) oxidation 0 (b) it has high melting point 0
30. Which one of the following is not a basic flux? (c) it is a good conductor of heat 0
(a) CaC03 0 (b) CaO 0 (d) all of these 0
(c) SiOz 0 (d) MgO 0 42. Leaching can be used for the extraction of which metals ?
31. Ore dressing for iron is done by : (i) Ph (ii) Al (iii) Ag (iv) Au
(a) froth floatation process 0 (a) (ii), (iii) and (iv) 0 (b) 0), (ii) and (iii) 0
(b) magnetic separation 0 (c) (ii) and (iv) 0 (d) (iii) and (iv) 0
(c) hand picking 0 43. Of the following metals the one which cannot be obtained
(d) all of the above 0 by electrolysiS of the aqueous solution of its salt is :
32. In the manufacture of iron from haematite, limestone is (a) Ag 0 (b) Mg 0
added to act as : (c) Cu 0 (d) Al 0
(a) flux 0 (b) slag 0 44. The electrolytic reduction technique is used in the extraction
(c) a reducing agent 0 (d) an oxidising agent 0 of:
33. Carnallite is a double salt of : [C,I\.C.E,(Dtbll},) ~OlOJ (a) highly electronegative elements o
(a) NaCl, NaNO;! 0 (b) KzO, Alz03 0 (b) transition metals o
(c) KCl, MgCh 0 (d) NaCl, MgCl2 0 (c) metalloids o
34. Which of the following reactions occur during calcination? (d) highly electropositive elements o
(0 CaC03 ~ CaO + COz 45. The acidic refractory material is :
(ii) 4FeSz + 110z ~ 2Fez~ + 8502 (a) CaO 0 (b)P20s o
(iii) 2Al(OHh ~ AlP3 + 3HP (c) SiOz 0 (d) MgO o
(iv) CUzS + 2CuO ~ 4Cu + SOz 46. The metal extracted from sea water is :
(a) (i) and (iii) 0 (b) (0 and (in 0 (a) Mg 0 (b) Al o
(c) (i) and (iv) 0 (d) (iii) and (iv) 0 (c) Ca 0 (d) Ba o
35. The main function of roasting is : 47. The metallurgical process in which a metal is obtained in a
(a) to remove the volatile impurities o fused state is called :
(b) oxidation o (a) smelting o (b) roasting o
(c) reduction o (c) calcination o (d) froth floatation o
(d) to make slag o
General Principles of Extraction of Metals 203
48. Asbestos is a silicate mineral of calcium and : (c) ll-Bf ID-O, IV-A o
(a) AI 0 (b) Mg 0 (d) 1-0, II-A, ID-C, IV-B o
(c) Ba 0 (d) K 0 58. Which of the following does not contain Mg?
49. Which method of purification is represented by the (a) Magnetite 0 (b) Magnesite o
following equation? (c) Asbestos 0 (d) Carnallite o
Ni+4CO~Ni(CO)4 180°C )Ni+4CO 59. AgzS + NaCN ~ [A]
[A] +Zn~ [B]
(a) Van Arkel 0 (b) Zone refining 0
[B] is a metal. Hence, [A] and[B] are:
