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Architecting ASP.NET Core Applications: An atypical

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Architecting ASP.NET Core
Applications
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Table of Contents
1. Architecting ASP.NET Core Applications, Third Edition: An
atypical design patterns guide for .NET 8, C# 12, and beyond
2. 1 Introduction
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. What is a design pattern?
III. Anti-patterns and code smells
i. Anti-patterns
ii. Code smells
IV. Understanding the web – request/response
V. Getting started with .NET
i. .NET SDK versus runtime
ii. .NET 5+ versus .NET Standard
iii. Visual Studio Code versus Visual Studio versus the
command-line interface
iv. Technical requirements
VI. Summary
VII. Questions
VIII. Further reading
3. 2 Automated Testing
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. Introduction to automated testing
i. Unit testing
ii. Integration testing
iii. End-to-end testing
iv. Other types of tests
v. Picking the right test style
III. Testing approaches
i. TDD
ii. ATDD
iii. BDD
iv. Refactoring
v. Technical debt
IV. Testing techniques
i. White-box testing
 ii. Black-box testing
iii. Grey-box testing
iv. White-box vs. Black-box vs. Grey-box testing
v. Conclusion
V. Test case creation
i. Equivalence Partitioning
ii. Boundary Value Analysis
iii. Decision Table Testing
iv. State Transition Testing
v. Use Case Testing
VI. How to create an xUnit test project
VII. Key xUnit features
i. Facts
ii. Assertions
iii. Theories
iv. Closing words
VIII. Arrange, Act, Assert
IX. Organizing your tests
i. Unit tests
ii. Integration tests
X. Writing ASP.NET Core integration tests
i. Classic web application
ii. Minimal hosting
XI. Important testing principles
XII. Summary
XIII. Questions
XIV. Further reading
4. 3 Architectural Principles
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. Separation of concerns (SoC)
III. Don’t repeat yourself (DRY)
IV. Keep it simple, stupid (KISS)
V. The SOLID principles
i. Single responsibility principle (SRP)
ii. Open/Closed principle (OCP)
iii. Liskov substitution principle (LSP)
iv. Interface segregation principle (ISP)
v. Dependency inversion principle (DIP)
VI. Summary
 VII. Questions
VIII. Further reading
5. 4 REST APIs
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. REST & HTTP
i. HTTP methods
ii. HTTP Status code
iii. HTTP headers
iv. Versioning
v. Wrapping up
III. Data Transfer Object (DTO)
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Conceptual examples
iv. Conclusion
IV. API contracts
i. Code-first API Contract
ii. Wrapping up
V. Summary
VI. Questions
VII. Further reading
VIII. Answers
6. 5 Minimal API
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. Top-level statements
III. Minimal Hosting
IV. Minimal APIs
i. Map route-to-delegate
ii. Configuring endpoints
iii. Leveraging endpoint filters
iv. Leveraging the endpoint filter factory
v. Organizing endpoints
V. Using Minimal APIs with Data Transfer Objects
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – Minimal API
iv. Conclusion
VI. Summary
VII. Questions
 VIII. Further reading
IX. Answers
7. 6 Model-View-Controller
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. The Model View Controller design pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Anatomy of ASP.NET Core web APIs
iv. Conclusion
III. Using MVC with DTOs
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – MVC API
iv. Conclusion
IV. Summary
V. Questions
VI. Further reading
VII. Answers
8. 7 Strategy, Abstract Factory, and Singleton Design Patterns
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. The Strategy design pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – Strategy
iv. Conclusion
III. The Abstract Factory design pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – Abstract Factory
iv. Project – The mid-range vehicle factory
v. Impacts of the Abstract Factory
vi. Conclusion
IV. The Singleton design pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. An alternate (better) way
iv. Code smell – Ambient Context
v. Conclusion
V. Summary
 VI. Questions
VII. Answers
9. 8 Dependency Injection
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. What is dependency injection?
i. The composition root
ii. Striving for adaptability
iii. Understanding the use of the IoC container
iv. The role of an IoC container
v. Code smell – Control Freak
vi. Object lifetime
vii. Registering our dependencies
viii. Registering your features elegantly
ix. Using external IoC containers
III. Revisiting the Strategy pattern
i. Constructor injection
ii. Property injection
iii. Method injection
iv. Project – Strategy
v. Conclusion
IV. Understanding guard clauses
V. Revisiting the Singleton pattern
i. Project – Application state
ii. Project – Wishlist
iii. Conclusion
VI. Understanding the Service Locator pattern
i. Project – ServiceLocator
ii. Conclusion
VII. Revisiting the Factory pattern
i. Project – Factory
VIII. Summary
IX. Questions
X. Further reading
XI. Answers
10. 9 Options, Settings, and Configuration
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. Loading the configuration
III. Learning the building blocks
i. IOptionsMonitor<TOptions>
 ii. IOptionsFactory<TOptions>
iii. IOptionsSnapshot<TOptions>
iv. IOptions<TOptions>
IV. Project – CommonScenarios
i. Manual configuration
ii. Using the settings file
iii. Injecting options
iv. Named options
v. Reloading options at runtime
V. Project – OptionsConfiguration
i. Creating the program
ii. Configuring the options
iii. Implementing a configurator object
iv. Adding post-configuration
v. Using multiple configurator objects
vi. Exploring other configuration possibilities
VI. Project – OptionsValidation
i. Eager validation
ii. Data annotations
iii. Validation types
VII. Project – OptionsValidationFluentValidation
VIII. Workaround – Injecting options directly
IX. Project – Centralizing the configuration
X. Using the configuration-binding source generator
i. Project – ConfigurationGenerators: Part 1
XI. Using the options validation source generator
i. Project – ConfigurationGenerators: Part 2
XII. Using the ValidateOptionsResultBuilder class
i. Project - ValidateOptionsResultBuilder
XIII. Summary
XIV. Questions
XV. Further reading
XVI. Answers
11. 10 Logging patterns
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. About logging
III. Writing logs
IV. Log levels
V. Logging providers
 VI. Configuring logging
VII. Structured logging
VIII. Summary
IX. Questions
X. Further reading
XI. Answers
12. 11 Structural Patterns
