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 C#
Joseph Mayo

Unleashed
 PUBLISHER
C# Unleashed Paul Boger
Copyright © 2002 by Sams Publishing
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a
Shelley Kronzek
retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-
copying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publish- DEVELOPMENT EDITOR
er. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information Susan Hobbs
contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation
MANAGING EDITOR
of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or
Charlotte Clapp
omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of
the information contained herein. PROJECT EDITORS
International Standard Book Number: 0-672-32122-x Elizabeth Finney
Leah Kirkpatrick
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 00-111066
COPY EDITOR
Printed in the United States of America
Maryann Steinhart
First Printing: November 2001
INDEXER
04 03 02 01 4 3 2 1 D&G Limited, LLC

Trademarks PROOFREADER
D&G Limited, LLC
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service
marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to TECHNICAL EDITORS
the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be Kevin Burton
regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Bill Craun

TEAM COORDINATOR
Warning and Disclaimer Pamalee Nelson
Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as
possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on MEDIA DEVELOPER
an “as is” basis. The author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor Dan Scherf
responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages aris- INTERIOR DESIGNER
ing from the information contained in this book or from the use of programs Gary Adair
accompanying it.
COVER DESIGNER
Aren Howell

PAGE LAYOUT
D&G Limited, LLC
Contents at a Glance
Introduction 1

PART I C# Basics 9
1 The C# Environment 11
2 Getting Started with C# 19
3 Writing C# Expressions 47
4 Using Statements and Loops to Control Program Flow 69
5 Debugging and Pre-Processing 91

Part II Object and Component Programming with C# 107

6 Object and Component Concepts 109
7 Working with Classes 129
8 Designing Object-Oriented Programs 177
9 Overloading Class Members and Operators 219
10 Handling Exceptions and Errors 237
11 Delegates and Events 255
12 Organizing Code with Namespaces 277
13 Creating structs 289
14 Implementing Interfaces 301
15 Performing Conversions 329

Part III Using Class Libraries with C# 341

16 Presenting Graphical User Interfaces 343
17 File I/O and Serialization 381
18 XML 407
19 Database Programming with ADO.NET 417
20 Writing Web Applications with ASP.NET 439
21 Remoting 459
22 Web Services 483
Part IV Extreme C# 495
23 Multi-Threading 497
24 Browsing the Network Libraries 503
25 String Manipulation 515
26 C# Collections 545
27 Attributes 567
28 Reflection 581
29 Localization and Resources 595
30 Unsafe Code and PInvoke 619
31 Runtime Debugging 635
32 Performance Monitoring 647
33 Integrating C# with COM 679

Part V The C# Environment 693

34 Garbage Collection 695
35 Cross-Language Programming with C# 711
36 The Common Language Runtime 725
37 Versioning and Assemblies 733
38 Securing Code 745

Part VI Appendixes 759

A Compiling Programs 761
B The .NET Frameworks Class Library 767
C Online Resources 773

Index 775
Contents
Introduction 1

Part I C# Basics 9
1 The C# Environment 11
The Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) ......................................12
Standardization ....................................................................................15
The .NET Architecture ........................................................................16
Common Language Runtime (CLR) ..............................................16
Libraries ..........................................................................................16
Languages ........................................................................................17
Where C# Fits In ..................................................................................17
Summary ..............................................................................................17

2 Getting Started with C# 19

Writing a Simple C# Program ..............................................................20
Comments ............................................................................................22
Multi-Line Comments ....................................................................22
Single-Line Comments ....................................................................23
XML Documentation Comments ....................................................23
Identifiers and Keywords ......................................................................24
Identifiers ........................................................................................24
Keywords ........................................................................................26
Style ......................................................................................................26
Preparing a Program To Run ................................................................27
Basic C# Types ....................................................................................28
Variable Declarations ......................................................................29
The Simple Types ............................................................................29
Struct Types ....................................................................................34
Reference Types ..............................................................................34
Enumeration Types ..........................................................................35
String Type ......................................................................................36
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Definite Assignment ............................................................................37

