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NEUROLOGICAL
PRACTICE
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NEUROLOGICAL
PRACTICE
SECOND EDITION
Consulting Editor
Noshir H Wadia
MD, FRCP, FAMS, FNA, FASc, D Sc (Hons)
Director Emeritus, Department of Neurology
Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai
Former Professor of Neurology, Consultant Neurologist for Life
Editor
The J J Group of Hospitals and Grant Medical College
Mumbai, INDIA
Satish V Khadilkar
MD, DM, DNBE, FIAN
Professor and Head
Department of Neurology
Grant Medical College and Sir J J Group of Hospitals
Mumbai
Consultant Neurologist
Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences
Mumbai, INDIA
ELSEVIER
A division of
Reed Elsevier India Private Limited
Neurological Practice, 2e
Wadia & Khadilkar
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the Publisher.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may
be noted herein).
ISBN: 978-81-312-3755-7
eISBN: 978-81-312-3874-5
epub ISBN: 978-81-312-3848-6
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using
any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they
should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current infor-
mation provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the
recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility
of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine
dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for
any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any
use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Please consult full prescribing information before issuing prescription for any product mentioned in this publication.
The Publisher
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
It was the end of one of the Sunday sessions were unaware of the work done in their own
of ‘Continuums’ in April 2012, and we were departments and generally, the importance of
walking out of the auditorium, when Dr N H knowing local conditions was not well per-
Wadia mentioned to me that he was consider- ceived. As years pass by and bulk of Indian
ing revision of his book Neurological Prac- information increases, it will become increas-
tice: An Indian Perspective and would like to ingly important to have access to it in a single
go ahead with the task, if a helpful pair of place, such as this book.
hands was available. Having dabbled a little The preparation of the second edition took
in the editorial jobs with the Annals of Indian almost 18 months. During this time, we worked
Academy of Neurology and Association of from my office, Dr Wadia’s office and at other
Physicians of India, I felt ready to help him times, at his home. While I took on the respon-
and we started the preparation of the second sibility of communication, liaison, and editing
edition. the chapters, I was guided by Dr Wadia’s
One question repeatedly kept surfacing in depth of knowledge, persistence and attention
discussions with colleagues, as to whether to details. In spite of health concerns, he ac-
there was a need for a book like this, in this era, tively participated in the editorial process,
where knowledge is available at the fingertips making suggestions to improve the contents.
to all, as and when required. We decided to do It has been a very enjoyable experience for me
a small experiment and gave a seminar topic to work alongside him and to delve in nuances
on Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis to our of the art of writing, editing and compiling
postgraduates at the Grant Medical College information.
and saw the result after a week’s preparation. We have been fortunate to have very good
Comparing what was found on the net with contributors for this edition, some new and some
what was in the first edition of the book, it was others from the previous edition. They have all
clear that all the information in the book could done a commendable task of rewriting or revis-
not be accessed by the net, and also, a lot of ing the chapters, taking care to include all Indian
information has gathered after the first edition information on the subject. The book deals with
came to be. Doing the same exercise with areas 16 important areas of neurological practice in
of stroke and epilepsy, it was obvious that the India. Some topics do not find a place in this edi-
new Indian information needed to be collated tion, as some diseases seem to have gone away
in the second edition of the book, for ease of or become infrequent and for the present, prob-
retrieval and as supplementary information to ably not much relevant. The readers are directed
the standard textbooks. to the first edition for the details of exposition of
During my experiences as examiner for DM these topics, though brief accounts appear in the
Neurology in various parts of the country, it introduction of this edition. Two new chapters
was disturbing to realize that the DM post- namely Headache and Brain Tumours have been
graduates do not seem to consider it important added, making this edition more relevant to the
to be updated with Indian information on neu- current issues in neurological practice in our
rological diseases. In some instances, they country.
xi
xii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
I am indebted to the many individuals who I do hope that the readers find this edition
participated in more ways than one, in this useful in their practice of Neurology.
project. I would like to thank my wife Suvarna
and my children, Ankeeta and Rahul, for their Satish V Khadilkar
understanding and cooperation during the
many hours I spent in the preparation of the
book.
Preface to the First Edition
It may well be asked why a book entitled important information has been gathered,
“Neurological Practice” is written when there demanding this somewhat oversized book and
are more comprehensive volumes on neurology many contributors, some of whom have added
already available. The answer is in the subtitle much to the medical literature through their
– an Indian perspective. Very early in my prac- observations and writings.
tice in the late 1950s, I was struck by the Within the covers of this book are included
contrast in the general pattern of neurological disorders as varied as common infections of the
diseases from what I had seen in Britain during nervous system, a unique adult poliomyelitis
my training days. When I saw a patient with following acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis,
clinical manifestations of a cerebral tumour and diseases caused by iodine and protein energy
made a diagnosis of a glioma, more often than deficiencies, hot water epilepsy, newly identi-
not a tuberculoma turned up at surgery, and fied hereditary ataxias, fluorosis, lathyriasis,
there were no investigations available to pre- snake and shell fish poisoning, sequelae of
dict the nature of the tumour; this demanded congenital atlanto-axial dislocation, a megalen-
devising a new approach in the management of cephalic leukodystrophy and much else that
such patients. Soon other neurological disor- affects the nervous system of Indians. There is
ders appeared such as I had not seen frequently; also reference to prevalence data of well-known
and I did not see others, like multiple sclerosis, diseases like epilepsy, stroke, dementia, move-
so common in the West. And over the time it ment disorders, comparing it with reports from
became increasingly clear that even the most elsewhere, which may provide clues to better
exhaustively written volumes on neurology did understanding of these diseases.
