LECTURE 3
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO
School of Engineering – Civil Engineering Program
Aurora State College of Technology
Zabali Campus, Baler, Aurora
School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
EXPECTED / INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME
Familiar with the Design Codes governing designing structural
member.
Understand the different loads applied on structures.
Differentiate the limit state of designed structural elements.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
• DESIGN METHOD
• BASIC ASSUMPTIONS IN FLEXURE THEORY
• CONCRETE STAGES
• FLEXURAL MOMENT
• BALANCED, TENSION AND COMPRESSION SECTION
• DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSION
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
DESIGN METHOD
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN, USD
- sometimes called strength design
1. Makes use of a more rational approach than does WSD
2. More realistic consideration of safety is used.
3. Provides more economical designs
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
DESIGN METHOD
WORKING STRESS DESIGN, WSD
- sometimes called allowable stress design or straight – line design
1. AASHTO permits WSD or USD for the design of reinforced concrete
for highway bridges
2. For proportioning fluid – containing structures with the result that there
is appreciable less cracking and consequent leakage.
3. For calculating the moment of inertia to be used for deflection
calculations
4. Design of prestressed concrete members is based not only on
strength design but also on elastic stress calculations at service load
conditions.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
ADVANTAGES OF STRENGTH DESIGN
1. Takes into account the nonlinear shape of the stress – strain diagram
2. Consistent theory is used throughout the design process.
3. More realistic factor of safety is used.
4. Have a more uniform safety factor against collapse throughout.
5. Permits more flexible design
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS IN FLEXURE THEORY
Sections perpendicular to the axis of bending which are plane before
bending remain plane after bending.
The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the strain in the concrete at the
same level.
The stresses in the concrete and reinforcement can be computed from
the strains using stress – strain curves for concrete and steel.
Sections Tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural strength
calculations
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS IN FLEXURE THEORY
Concrete is assumed to fail when the compressive strain reaches a
limiting value greater than 0.003.
Compressive stress – strain relationship for concrete may be assumed
to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic or any other shape.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
UNCRACKED CONCRETE STAGE
concrete stage where the entire cross section of the beam resists
bending with compression on one side and tension on the other
side.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
CONCRETE CRACKED – ELASTIC STRESSES STAGE
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BEAM FAILURE – ULTIMATE STRENGTH STAGE
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
ULTIMATE OR NOMINAL FLEXURAL MOMENT
1. Small moments less than Mcr with beam
section resist bending, strains are small
and is nearly vertical and almost a straight
line
2. With moment greater than Mcr, slope of the
curve decreases since the beam is no
longer as stiff as it was in the initial stage
before the concrete cracked.
3. At yield point, the beam has; small
additional moment capacity and load
which requires to substantially increase
rotation and deflection.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
ELASTIC STRESSES – CONCRETE CRACKED
Modular Ratio, n
- the ratio of the steel modulus of elasticity to the concrete modulus
𝐸𝑠 = 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐸𝑐 = 4,700 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐸𝑐 = 𝜔1.5 (0.043) 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝐸𝑠 = 29,000 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝐸𝑐 = 57,000 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐸𝑐 = 𝜔1.5 (33) 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
Transformed Area
the area of the steel is
replaced with an
equivalent area of fictitious
concrete area
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
ELASTIC STRESSES – CONCRETE CRACKED
Cracked Transformed Section
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
ELASTIC STRESSES – CONCRETE CRACKED
Moment of the tension area is equal to the moment of the compression
area
𝑘𝑑 2
𝑏 − 𝑛𝐴𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑 = 0
2
The total compression and tension force are
𝑓𝑐
𝐶 = 𝑏𝑘𝑑 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
2
Taking moment about C
𝑀
𝑀 = 𝑇𝑗𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑑 𝑓𝑠 =
𝐴𝑠 𝑗𝑑
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
ELASTIC STRESSES – CONCRETE CRACKED
taking moment about T
𝑓𝑐
𝑀 = 𝐶𝑗𝑑 = 𝑘𝑗𝑏𝑑 2
2
2𝑀
𝑓𝑐 =
𝑘𝑗𝑏𝑑 2
Considering the reinforcement ratio as
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
Substituting 𝐴𝑠 in the first equation
𝑘 = 𝜌𝑛 2 + 2𝜌𝑛 − 𝜌𝑛
𝑘
𝑗 =1−
3
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
ELASTIC STRESSES – CONCRETE CRACKED
EXAMPLE 1:
A rectangular beam has the dimension 𝑏 = 10 𝑖𝑛, ℎ = 25 𝑖𝑛 and 𝑑
= 23 𝑖𝑛 and is reinforced with three No. 8 bars so that 𝐴𝑠 = 2.37 𝑖𝑛2 .