Basic Conversions ................................................................................38
Arrays ....................................................................................................40
Single-dimension Arrays ................................................................40
N-Dimensional Arrays ....................................................................42
Jagged Arrays ..................................................................................42
Interacting with Programs ....................................................................43
Summary ..............................................................................................46

3 Writing C# Expressions 47
Unary Operators ....................................................................................48
The Plus Operator ............................................................................48
The Minus Operator ........................................................................49
The Increment Operator ..................................................................49
The Decrement Operator ................................................................50
The Logical Complement Operator ................................................50
The Bitwise Complement Operator ................................................50
Binary Operators ..................................................................................51
Arithmetic Operators ......................................................................51
Relational Operators ........................................................................53
Logical Operators ............................................................................55
Assignment Operators ....................................................................58
The Ternary Operator ..........................................................................59
Other Operators ....................................................................................60
The is Operator ..............................................................................60
The as Operator ..............................................................................60
The sizeof() Operator ..................................................................60
The typeof() Operator ..................................................................60
The checked() Operator ..................................................................61
The unchecked() Operator ..............................................................61
Enumeration Expressions ....................................................................61
Array Expressions ................................................................................63
Statements ............................................................................................65
Blocks ..................................................................................................65
Labels ....................................................................................................66
Declarations ..........................................................................................66
Operator Precedence and Associativity ................................................66
Summary ..............................................................................................68

4 Using Statements and Loops to Control Program Flow 69

if Statements ........................................................................................70
Simple if ........................................................................................70
if-then-else ..................................................................................71
if-else if-else ............................................................................71
 vii
CONTENTS

switch Statements ................................................................................73

C# Loops ..............................................................................................76
while Loops ....................................................................................77
do Loops ..........................................................................................78
for Loops ........................................................................................79
foreach Loops ................................................................................80
goto Statements ....................................................................................81
break Statements ..................................................................................83
continue Statements ............................................................................84
return Statements ................................................................................84
Summary ..............................................................................................88

5 Debugging and Pre-Processing 91

Pre-Processing Directives ....................................................................92
Define Directive ..............................................................................92
Conditionals ....................................................................................92
Errors ..............................................................................................93
Line Numbers ..................................................................................94
Comments ........................................................................................94
Debugging C# Programs ......................................................................94
The Debugging Approach ..............................................................95
Using the Debugger To Find a Program Error ................................96
Attaching to Processes ..................................................................101
Summary ............................................................................................106

Part II Object and Component Programming with C# 107

6 Object and Component Concepts 109
What Is an Object? ............................................................................110
Object Classification ..........................................................................112
Object Hierarchies ..............................................................................113
Abstraction ..........................................................................................114
Objects within Objects ........................................................................115
Objects with Different Behaviors ......................................................116
Component Interfaces ........................................................................120
Component Properties ........................................................................123
Component Events ..............................................................................125
Summary ............................................................................................128

7 Working with Classes 129

Class Members ....................................................................................130
Instance and Static Members ..............................................................131
Use of Accessibility Modifiers ..........................................................131
Fields ..................................................................................................132
 C#
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Field Initialization ........................................................................132

Definite Assignment ......................................................................133
Constant Fields ..............................................................................134
readonly Fields ............................................................................135
XML Comments ............................................................................135
Constructors ........................................................................................135
Instance Constructors ....................................................................136
Static Constructors ........................................................................141
Destructors ..........................................................................................142
Methods ..............................................................................................143
Instance Methods ..........................................................................144
Method Signature ..........................................................................144
Method Body ................................................................................147
Local Fields ..................................................................................147
Method Parameters ........................................................................148
Static Methods ..............................................................................155
XML Comments ............................................................................156
Properties ............................................................................................156
Property Accessors ........................................................................157
Transparent Access ........................................................................159
Static Properties ............................................................................160
Late Bound Object Creation ..........................................................161
XML Comments ............................................................................162
Indexers ..............................................................................................162
XML Comments ............................................................................164
Full XML Comments ..........................................................................165
Summary ............................................................................................176