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. Implementing the Decorator design pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – Adding behaviors
iv. Project – Decorator using Scrutor
v. Conclusion
III. Implementing the Composite design pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – BookStore
iv. Conclusion
IV. Implementing the Adapter design pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – Greeter
iv. Conclusion
V. Implementing the Façade design pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – The façades
iv. Conclusion
VI. Summary
VII. Questions
VIII. Further reading
IX. Answers
13. 12 Behavioral Patterns
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. Implementing the Template Method pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – Building a search machine
 iv. Conclusion
III. Implementing the Chain of Responsibility pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – Message interpreter
iv. Conclusion
IV. Mixing the Template Method and Chain of Responsibility
patterns
i. Project – Improved message interpreter
ii. Project – A final, finer-grained design
iii. Conclusion
V. Summary
VI. Questions
VII. Answers
14. 13 Understanding the Operation Result Design Pattern
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. The Operation Result pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – Implementing different Operation Result
patterns
iv. Advantages and disadvantages
III. Summary
IV. Questions
V. Further reading
VI. Answers
15. 14 Layering and Clean Architecture
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. Introducing layering
i. Classic layering model
ii. Splitting the layers
iii. Layers versus tiers versus assemblies
III. Responsibilities of the common layers
i. Presentation
ii. Domain
iii. Data
IV. Abstract layers
V. Sharing the model
VI. Clean Architecture
 VII. Implementing layering in real life
i. To be or not to be a purist?
ii. Building a façade over a database
VIII. Summary
IX. Questions
X. Further reading
XI. Answers
16. 15 Object Mappers, Aggregate Services, and Façade
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. Object mapper
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – Mapper
iv. Conclusion
III. Code smell – Too many dependencies
IV. Pattern – Aggregate Services
V. Pattern – Mapping Façade
VI. Project – Mapping service
VII. Project – AutoMapper
VIII. Project – Mapperly
IX. Summary
X. Questions
XI. Further reading
XII. Answers
17. 16 Mediator and CQRS Design Patterns
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. A high-level overview of Vertical Slice Architecture
III. Implementing the Mediator pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – Mediator (IMediator)
iv. Project – Mediator (IChatRoom)
v. Conclusion
IV. Implementing the CQS pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – CQS
iv. Conclusion
V. Code smell – Marker Interfaces
 i. Metadata
ii. Dependency identifier
VI. Using MediatR as a mediator
i. Project – Clean Architecture with MediatR
ii. Conclusion
VII. Summary
VIII. Questions
IX. Further reading
X. Answers
18. 17 Getting Started with Vertical Slice Architecture
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. Anti-pattern – Big Ball of Mud
III. Vertical Slice Architecture
i. What are the advantages and disadvantages?
ii. Project – Vertical Slice Architecture
iii. Conclusion
IV. Continuing your journey: A few tips and tricks
V. Summary
VI. Questions
VII. Further reading
VIII. Answers
19. 18 Request-EndPoint-Response (REPR) and Minimal APIs
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. Request-EndPoint-Response (REPR) pattern
i. Goal
ii. Design
iii. Project – SimpleEndpoint
iv. Conclusion
III. Project – REPR—A slice of the real-world
i. Assembling our stack
ii. Dissecting the code structure
iii. Exploring the shopping basket
iv. Managing exception handling
v. Grey-box testing
IV. Summary
V. Questions
VI. Further reading
VII. Answers
20. 19 Introduction to Microservices Architecture
 I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. What are microservices?
i. Cohesive unit of business
ii. Ownership of data
iii. Microservice independence
III. An introduction to event-driven architecture
i. Domain events
ii. Integration events
iii. Application events
iv. Enterprise events
v. Conclusion
IV. Getting started with message queues
i. Conclusion
V. Implementing the Publish-Subscribe pattern
i. Message brokers
ii. The event sourcing pattern
iii. Example
iv. Conclusion
VI. Introducing Gateway patterns
i. Gateway Routing pattern
ii. Gateway Aggregation pattern
iii. Backend for Frontend pattern
iv. Mixing and matching gateways
v. Conclusion
VII. Project – REPR.BFF
i. Layering APIs
ii. Running the microservices
iii. Creating typed HTTP clients using Refit
iv. Creating a service that serves the current customer
v. Features
vi. Conclusion
VIII. Revisiting the CQRS pattern
i. Advantages and potential risks
ii. Conclusion
IX. Exploring the Microservice Adapter pattern
i. Adapting an existing system to another
ii. Decommissioning a legacy application
iii. Adapting an event broker to another
iv. Conclusion
 X. Summary
XI. Questions
XII. Further reading
XIII. Answers
21. 20 Modular Monolith
I. Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
II. What is a Modular Monolith?
i. What are traditional Monoliths?
ii. What are microservices?
III. Advantages of Modular Monoliths
IV. Key Components of a Modular Monolith
V. Implementing a Modular Monolith
i. Planning the project
ii. Defining our stack
VI. Project—Modular Monolith
i. Sending events from the catalog module
ii. Consuming the events from the basket module
iii. Inside the aggregator
iv. Exploring the REST API HttpClient
v. Sending HTTP requests to the API
vi. Validating the existence of a product
VII. Transitioning to Microservices
VIII. Challenges and Pitfalls
IX. Conclusion
X. Questions
XI. Further reading
XII. An end is simply a new beginning
XIII. Answers
Architecting ASP.NET Core
Applications, Third Edition: An
atypical design patterns guide for
.NET 8, C# 12, and beyond
Welcome to Packt Early Access. We’re giving you an exclusive
preview of this book before it goes on sale. It can take many months
to write a book, but our authors have cutting-edge information to
share with you today. Early Access gives you an insight into the latest
developments by making chapter drafts available. The chapters may
be a little rough around the edges right now, but our authors will
update them over time.You can dip in and out of this book or follow
along from start to finish; Early Access is designed to be flexible. We
hope you enjoy getting to know more about the process of writing a
Packt book.

