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The MRCP PACES Handbook
Second Edition
The MRCP PACES Handbook
Second Edition
Saira Ghafur
CCT in Respiratory and General Internal Medicine and Harkness
Fellow in Health Care Policy and Practice
New York City, New York, USA
Parminder K Judge
ST6 in Nephrology
Oxford, England, UK
Richard Kitchen
Consultant in Palliative Medicine
Glasgow, Scotland, UK
and
Samuel Blows
Consultant Geriatrician and Acute Physician
Ipswich, England, UK
Foreword by
Dr Fiona Moss
Dean of the Royal Society of Medicine
London, England, UK
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-
ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Forewordix
Prefacexi
Authorsxiii
Acknowledgementsxv
List of Abbreviations xvii
The PACES Examination xxiii
Top Tips for PACES Success: An Examiner Speaks xxv
1 Station 1: Respiratory 1
Hints for the Respiratory Station 2
Bronchiectasis2
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 4
Consolidation7
Cystic Fibrosis 9
Fibrotic Lung Disease 12
Lung Cancer 14
Old Tuberculosis 16
Pleural Effusion 18
Patient with Previous Lung Surgery 20
Respiratory Station Summary 22
2 Station 1: Abdominal 23
Hints for the Abdominal Station 24
Abdominal Case with a Normal Abdomen 24
Chronic Liver Disease 26
Generalised Lymphadenopathy 29
Hepatosplenomegaly31
Multiple Abdominal Scars 33
Palpable Kidneys 36
Renal Replacement Therapy 39
Splenomegaly42
Abdominal Station Summary 45
v
Contents
4 Station 3: Neurology 75
Hints for the Neurology Station 76
Cerebellar Syndrome 77
Hemiparesis78
Myotonic Dystrophy 81
Ocular Palsies 83
Parkinson’ s Disease 85
Peripheral Neuropathy 88
Mononeuropathies90
Motor Neurone Disease 92
Multiple Sclerosis 95
Spastic Paraparesis 97
Visual Field Defects 99
Neurology Station Summary 100
vi
Contents
vii
Foreword
Postgraduate medical exams are significant both as career-defining milestones for the
candidate and as one of the ways of ensuring that doctors who progress have all that it takes
to provide excellent patient care. Exams focus the minds of candidates for whom exam con-
tent and exam approach define what examiners consider important and so perhaps mould
approaches to practise. The Practical Assessment of Clinical Examination Skills (PACES), the
final part of the Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians (MRCP) examination, is a
pivotal step for all aspiring physicians, and this book will be an enormous support for them.
But, the MRCP PACES Handbook is so much more than a book for passing exams. A compre-
hensive book, it succinctly covers much of the necessary content, and for that it will be useful
to candidates. Responses and analyses to the questions posed are logical and practical and
cleverly proceed from the likely and frequent to the rarefied. It is also very well organised,
demonstrating not just how to pass an exam, but also the importance of an ordered approach
to clinical reasoning. Lists of key points at the ends of chapters keep the reader on track, and
the well-chosen lists of references really do encourage further reading. The real strength of
this handbook is that it gets to the heart of the purpose of the PACES examination.
The PACES exam reflects the work done through MRCP UK to develop assessments of all
the skills necessary for excellent clinical practice. Of course, this includes physical exami-
nation, recognition of clinical signs and differential diagnosis, the stuff of medical exami-
nations for many years. Now, assessments have become more patient centred and more
holistic and are designed to demonstrate explicitly the expectation of modern physicians
and good medical practice. Clinical judgement, communication, managing patient con-
cerns and maintaining patient welfare are four of the seven skills assessed through the
PACES exam, and these skills are very well covered in this handbook.
Not only are technical points covered, but by including, for example, outlines of themes
explored, suggestions for candidates and expectations for both candidates and patients,
this handbook provides a succinct but in-depth outline of some of the difficult but crucial
aspects of medical practice.
The simplicity of approach and the clear language throughout make it clear that this is not
a book for the ‘ superficial learner’ wanting a ‘ quick fix’ for an impending exam, but one
that encourages understanding and a mature approach to developing all the skills neces-
sary for becoming a good physician.
PACES, the final part of the MRCP exam, is what is says: practical. And reflecting the
essence of the PACES exam, this handbook is a supremely practical ‘ vade mecum’ . It is
a handbook that not only will be essential for those approaching their PACES exam or
those considering becoming a physician, but also will be a useful and continuing guide to
‘ practise after PACES’ for those entering higher training after PACES, and it will be useful
for anyone who teaches postgraduate or undergraduate medicine.
This is a book that will be bought and used to help aspiring physicians through their
PACES, will encourage development of a patient-centred approach to care and then, for
many years after, will stay in easy reach.
ix
Preface
Observe, record, tabulate, and communicate. Use your five senses. Learn to see, learn to hear,
learn to feel, learn to smell, and know that by practice alone you can become an expert.
xi
Authors
Saira Ghafur graduated from the University of Dundee Medical School. She has a dual
CCT in respiratory and general internal medicine and has a particular interest in com-
munity respiratory medicine. She is currently a post-CCT Harkness Fellow in Health Care
and Policy at the Commonwealth Fund in New York City, New York.
Parminder K Judge graduated from the University of Birmingham Medical School. She
is a nephrology registrar on the Oxford rotation. She recently took time out of clinical
training to undertake research in clinical trials and epidemiology at the University of
Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Richard Kitchen graduated from the University of Leicester Medical School. He has a
CCT in palliative medicine (obtained on the West Midlands rotation) and has a particular
interest in medical education, having completed a master’ s degree in this area. He has
recently been appointed as a consultant in palliative medicine at Ardgowan Hospice and
Inverclyde Royal Hospital, Greenock, United Kingdom.
Samuel Blows graduated from the University of Leicester Medical School. He trained
in geriatrics and general internal medicine in London with a sabbatical at Bankstown
Hospital, Sydney, Australia. He has an interest in medical education and has recently
been appointed as a consultant in complex care/interface geriatrics at Ipswich Hospital,
Ipswich, United Kingdom.
The authors all worked together at the University Hospitals of Leicester as junior doctors,
during which time they all passed the PACES examination and developed their interest in
medical education and evidenced-based medicine.
xiii
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the following people for all their support, knowledge and input
in the chapters and cases relating to their area of expertise and their guidance in making
this book possible:
Dr Mark Ardron
Consultant Geriatrician, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Foundation Trust
Dr Parry Blaxill
Consultant in Respiratory Medicine, Lung Cancer Lead, Mid Yorkshire NHS Foundation
Trust
Dr Binith Cheeran
Honorary Consultant Neurologist, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Senior Clinical Fellow, University of Oxford
Dr Rachael Curley
Consultant in Respiratory Medicine (Cystic Fibrosis), Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS
Foundation Trust
Dr Marni Greig
Consultant in Diabetes and Endocrine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation
Trust
Dr Kar-Ping Kuet
Consultant Rheumatologist, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Dr Sapna Ladani
Consultant Haematologist, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Foundation Trust
Honorary Senior Lecturer, University of Leicester
Mark Latimour
LLB (Hons), BA, GradDip (Legal Practice)
Dr Ajay M Verma
Consultant Gastroenterologist, Kettering General Hospital
Dr David Warriner
SpR in Cardiology, Yorkshire, and the Humber Deanery
xv
List of Abbreviations
xvii
List of Abbreviations
xviii
List of Abbreviations
xix
List of Abbreviations
xx
List of Abbreviations
xxi
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