8 Designing Object-Oriented Programs 177

Inheritance ..........................................................................................178
Base Classes ..................................................................................178
Abstract Classes ............................................................................180
Calling Base Class Members ........................................................188
Hiding Base Class Members ........................................................191
Versioning ......................................................................................193
Sealed Classes ..............................................................................197
Encapsulating Object Internals ..........................................................198
Data Hiding ..................................................................................198
Modifiers Supporting Encapsulation ............................................199
Other Encapsulation Strategies ....................................................199
Relationship of Encapsulation to Inheritance ..............................200
 ix
CONTENTS

Polymorphism ....................................................................................200
Implementing Polymorphism ........................................................201
Hiding Again ................................................................................206
Most-Derived Implementations ....................................................210
Polymorphic Properties ................................................................213
Polymorphic Indexers ....................................................................215
Summary ............................................................................................217

9 Overloading Class Members and Operators 219

Overloading Methods ........................................................................220
Overloading Indexers ..........................................................................223
Overloading Operators ........................................................................227
Resolving Overloaded Members ........................................................234
Summary ............................................................................................235

10 Handling Exceptions and Errors 237

try/catch Blocks ..............................................................................238
finally Blocks ..................................................................................240
Predefined Exception Classes ............................................................241
Handling Exceptions ..........................................................................241
Handling Multiple Exceptions ......................................................242
Handling and Passing Exceptions ................................................243
Recovering from Exceptions ........................................................246
Designing Your Own Exceptions ........................................................249
checked and unchecked Statements ....................................................251
Summary ............................................................................................253

11 Delegates and Events 255

Delegates ............................................................................................256
Defining Delegates ........................................................................256
Creating Delegate Method Handlers ............................................257
Hooking Up Delegates and Handlers ............................................257
Invoking Methods through Delegates ..........................................258
Multi-Cast Delegates ....................................................................258
Delegate Equality ..........................................................................261
Events ..................................................................................................262
Defining Event Handlers ..............................................................262
Registering for Events ..................................................................264
Implementing Events ....................................................................265
Firing Events ................................................................................267
Modifying Event Add/Remove Methods ......................................269
Summary ............................................................................................275
 C#
x
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12 Organizing Code with Namespaces 277

Why Namespaces? ..............................................................................278
Organizing Code ............................................................................278
Avoiding Conflict ..........................................................................279
Namespace Directives ........................................................................280
The using Directive ......................................................................280
The alias Directive ......................................................................281
Creating Namespaces ..........................................................................282
Namespace Members ..........................................................................286
Scope and Visibility ............................................................................286
Summary ............................................................................................288

13 Creating structs 289

Identifying the class/struct Relationship ........................................290
Value Versus Reference ................................................................291
Inheritance ....................................................................................292
Other Differences ..........................................................................293
Trade-Offs ......................................................................................293
Type System Unification ....................................................................294
The Pre-Defined Types as structs ..............................................294
Boxing and Unboxing ..................................................................295
Designing a New Value Type ..............................................................295
Summary ............................................................................................298

14 Implementing Interfaces 301

Abstract Class Versus Interface ..........................................................302
Interface Members ..............................................................................302
Methods ........................................................................................303
Properties ......................................................................................303
Indexers ........................................................................................304
Events ............................................................................................304
Implicit Implementation ....................................................................304
Single Class Interface Implementation ........................................305
Simulating Polymorphic Behavior ................................................309
Explicit Implementation ....................................................................315
Mapping ..............................................................................................321
Inheritance ..........................................................................................324
Summary ............................................................................................327

15 Performing Conversions 329

Implicit Versus Explicit Conversions ..................................................330
Value Type Conversions ....................................................................335
Reference Type Conversions ..............................................................338
Summary ............................................................................................339
 xi
CONTENTS

Part III Using Class Libraries with C# 341

16 Presenting Graphical User Interfaces 343
Windows ............................................................................................344
Controls ..............................................................................................348
N-Tier Architecture ............................................................................351
Menus ..................................................................................................373
Summary ............................................................................................379

17 File I/O and Serialization 381

Files and Directories ..........................................................................382
Streams ................................................................................................391
Reading and Writing with Streams ..............................................391
Implementing a Cryptographic Stream ........................................395
Serialization ........................................................................................398
Automatic Serialization ................................................................398
Custom Serialization ....................................................................401
Summary ............................................................................................406