not and possibly could not deal sufficiently Hopefully then, this book will find a place on
well with diseases of much interest and concern the book shelves of students and those who
to peoples outside the western world. This did have to treat Indians at home or abroad. And
not mean that such texts were irrelevant for perhaps even be useful for their subcontinental
populations beyond their compass; it only indi- neighbours.
cated the need for supplementary books, cover- Having said all this, it is with much pleasure
ing newly gathered information essential for that I thank all those who have helped me to put
treatment of locally more prevalent diseases. this book together. I owe an immense debt of
This, I felt was more so for populous countries gratitude to Dr Piroja Wadia, my often unappre-
like India where one-fifth of the world’s popu- ciated and silent partner in much of my work
lation reside and whose diaspora has spread far and research, without whose encouragement
and wide, carrying their diseases with them at this book would not have been written.
least in the immediate term. I cannot thank enough the trustees and
This, I hope is one such book. administration of the Jaslok Hospital and
Some 30 years ago when I first thought of Research Centre, Mumbai, where I continue to
writing a book, it would have been less than half practice, for providing me with every facility I
this size and probably written entirely by me. required and bearing the considerable expenses
But in the ensuing years much interesting and which came along with it.
xiii
xiv PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
I will be considerably remiss if I did not put the text understanding the not easy task that I
on record what I owe to all those who were had undertaken. It has given me much pleasure
with me at the JJ Hospital where I spent a large collaborating with them.
part of my making day in the first 25 years of Finally, my apologies as no book can cover
my career. The administration, the patients every subject. My colleagues and I have tried to
whose illnesses I tended to, and who were will- gather as much of the important Indian litera-
ing subjects of my observations, the medical ture on neurology as possible, but inevitably
students, the residents and research assistants, there will be some authors or contributions not
my colleagues, especially the late Dr Darab mentioned, or reference to their publication not
Dastur, the nursing and other staff, each in included. My apologies to them; I hope they will
their own way energised me to do more than understand.
what I was capable of. I also recognise that important neurological
I recognise and appreciate the effort of the disorders like headache, myasthenia gravis,
contributors who have so fulsomely given their have not found a place. But I had to keep the
time and skill to contribute chapters to this book size of the book within limits and only include
and who have respected my editorial privileges those diseases where sufficient published infor-
without demur. I have taken help from my mation was available. Perhaps another volume
departmental colleagues and other staff when- can always be added by a kindred soul, which
ever I needed, which I sincerely acknowledge. could also include diseases managed mostly by
Asha Padiyar, my principal secretary has neurosurgeons.
laboured through many hours typing repeated My earnest hope is that successive editions of
drafts, correcting manuscripts and as far as this book will expand its scope and continue to
possible the reference lists. She was joined later reflect the increasing contributions of Indian
by Jasmin Daruwalla and my clinical assistant, Neurology to world literature through observa-
Dr Annu Aggarwal. I am grateful to them. tions and research carried out by Indians in India.
Elsevier Science readily agreed to publish this
book and patiently waited for me to complete Noshir H Wadia
Acknowledgements
Dr Satish Khadilkar thanks Dr Chetan Choudhari Public Health, NIMHANS for all help and sup-
and Dr Ahshish Bhutada for their invaluable help port in literature pooling and review.
during the editing of manuscripts. Dr Wadia Dr Mohit Bhat and Dr Annu Aggarwal thank
thanks Ms Asha Padiar for the secretarial help. Dr Uday Muthane and Dr Noshir Wadia for
Dr Subhash Kaul and Dr Suvarna Alladi their inputs from the first edition.
thank Shailaja Mekala for technical assistance Dr Chandrashekhar Deopujari and Dr Vikram
and support in editing the manuscript. Karmarkar thank Drs Vishwaraj Rath and
Dr Satishchandra and Dr Gururaj acknowl- Shraddha Maheshwari for their assistance in
edge the help and support of Dr Senthil Amudan, preparing the manuscript.
Assistant Professor of Epidemiology, Centre for
xv
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Brief Contents
xvii
This page intentionally left blank
Detailed Contents
1.╇ Acute Viral Encephalitis 2.╇ Subacute and Chronic Viral Infections
MISRA UK, KALITA J of Nervous System and Prion Diseases
ANITA MAHADEVAN, SANJIB SINHA, NETRAVATHI M,
1.╇ Herpes Simplex Encephalitis╅ 25 SATISHCHANDRA P, SHANKAR SK
1.1╇ Epidemiology╅ 25
1.2╇ Latency and Activation╅ 26 1.╇ Introduction╅ 57
1.3╇ Pathogenesis╅ 26 2.╇ Neurobiology of HIV/AIDS╅ 57
1.4╇ Clinical Presentation╅ 27 2.1╇ Introduction╅ 57
1.5╇ Investigations╅ 27 2.2╇ Epidemiology╅ 58
1.6╇ Treatment╅ 28 2.3╇ HIV Subtypes in India╅ 58
1.7╇ Outcome╅ 29 2.4╇ Neurological Manifestations of HIV╅ 59
xix
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