1. Chapter 1: Introduction
2. Chapter 2: Automated Testing
3. Chapter 3: Architectural Principles
4. Chapter 4: REST APIs
5. Chapter 5: Minimal API
6. Chapter 6: Model-View-Controller
7. Chapter 7: Strategy, Abstract Factory, and Singleton Design
Patterns
8. Chapter 8: Dependency Injection
9. Chapter 9: Options, Settings, and Configuration
10. Chapter 10: Logging patterns
11. Chapter 11: Structural Patterns
12. Chapter 12: Behavioral Patterns
13. Chapter 13: Understanding the Operation Result Design Pattern
14. Chapter 14: Layering and Clean Architecture
15. Chapter 15: Object Mappers, Aggregate Services, and Façade
16. Chapter 16: Mediator and CQRS Design Patterns
17. Chapter 17: Getting Started with Vertical Slice Architecture
18. Chapter 18: Request-EndPoint-Response (REPR) and Minimal
APIs
19. Chapter19: Introduction to Microservices Architecture
20. Chapter20: Modular Monolith
1 Introduction
Before you begin: Join our book community on Discord
Give your feedback straight to the author himself and chat to other early readers on our Discord
server (find the "architecting-aspnet-core-apps-3e" channel under EARLY ACCESS
SUBSCRIPTION).