18 XML 407
Writing ................................................................................................408
Reading ..............................................................................................411
Summary ............................................................................................416

19 Database Programming with ADO.NET 417

Making Connections ..........................................................................418
Viewing Data ......................................................................................420
Manipulating Data ..............................................................................425
Calling Stored Procedures ..................................................................429
Retrieving DataSets ............................................................................435
Summary ............................................................................................438

20 Writing Web Applications with ASP.NET 439

A Simple Web Page ............................................................................440
Controls ..............................................................................................441
Server Controls ..............................................................................441
HTML Controls ............................................................................442
Validation Controls ........................................................................443
Making a Web Form ..........................................................................443
A Simple Web Form ......................................................................444
Manipulating Web Form Controls ................................................448
Code-Behind Web Pages ....................................................................452
Summary ............................................................................................457
 C#
xii
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21 Remoting 459
Basic Remoting ..................................................................................460
Remoting Server ............................................................................461
Remoting Client ............................................................................463
Remoting Setup ............................................................................465
Proxys ................................................................................................471
Channels ..............................................................................................475
Lifetime Management ........................................................................478
Summary ............................................................................................481

22 Web Services 483

Web Service Basics ............................................................................484
Web Service Technologies ............................................................484
A Basic Web Service ....................................................................485
Viewing Web Service Info ............................................................486
Using Web Services ............................................................................490
Summary ............................................................................................493

Part IV Extreme C# 495

23 Multi-Threading 497
Creating New Threads ........................................................................498
Synchronization ..................................................................................499
Summary ............................................................................................502

24 Browsing the Network Libraries 503

Implementing Sockets ........................................................................504
A Socket Server ............................................................................504
A Socket Client ............................................................................507
Compiling and Running Server and Client ..................................511
Working with HTTP ..........................................................................512
Summary ............................................................................................514

25 String Manipulation 515

The String Class ................................................................................516
static Methods ................................................................................517
Instance Methods ..........................................................................522
Properties and Indexers ................................................................532
The StringBuilder Class ..................................................................533
Instance Methods ..........................................................................533
Properties and Indexers ................................................................538
String Formatting ..............................................................................540
Numeric Formatting ......................................................................540
Picture Formatting ........................................................................541
 xiii
CONTENTS

Regular Expressions ..........................................................................541

Summary ............................................................................................543

26 C# Collections 545
Pre-Existing Collections ....................................................................546
The ArrayList Collection ............................................................546
The BitArray Collection ..............................................................547
The Hashtable Collection ............................................................549
The Queue Collection ....................................................................549
The SortedList Collection ..........................................................550
The Stack Collection ....................................................................551
Collection Interfaces ..........................................................................552
Creating a Collection ..........................................................................553
A List Collection ..........................................................................553
Using the SiteList Collection ......................................................563
Summary ............................................................................................565

27 Attributes 567
Using Attributes ..................................................................................568
Using a Single Attribute ................................................................568
Using Multiple Attributes ..............................................................569
Using Attribute Parameters ................................................................570
Positional Parameters ....................................................................571
Named Parameters ........................................................................571
Using Attribute Targets ......................................................................572
Creating Your Own Attributes ............................................................574
The AttributeUsage Attribute ......................................................574
Getting Attributes from a Class ..........................................................578
Summary ............................................................................................579

28 Reflection 581
Discovering Program Information ......................................................582
Dynamically Activating Code ............................................................588
Reflection.Emit ................................................................................590
Summary ............................................................................................594

29 Localization and Resources 595

Resource Files ....................................................................................596
Creating a Resource File ..............................................................596
Writing a Resource File ................................................................599
Reading a Resource File ................................................................600
Converting a Resource File ..........................................................601
Creating Graphical Resources ......................................................603
 C#
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Multiple Locales ................................................................................609

Implementing Multiple Locales ....................................................610
Finding Resources ........................................................................616
Summary ............................................................................................617