(c) Mond 0 (d) Cupellation 0
(a) Na2[Zn(CN)4], Zn 0 (b) Na[Ag(CN)2], Ag 0
50. Which oil is used as frother in froth floatation process?
(c) Na2[Ag(CN)41, Ag 0 (d) Na3[Ag(CN)4], Ag 0
(a) Mustard oil 0 (b) Coconut oil 0
60. Which of the following metals is leached by cyanide
(c) Olive oil 0 (d) Pine oil 0
process? lA.I.B.B.E. 2002]
51. The incorrect statement is :
(a) Calamine and siderite are carbonates 0
(a) Ag o (b) Na o
(b) Argentite and cuprite are oxides 0
(c) Al o (d) Cu o
61. Pyrolusite is a/an: [D.P.M.T.2002J
(c) Zinc blende and iron pyrites are sulphides 0
(a) oxide ore 0 (b) sulphide ore • 0
(d) Malachite and azurite are ores of copper 0
(c) carbide ore 0 (d) not an ore 0
52. In the commercial electrochemical process for aluminium
62. Which one of the following ores is not concentrated by froth
extraction, the electrolyte used is :
floatation process? fe.Ii.T. (Tamil Nadu) 2001J
(a) AI(OH)3 in NaOH solution 0
(a) Copper pyrites 0 (b) Pentlandite 0
(b) An aqueous solution of AI2(S04)3 0
(c) Pyrolusite 0 (d) Zinc blende 0
(c) A molten mixture of Al20 3 and Na:¥\lF6 0
63. The common method of extraction of metal from oxide ores
(d) A molten mixture of AI20 3 and AI(OHh 0
is : [P.E.T. (M.P.) 2002)
53. When an aqueous solution of sodium chloride is
(a) reduction with carbon 0
electrolysed using platinum electrodes, the ions discharged
(b) reduction with hydrogen 0
at the electrodes are :
(c) reduction with aluminium 0
(a) sodium and hydrogen o (d) electrolytic method 0
(b) sodium and chloride o 64. Sulphide ores of metals are usually concentrated by froth
(c) hydrogen and chloride o floatation process. Which one of the following sulphide ores
(d) hydroxyl and chloride o offers an exception and is concentrated by chemical
54. Cassiterite is an ore of :
leaching? [C.B.S.E. 2007]
(a) Mn 0 (b) Ni 0
(a) Galena 0 (b) Copper pyrite 0
(c) Sb 0 (el) Sn 0
(c) Sphalerite 0 (d) Argentite 0
55. Cryolite is : tCP.M.T. 2000]
65. Among the metals Cr, Fe, Mn, Ti, Ba and Mg, the one that
(a) Na3AlF6 and is used in the electrolysis of alumina for
cannot be obtained by reduction of its metal oxide by
decreasing electrical conductivity' 0
aluminium is: [P.M.T. (Kelala) 2007]
(b) Na~6 and is used in the electrolysis of alumina for
(a) Cr 0 . (b) Fe 0
lowering the melting point of alumina 0 (c) Mn 0 (d) Ba 0
(c) Na3AlF6 and is used in the electrolytic purification of
Mg
(e) 0
alumina o 66. Native ·silver metal forms a water soluble complex with a
(d) Na3AlF6 and is used in the electrolysis of alumina 0
dilute aqueous solution of NaCN in the presence of:
56. The process of converting hydrated alumina into anhydrous
lU:r. 2008]
alumina is called : [Roork(!(! (8) 20(0)
(a) nitrogen 0 (b) oxygen 0
(a) roasting 0 (b) smelting 0
(c) carbon dioxide 0 (d) argon 0
(c) dressing 0 (d) calcination 0
[Hint : 4Ag + 8NaCN + 2H20 + ~ 4[NaAg(CN)2]
57. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using
+ 4NaOH]
codes given below in the lists : rS.c.R.A. 20(1)
67. Which of the following factors is of no significance for
List I List II
roasting sulphide ores to the oxides and not subjecting the
I. cyanide process A. ultrapure Ge
sulphide ores to carbon reduction directly?[A.l.E. E..E, 20(8)
II. floatation process B. pine oil
(a) CO2 is more volatile than C~ 0
III. electrolytic reduction C. extraction of Al
(b) Metal sulphides are thermodynamically more stable
IV. zone refining O. extraction of Au
than CSz 0
Codes:
(c) CO2 is thermodynamically more stable than C~ 0
(a) I-C, II-A, ID-O, IV-B o (d) Metal sulphides are less stable than the corresponding
(b) 1-0, II-B, ID-C, IV-A o oxides 0
204 G.R.B. Inorganic Chemistry for Competitions

[Hint : The reduction process is on the theni'lodynamic stability (a) Zinc can be oxidised by CO D
of the products and not on their volatility.] (b) Zinc oxide can be reduced by C D
68. Composition of azurite mineral is: {J.E.E. (W.E.) 2008] , (c) Both statements (a) and (b) are true D
(a) CuC03· CuO D (b) Cu(HC03h' Cu(OHh D (d) Both statements (a) and (b) are false D
(c) 2CuC03· Cu(OHh D (d) CuC03· 2Cu(OHh D 74. The ore that is concentrated by froth floatation process is :
69. Which of the following metal is not manufactured by {C.E.T. (Karnataka) 20091
electrolysis? (P.M.T. (Kerala) 2008] (a) cinnabar' D (b) bauxite D
(a) Na D (b) Mg D (c) malachite D (d) zincite D
(c) Al D (d) Fe D 75. Hydro-metallurgical process of extraction of metals is based
(d) Li D on : {J.E'£' (Orissa) 2009]
70. The method not used in metallurgy to refine the' impure (a) complex formation D (b) hydrolysis D
metal is: [P.M.T. (Kerala) 20081 (c) dehydration D (d) dehydrogenation D
(a) Mond process D (b) Van Arkel process D 76. In alumino-thermic process, aluminium is used as :
(c) Amalgamation process D {J.E-E. (Orissa) 2009]
(d) Liquidation D (a) oxidising agent D
71. Extraction of zinc from zinc blende is achieved by: (b) reducing agent D
II.LT.2007J (c) dehydrating agent D
(a) electrolytic reduction D (d) complex formation agent D
(b) roasting followed by reduction Witncatb6h D .\ 77. According to Ellingham diagram, the oxidation reactioif of
(c) roasting followed by reduction with another metal D carbon and carbon monoxide may be used to reduce which
(d) roasting followed by self reduction D one of the following oxides at the lowest temperatures?