https://packt.link/EarlyAccess

The goal of this book is not to create yet another design pattern book; instead, the chapters are
organized according to scale and topic, allowing you to start small with a solid foundation and build
slowly upon it, just like you would build a program.Instead of a guide covering a few ways of
applying a design pattern, we will explore the thought processes behind the systems we are designing
from a software engineer’s point of view.This is not a magic recipe book; from experience, there is no
magical recipe when designing software; there are only your logic, knowledge, experience, and
analytical skills. Let’s define “experience” as your past successes and failures. And don’t worry, you
will fail during your career, but don’t get discouraged by it. The faster you fail, the faster you can
recover and learn, leading to successful products. Many techniques covered in this book should help
you achieve success. Everyone has failed and made mistakes; you aren’t the first and certainly won’t
be the last. To paraphrase a well-known saying by Roosevelt: the people that never fail are the ones
who never do anything.At a high level:

This book explores basic patterns, unit testing, architectural principles, and some ASP.NET Core
mechanisms.
Then, we move up to the component scale, exploring patterns oriented toward small chunks of
software and individual units.
After that, we move to application-scale patterns and techniques, exploring ways to structure an
application.
Some subjects covered throughout the book could have a book of their own, so after this book,
you should have plenty of ideas about where to continue your journey into software architecture.

Here are a few pointers about this book that are worth mentioning:

The chapters are organized to start with small-scale patterns and then progress to higher-level
ones, making the learning curve easier.
Instead of giving you a recipe, the book focuses on the thinking behind things and shows the
evolution of some techniques to help you understand why the shift happened.
Many use cases combine more than one design pattern to illustrate alternate usage so you can
understand and use the patterns efficiently. This also shows that design patterns are not beasts
to tame but tools to use, manipulate, and bend to your will.
As in real life, no textbook solution can solve all our problems; real problems are always more
complicated than what’s explained in textbooks. In this book, I aim to show you how to mix and
match patterns to think “architecture” instead of giving you step-by-step instructions to
reproduce.
The rest of the introduction chapter introduces the concepts we explore throughout the book,
including refreshers on a few notions. We also touch on .NET, its tooling, and some technical
requirements.In this chapter, we cover the following topics:

What is a design pattern?

Anti-patterns and code smell.
Understanding the web – request/response.
Getting started with .NET.

What is a design pattern?

Since you just purchased a book about design patterns, I guess you have some idea of what design
patterns are, but let’s make sure that we are on the same page.Abstract definition: A design
pattern is a proven technique that we can use to solve a specific problem.In this book, we apply
different patterns to solve various problems and leverage some open-source tools to go further,
faster! Abstract definitions make people sound smart, but understanding concepts requires more
practice, and there is no better way to learn than by experimenting with something, and design
patterns are no different.If that definition does not make sense to you yet, don’t worry. You should
have enough information by the end of the book to correlate the multiple practical examples and
explanations with that definition, making it crystal clear.I like to compare programming to playing
with LEGO® because what you have to do is very similar: put small pieces together to create
something bigger. Therefore, if you lack imagination or skills, possibly because you are too young,
your castle might not look as good as someone with more experience. With that analogy in mind, a
design pattern is a plan to assemble a solution that fits one or more scenarios, like the tower of a
castle. Once you designed a single tower, you can build multiple by following the same steps. Design
patterns act as that tower plan and give you the tools to assemble reliable pieces to improve your
masterpiece (program).However, instead of snapping LEGO® blocks together, you nest code blocks
and interweave objects in a virtual environment!Before going into more detail, well-thought-out
applications of design patterns should improve your application designs. That is true whether
designing a small component or a whole system. However, be careful: throwing patterns into the mix
just to use them can lead to the opposite result: over-engineering. Instead, aim to write the least
amount of readable code that solves your issue or automates your process.As we have briefly
mentioned, design patterns apply to different software engineering levels, and in this book, we start
small and grow to a cloud-scale! We follow a smooth learning curve, starting with simpler patterns
and code samples that bend good practices to focus on the patterns—finally ending with more
advanced topics and good practices.Of course, some subjects are overviews more than deep dives,
like automated testing, because no one can fit it all in a single book. Nonetheless, I’ve done my best
to give you as much information about architecture-related subjects as possible to ensure the proper
foundations are in place for you to get as much as possible out of the more advanced topics, and I
sincerely hope you’ll find this book a helpful and enjoyable read.Let’s start with the opposite of
design patterns because it is essential to identify wrong ways of doing things to avoid making those
mistakes or to correct them when you see them. Of course, knowing the right way to overcome
specific problems using design patterns is also crucial.