30 Unsafe Code and PInvoke 619

Unsafe Code ........................................................................................620
What Do You Mean My Code Is Unsafe? ....................................620
The Power of Pointers ..................................................................621
The sizeof() Operator ................................................................625
The stackalloc Operator ..............................................................626
The fixed Statement ....................................................................628
Platform Invoke ..................................................................................631
Summary ............................................................................................633

31 Runtime Debugging 635

Simple Debugging ..............................................................................636
Conditional Debugging ......................................................................638
Runtime Tracing ................................................................................641
Making Assertions ..............................................................................643
Summary ............................................................................................644

32 Performance Monitoring 647

Accessing Built-in Performance Counters ........................................648
Implementing Timers ..........................................................................656
Building a Customized Performance Counter ....................................657
Analyzing Performance with Sampling ..............................................668
Summary ............................................................................................677

33 Integrating C# with COM 679

Communicating with COM from .NET ............................................680
Early-Bound COM Component Calls ..........................................680
Late-Bound COM Component Calls ............................................682
Exposing a .NET Component as a COM Component ......................683
Introduction to .NET Support for COM+ Services ............................685
Transactions ..................................................................................687
JIT Activation ................................................................................688
Object Pooling ..............................................................................689
Other Services ..............................................................................690
Summary ............................................................................................690
 xv
CONTENTS

Part V The C# Environment 693

34 Garbage Collection 695
Automatic Memory Management ......................................................696
Inside the Garbage Collector ........................................................697
Garbage Collector Optimization ..................................................698
Finalizing Your Code Properly ..........................................................699
The Problems with Destructors ....................................................699
The Dispose Pattern ......................................................................700
The using Statement ....................................................................701
Controlling Garbage Collection ..........................................................703
Controlling Objects ......................................................................703
Weak References ..........................................................................705
Summary ............................................................................................709

35 Cross-Language Programming with C# 711

The Common Type System (CTS) ....................................................712
The Common Language Specification (CLS) ....................................713
Tips for Making Your Code CLS-Compatible ....................................713
General ..........................................................................................714
Naming ..........................................................................................715
Types ..............................................................................................715
Methods ........................................................................................716
Indexers and Properties ................................................................717
Events ............................................................................................717
Pointers ..........................................................................................718
Interfaces ......................................................................................718
Inheritance ....................................................................................718
Arrays ............................................................................................719
Enums ............................................................................................719
Attributes ......................................................................................720
Assemblies ....................................................................................720
Writing a Cross-Language Program ..................................................721
Summary ............................................................................................724

36 The Common Language Runtime 725

Managed Execution ............................................................................726
Creating Source Code ....................................................................727
Compiling to Intermediate Code ..................................................727
Compiling to Native Code ............................................................727
Executing the Program ..................................................................728
Metadata ..............................................................................................728
Uses of Metadata ..........................................................................729
 C#
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Managed Services ..............................................................................729

Exception Handling ......................................................................729
Automatic Lifetime Management ................................................730
Interoperability ..............................................................................730
Security ..........................................................................................730
Profiling and Debugging ..............................................................730
Summary ............................................................................................730

37 Versioning and Assemblies 733

Inside Assemblies ..............................................................................734
Manifests ......................................................................................735
Attributes ......................................................................................735
Assembly Features ..............................................................................738
Identity ..........................................................................................738
Scope ............................................................................................738
Versioning ......................................................................................738
Security ..........................................................................................739
Configuration ......................................................................................740
Startup Configuration ....................................................................741
Runtime Configuration ..................................................................741
Deployment ........................................................................................743
Summary ............................................................................................744
38 Securing Code 745
Code-Based Security ..........................................................................746
Evidence ........................................................................................746
Permissions ....................................................................................747
Code Groups ..................................................................................747
Security Policy Levels ..................................................................749
Permission Requests ......................................................................750
Implementing Security Policy ......................................................753
Role-Based Security ..........................................................................755
Security Utilities ................................................................................757
Summary ............................................................................................758

Part VI Appendixes 759

A Compiling Programs 761
Assemblies ..........................................................................................762
Debug ..................................................................................................762
Miscellaneous ....................................................................................763
Optimization ......................................................................................764
Output ................................................................................................764
 Preprocessing ......................................................................................765
Resources ............................................................................................765