The concrete cylinder strength 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 , and the tensile
strength in bending (modulus of rupture) is 475 psi. The yield point of
steel 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖. Determine the stresses caused by a bending
moment 𝑀𝑛 = 45 𝑓𝑡 ∗ 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
ELASTIC STRESSES – CONCRETE CRACKED
EXAMPLE 2:
A rectangular beam has the dimension 𝑏 = 10 𝑖𝑛, ℎ = 25 𝑖𝑛 and 𝑑
= 23 𝑖𝑛 and is reinforced with three No. 8 bars so that 𝐴𝑠 = 2.37 𝑖𝑛2 .
The concrete cylinder strength 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, and the tensile strength
in bending (modulus of rupture) is 475 psi. The yield point of steel 𝑓𝑦
= 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖. Determine the stresses caused by a bending moment
𝑀𝑛 = 90 𝑓𝑡 ∗ 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BALANCED SECTIONS, TENSION-CONTROLLED
SECTIONS AND COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED OR
BRITTLE SECTIONS
balanced steel ratio
the tensile steel will theoretically yield at the time the extreme
compression concrete fibers attain a strain equal to 0.003.
compression controlled or brittle section
the compression strain reaches 0.003 before the steel yields
tension controlled section
members whose computed tensile strains are equal to or greater than
0.0050 at the same time the concrete strain is 0.003
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BALANCED SECTIONS, TENSION-CONTROLLED
SECTIONS AND COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED OR
BRITTLE SECTIONS
Tension Failure
Reinforcement yields
before concrete
crushes (reaches its
limiting compressive
strain)
Beam is said to be
under - reinforced
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BALANCED SECTIONS, TENSION-CONTROLLED
SECTIONS AND COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED OR
BRITTLE SECTIONS
UNDER – REINFORCED BEAM
• Initiated by yielding of the steel, tension failure is gradual
• Distress is obvious from observing the large deflections and
widening of cracks associated with yielding of the steel
reinforcement, and measures can be taken to avoid total collapse.
• Possess substantial strength based on strain-hardening of the
reinforcing steel.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BALANCED SECTIONS, TENSION-CONTROLLED
SECTIONS AND COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED OR
BRITTLE SECTIONS
Compression Failure
Concrete crushes
before steel yields.
Beam is said to be
over - reinforced
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BALANCED SECTIONS, TENSION-CONTROLLED
SECTIONS AND COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED OR
BRITTLE SECTIONS
OVER – REINFORCED BEAM
• at flexure failure:
𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑑−𝑐
∈𝑠 =∈𝑢
𝑐
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BALANCED SECTIONS, TENSION-CONTROLLED
SECTIONS AND COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED OR
BRITTLE SECTIONS
Balanced Failure
Concrete crushes
and steel yields
simultaneously.
Beam has balanced -
reinforcement
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BALANCED SECTIONS, TENSION-CONTROLLED
SECTIONS AND COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED OR
BRITTLE SECTIONS
BALANCED STRAIN CONDITION
The steel strain is exactly equal to ∈𝑦 when the strain in the concrete
simultaneously reaches the crushing strain of ∈𝑢 = 0.003
∈𝑢
𝑐= 𝑑
∈𝑢 +∈𝑦
𝑓𝑐′ ∈𝑢
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 ∈𝑢 +∈𝑦
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BALANCED SECTIONS, TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTIONS
AND COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED OR BRITTLE SECTIONS
VARIATION OF STRENGTH
OF REDUCTION FACTOR
WITH NET TENSILE
STRAIN
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BALANCED SECTIONS, TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTIONS
AND COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED OR BRITTLE SECTIONS
NET TENSILE
STRAIN c/d
RATIO
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSION
Compressive stresses vary from zero at the neutral axis to a
maximum value at or near the extreme fiber.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSION
Whitney replaced the curve stress block with an equivalent rectangular
block of intensity 0.85fc’ and a = β1c.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSION
For 𝟏𝟕 ≤ 𝒇𝒄′ ≤ 𝟐𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
For 𝟐𝟖 < 𝒇𝒄′ < 𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒇𝒄′ − 𝟐𝟖
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 −
𝟕
For 𝒇𝒄′ ≥ 𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSION
1. Compute total tensile force T = Asfy.
2. Equate total compression force, C = 0.85fc’ab to Asfy and solve for a.
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
using 𝐴𝑠 𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝜌= 𝑎=
𝑏𝑑 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′
3. Calculate the distance between the centers of gravity of T and C
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSION
4. Determine Mn, which equals T or C times the distance between their
centers of gravity
𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇 𝑑 − = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2 2
5. Determine Mu, which is equal to Mn multiplied by strength reduction
factor, φ
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
∅𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSION
6. Substitute, “a”
𝜌𝑓𝑦
∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 1 −
1.7𝑓𝑐′
7. Replacing As with ρbd and Ru = Mu/φbd2; solving for ρ
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌= 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Exercises:
1. Determine the cracking moments for the sections shown if 𝑓𝑐 ′
= 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and the modulus of rupture is 𝑓𝑟 = 0.7 𝑓𝑐′.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Exercises:
2. Compute the flexural stresses in the concrete and steel for
the beam shown using transformed – area method. Use 𝑛
= 9.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Exercises:
3. Compute for the nominal moment capacity of the section
shown. Use 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 350 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
REFERENCES / TEXTBOOKS:
1. ACI Committee 318 (1995). Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete (ACI 318-95) and Commentary (ACI 318R-95).
Farmington Hills, MI. American Concrete Institute.
2. ACI Committee 318 (2014). An ACI Standard and Report Building
Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and
Commentary on Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
(ACI 318R-14). Farmington Hills, MI 48331. American Concrete
Institute.
3. Nilson, A. H., Darwin, D. & Dolan, C. W. (2010). Design of Concrete
Structures. Fourteenth Edition. New York, NY 10020. The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
4. McCormack, J. C. & Nelson, J. K. (2006). Design of Reinforced
Concrete (ACI 318-05 Code Edition). Seventh Edition. Hoboken, NJ
07030. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
REFERENCES / TEXTBOOKS:
5. McCormack, J. C. & Brown, R. H. (2014). Design of Reinforced
Concrete. Ninth Edition. Hoboken, NJ 07030. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
6. Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (2020). Design Guide on the ACI
318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. Concrete
Reinforcing Steel Institute.
7. Ghoneim, M. A. & El-Mihilmy, M. T. (2008). Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures. Volume 1. Second Edition.
8. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. (2016).
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015. Volume 1. Seventh
Edition. Quezon City, Phil 1100. Association of Structural Engineers of
the Philippines, Inc.
9. MacGinley, T. J. & Choo, B. S. (2003). Reinforced Concrete (Design
Theory and Examples). Second Edition. Taylor & Francis e-Library.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
REFERENCES / TEXTBOOKS:
10. Wang, C. K., Salmon, C. G. & Pincheira, J. A. (2007). Reinforced
Concrete Design. 7th Edition. Hoboken, NJ 07030. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
11. Mosley, W. H. & Bungey, J. H. (1990). Reinforced Concrete Design.
Fourth Edition. Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21. Macmillan Education
Ltd.
12. Wight, J. K & MacGregor, J. G. (2012). Reinforced Concrete
Mechanics and Design. 6th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Pearson Education, Inc.
13. Fanella, D. A. (2011). Reinforced Concrete Structures Analysis and
Design. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
14. Kamara, M. E. & Novak, L. C. (2011). Simplified Design of Reinforced
Concrete Building. Fourth Edition. Skokie, Il. Portland Cement
Association
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
REFERENCES / TEXTBOOKS:
15. Williams, A. (2015). Structural Engineering Reference Manual. Eight
Edition. Belmont, Ca 94002. Professional Publications, Inc.
Aurora State college of Technology - School of Engineering
Thank you!
School of Engineering
