PHYSICS PROJECT
Moving Charges and Magnetism
Submitted by: [Your Name]
Class: XII – Science
Roll Number: [Your Roll No.]
School Name: [Your School Name]
Subject Teacher: [Teacher's Name]
Academic Year: 2025–2026
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that [Your Name], a student of Class XII, has successfully completed the
Physics project titled "Moving Charges and Magnetism" under my guidance during the
academic session 2025–2026.
Signature of Teacher
Date: __________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Physics teacher, [Teacher's Name], for
their valuable support and guidance. I also thank my school, friends, and family for their
encouragement throughout the project.
INDEX
1. Aim
2. Introduction
3. Biot–Savart Law
4. Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire
5. Magnetic Field on the Axis of Circular Loop
6. Magnetic Field Due to a Solenoid
7. Force on a Moving Charge (Lorentz Force)
8. Motion of a Charged Particle in Magnetic Field
9. Cyclotron
10. Experimental Verification
11. Observations
12. Conclusion
13. Bibliography
Aim
To study the magnetic effects produced by a moving charge and understand the principles
of Biot–Savart Law, Lorentz Force, Ampere's Law, and applications like the cyclotron.
Introduction
• Moving charges produce magnetic fields.
• Magnetic force is always perpendicular to both velocity and magnetic field.
• This leads to circular or helical motion of particles.
• This principle is used in electric motors, magnetic levitation, particle accelerators, etc.
Biot–Savart Law
Biot–Savart Law states how a current element produces magnetic field:
dB = (μ₀/4π) * (I dl × r̂)/r²
Direction is given by Right-Hand Rule and forms the basis of magnetic field calculations.
Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire
For a long straight conductor:
B = μ₀I / 2πr
Field lines form concentric circles.
Direction: Right-Hand Thumb Rule.
Magnetic Field on the Axis of Circular Loop
At the center:
B = μ₀IR² / 2(R² + x²)³ᐟ²
Maximum at center. Used in Helmholtz coils.
Magnetic Field Due to a Solenoid
Uniform field inside a long solenoid:
B = μ₀nI, where n = no. of turns/length
Acts like a bar magnet, used in electromagnets.
Force on a Moving Charge (Lorentz Force)
F = q(v × B)
Direction is perpendicular to both v and B.
Force is maximum when v ⊥ B, and zero when v ∥ B.
Motion of a Charged Particle in Magnetic Field
Charged particles perform circular motion.
Radius: r = mv/qB
Time period: T = 2πm/qB
Cyclotron
A cyclotron accelerates charged particles using a magnetic field and alternating voltage.
Particles move in spiral paths and gain energy at each turn.
Experimental Verification
Apparatus:
- Battery eliminator
- Ammeter
- Magnetic compass
- Conducting wire
- Switch and rheostat
Procedure:
1. Set up the circuit with a wire above the compass.
2. Pass current and observe deflection.
3. Reverse current and observe reverse deflection.
Observations
Trial | Current (A) | Deflection (°)
1 | 0.5 |5
2 | 1.0 | 10
3 | 1.5 | 15
Observation: Magnetic field increases with current.
Conclusion
Magnetic fields are produced by electric currents and follow Biot–Savart Law. Moving
charges experience a force in magnetic fields, which is the basis for many devices like
motors and cyclotrons.
Bibliography
1. NCERT Class 12 Physics Textbook – Part I
2. Concepts of Physics – HC Verma Vol II
3. CBSE Lab Manual
4. Wikipedia.org
5. Byju's Learning App