B The .NET Frameworks Class Libraries 767

C Online Resources 773

C# Sites ..............................................................................................774
.NET Sites ..........................................................................................774

Index 775
About the Author
Joe Mayo is a pioneer within the C# community. Joe created the C# Station Web site
shortly after this new language was introduced. His very popular C# Tutorials are
accessed by Web developers and Web sites throughout the world. Joe is a seasoned
developer with more than 15 years of robust experience. Over the years, he has pro-
grammed in a variety of languages including assembler, C, C++, VBA, and Forte 4GL.
His database experience encompasses Paradox, Dbase III, MS Access, and Oracle.
Frameworks include MFC and Motif. He has programmed several operating systems
including VAX VMS, RSX-11, UNIX, and several versions of MS-DOS and MS
Windows. He has developed applications in standalone mode for desktops, client-server
on LANs, and n-tier applications on LANs and WANs. Joe opened a Web site titled C#
Station in late June 2000. He is currently a software engineer for Quest
Communications.
Dedication
To my beautiful wife, Maytinee

You are the vision, the light

guiding my way

Your strength and support

enable perseverance

Mother of our children and best friend

I love and thank you dearly

—Joe Mayo
Acknowledgments
Although my name appears on the cover of this book, work of such magnitude could
never have occurred without the valuable contributions of many people. To the people at
Sams Publishing, Microsoft, and friends and family I am eternally grateful.
I’d first like to thank Shelley Kronzek, Executive Editor, for finding me and offering this
wonderful opportunity. Her leadership is inspiring. Susan Hobbs, Development Editor,
was totally awesome, keeping me on focus and organized. Maryann Steinhart, Copy
Editor, made my writing look great. Other people at Sams Publishing I’d like to recog-
nize include Katie Robinson, Leah Kirkpatrick, Elizabeth Finney, Pamalee Nelson, and
Laurie McGuire. Thanks also to all the editors, indexers, printers, production, and other
people at Sams who have contributed to this book.
Special thanks goes to Kevin Burton and Bill Craun, technical editors. Their technical
expertise and advice was absolutely top-notch. They provided detailed pointers, and their
perspectives made a significant difference. Thanks to Keith Olsen, Charles Tonklinson,
Cedric, and Christoph Wille for reviewing my early work.
Thanks to all the people at Microsoft who set up author seminars and training. They are
transforming the way we do computing and leading the industry in a move of historic
proportions—an initiative deserving of much praise. Special thanks to Eric Gunnerson
for taking time out of his extremely busy schedule to review my chapters.
This first book is a significant milestone in my life. As such, I must recognize those peo-
ple who contributed to my success. In many ways, they define who I am.
Thanks to family members: Maytinee Mayo, Joseph A. Mayo Jr., Jennifer A. Mayo,
Kamonchon Ahantric, Lacee and June Mayo, Bob Mayo, Margina Mayo, Richard Mayo,
Gary Mayo, Mike Mayo, Tony Gravagno, Tim and Kirby Hoffman, Richard and Barbara
Bickerstaff, Bobbie Jo Burns, David Burns, Mistie Lea Bickerstaff, Cecil Sr. and
Margaret Sloan, Cecil Jr. and Jean Sloan, Lou and Rose Weiner, Mary and Ron Monette,
Jack Freeman Sr., and Bill Freeman.
Thanks to friends and professional associates: Evelyn Black, Harry G. Hall, Arthur E.
Richardson, Carl S. Markussen, Judson Meyer, Hoover McCoy, Bill Morris, Gary Meyer,
Tim Leuers, Angela Dees-Prebula, Bob Jangraw, Jean-Paul Massart, Jeff and Stephanie
Manners, Eddie Alicea, Gary and Gloria Lefebvre, Bob Turbyfill, and Dick Van
Bennekom, Barry Patterson, Otis Solomon, and Brian Allen.
Tell Us What You Think!
As the reader of this book, you are our most important critic and commentator. We value
your opinion and want to know what we’re doing right, what we could do better, what
areas you’d like to see us publish in, and any other words of wisdom you’re willing to
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