Anti-patterns and code smells

Anti-patterns and code smells are bad architectural practices or tips about possible bad design.
Learning about best practices is as important as learning about bad ones, which is where we start.
The book highlights multiple anti-patterns and code smells to help you get started. Next, we briefly
explore the first few.

Anti-patterns

An anti-pattern is the opposite of a design pattern: it is a proven flawed technique that will most
likely cause you trouble and cost you time and money (and probably give you headaches).An anti-
pattern is a pattern that seems a good idea and seems to be the solution you were looking for, but it
causes more harm than good. Some anti-patterns started as legitimate design patterns and were
labelled anti-patterns later. Sometimes, it is a matter of opinion, and sometimes the classification
can be influenced by the programming language or technologies.Let’s look at an example next. We
will explore some other anti-patterns throughout the book.

Anti-pattern – God Class

A God class is a class that handles too many things. Typically, this class serves as a central entity
which many other classes inherit or use within the application it is the class that knows and manages
everything in the system; it is the class. On the other hand, it is also the class that nobody wants to
update, which breaks the application every time somebody touches it: it is an evil class!The best
way to fix this is to segregate responsibilities and allocate them to multiple classes rather than
concentrating them in a single class. We look at how to split responsibilities throughout the book,
which helps create more robust software.If you have a personal project with a God class at its core,
start by reading the book and then try to apply the principles and patterns you learn to divide that
class into multiple smaller classes that interact together. Try to organize those new classes into
cohesive units, modules, or assemblies.To help fix God classes, we dive into architectural principles
in Chapter 3, Architectural Principles, opening the way to concepts such as responsibility
segregation.

Code smells

A code smell is an indicator of a possible problem. It points to areas of your design that could
benefit from a redesign. By “code smell,” we mean “code that stinks” or “code that does not smell
right.”It is important to note that a code smell only indicates the possibility of a problem; it does not
mean a problem exists. Code smells are usually good indicators, so it is worth analyzing your
software’s “smelly” parts.An excellent example is when a method requires many comments to
explain its logic. That often means that the code could be split into smaller methods with proper
names, leading to more readable code and allowing you to get rid of those pesky comments.Another
note about comments is that they don’t evolve, so what often happens is that the code described by a
comment changes, but the comment remains the same. That leaves a false or obsolete description of
a block of code that can lead a developer astray.The same is also true with method names.
Sometimes, the method’s name and body tell a different story, leading to the same issues.
Nevertheless, this happens less often than orphan or obsolete comments since programmers tend to
read and write code better than spoken language comments. Nonetheless, keep that in mind when
reading, writing, or reviewing code.

Code smell – Control Freak

An excellent example of a code smell is using the new keyword. This indicates a hardcoded
dependency where the creator controls the new object and its lifetime. This is also known as the
Control Freak anti-pattern, but I prefer to box it as a code smell instead of an anti-pattern since
the new keyword is not intrinsically wrong.At this point, you may be wondering how it is possible not
to use the new keyword in object-oriented programming, but rest assured, we will cover that and
expand on the control freak code smell in Chapter 7, Deep Dive into Dependency Injection.

Code smell – Long Methods

The long methods code smell is when a method extends to more than 10 to 15 lines of code. That is
a good indicator that you should think about that method differently. Having comments that
separate multiple code blocks is a good indicator of a method that may be too long.Here are a few
examples of what the case might be:

The method contains complex logic intertwined in multiple conditional statements.

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