[Hint : 2ZnS + 302 ----t 2ZnO + 2502; fP.E.T. (KeraL1) 2010)
D (b) CU20 D
Zno + C > 1270 K) Zn + CO ] .
D (d) Zno D
72. IlGo vs T plot in Ellingham diagram slopes downward for
78. The chemical reaction that involves roasting process is :
the reaction: lK.C.E.T. 2006J
fEAM.CE.T. (E'ngg.) 20101
(a) Mg + ~ O 2 ----7 MgO D (b) 2Ag + ~ O2 ----7 Ag20 D (a) Fe203 + 3CO ----7 2Fe + 3C02 D
1 1 (b) 2AI + Fe203 ----7 2Fe + Al20 3 D
+ 2 O2 ----7 CO
(c) C D (d) CO + 2 O2 ----7 CO2 D
(c) 2Zn5 + 302 ----7 2ZnO + 3502 D
73. .Consider the following reactions at 10000(.
(d) FeO + 5i02 ----7 Fe5i03 D
. 1 1
(A) Zn(s) + 2 02(g) ----7 ZnO(s); IlGO = - 360 kJ mor
(B) C(s) + ~ 02(g) ----7 CO(g); IlGo = - 460 kJ morl
Choose the correct statement at 1000°C.
[M.E.E. (Kerala) 20061
Set II : This set contains questions with two or more correct answers.
79. Ca3 (P04h is : (a) Cu .1 D (b) Al D
(a) Thomas slag
(b) used in cement manufacturing
(c) used in manufacture of phosphorus fertilizer
D
D
D
Ij 85.
(c) Mg D (d) Ag
Which of the following ores is/are oxide ore(s) ?
i (a) Cassiterite D (b) Bauxite
D

D
(d) used as a refractory material D (c) Cryolite D (d) Haematite D
80. Metal(s) which does/do not form amalgam is/are: 86. Auto-reduction process is used for the extraction of :
(a) Fe D (b) Zn D UUtU.2OO71
(c) Ni D (d) Au D (a) C u ] (b) Hg D
81. Bauxite is purified by : (c) Pb 0 (d) Al D
(a) Hall's process D (b) Baeyer's process D 87. Which of the following are correctly matched?
(c) Serpeck's process D (d) Bett's process D (a) Malachite CuC03· Cu(OHh D
82. The processes which do use catalysts are: (b) Chalcopyrite CuFe~ D
(a) contact process D (b) therrnite process D (c) Copper glance CU25 D
(c) Ostwald's process D (d) Haber's process D (d) Azurite C U20 D
83. Metallurgy involves steps : 88. Which of the following are correct processes ?
(a) concentration of ore D (b) reduction of ore D (a) Fe + Al 20 3 ----7 7AI + Fe203 D
(c) purification D (d) alloy formation D (b) Zno + C ----7 Zn + CO D
84. Which of the following metals are extracted by electrolytic (c) Cr203 + 2AI ----7 2Cr + Al20 3 D
reduction ? (d) 2[Ag(CNhr + Zn ----7 2Ag + [Zn(CN)4f- D
General Principles of Extraction of Metals 205

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (e) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (e) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (e) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41.. (d) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47, (a) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (d)
51. (b) 52. (e) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (d) 57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (a) 62. (c) 63. (a) 64. (d) 65. (e) 66. (b) 67. (a) 68. (e) 69. (d) 70. (c)
71. (b) 72. (e) 73. (br 14. (a) 75. (a) 76. (b) 77. (b) 78. (c) 79. (a, b, c) 80. (a, c)
81. (a, b, c) 82. (a, c, d) 83. (a, b, c) 84. (b, c) 85. (a,b,d) 86. (a,b,c) 87. (a,b,c) 88. (b,c,d)