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The Cambridge Companion to Religion and Terrorism Cambridge
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 t h e c a m b r i d g e c o m pa n i o n to
RELIGION AND TERRORISM

There is currently much discussion regarding the causes of terrorist

acts, as well as the connection between terrorism and religion. Terror-
ism is attributed either to religious “fanaticism” or, alternately, to
political and economic factors, with religion more or less dismissed as
a secondary factor. The Cambridge Companion to Religion and Terror-
ism examines this complex relationship between religion and terrorism
through a collection of essays freshly written for this volume. Bringing
varying approaches, from the theoretical to the empirical to the topical,
the Companion includes an array of subjects such as radicalization,
suicide bombing, and rational choice, as well as specific case studies.
The result is a richly textured collection that prompts readers to critic-
ally consider the cluster of phenomena that we have come to refer to as
“terrorism” and terrorism’s relationship with the similarly problematic
set of phenomena that we call “religion.”

James R. Lewis is Professor of Religious Studies at the University

of Tromsø (Norway). A scholar of New Religious Movements, he
currently edits or coedits three book series and is the general editor
for the Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review. Recent publica-
tions include Violence and New Religious Movements (2011), Sacred
Suicide (2014), Cults: A Reference and Guide (2014), The Oxford
Handbook of New Religious Movements (2015), and The Invention
of Satanism (2016).

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 cambrid ge c ompa nio ns to religion
This is a series of companions to major topics and key figures in theology and
religious studies. Each volume contains specially commissioned chapters by
international scholars, which provide an accessible and stimulating introduction
to the subject for new readers and nonspecialists.

Other Titles in the Series

american islam Edited by Juliane Hammer and Omid Safi
american judaism Edited by Dana Evan Kaplan
american methodism Edited by Jason E. Vickers
ancient mediterranean religions Edited by Barbette Stanley Spaeth
karl barth Edited by John Webster
the bible 2nd edition Edited by Bruce Chilton
biblical interpretation Edited by John Barton
dietrich bonhoeffer Edited by John de Gruchy
john calvin Edited by Donald K. McKim
christian doctrine Edited by Colin Gunton
christian ethics Edited by Robin Gill
christian mysticism Edited by Amy Hollywood and Patricia Z. Beckman
christian philosophical theology Edited by Charles Taliaferro
and Chad Meister
classical islamic theology Edited by Tim Winter
jonathan edwards Edited by Stephen J. Stein
feminist theology Edited by Susan Frank Parsons
the jesuits Edited by Thomas Worcester
jesus Edited by Markus Bockmuehl
c. s. lewis Edited by Robert MacSwain and Michael Ward
liberation theology Edited by Chris Rowland
martin luther Edited by Donald K. McKim
medieval jewish philosophy Edited by Daniel H. Frank and Oliver Leaman
modern jewish philosophy Edited by Michael L. Morgan and
Peter Eli Gordon
mohammed Edited by Jonathan E. Brockup
pentecostalism Edited by Cecil M. Robeck, Jr and Amos Yong
political theology Edited by Craig Hovey and Elizabeth Phillips
postmodern theology Edited by Kevin J. Vanhoozer
power of evil Edited by Chad Meister and Paul Moser
puritanism Edited by John Coffey and Paul C. H. Lim
the qur’an Edited by Jane Dammen McAuliffe
(continued after index)

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terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 the cambridge companion to

RELIGION AND TERRORISM

Edited by

James R. Lewis
University of Tromsø

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 One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, USA

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316505625
doi: 10.1017/9781316492536

© Cambridge University Press 2017

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2017

Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc.

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

names: Lewis, James, 1949– editor.
title: The Cambridge companion to religion and terrorism / [edited by] James Lewis,
University of Tromsø.
description: 1 [edition]. | New York : Cambridge University Press, 2017. |
series: Cambridge companions to religion | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
identifiers: lccn 2017008345| isbn 9781107140141 (Hardback : alk. paper) |
isbn 9781316505625 (pbk. : alk. paper)
subjects: lcsh: Terrorism–Religious aspects.
classification: lcc bl65.t47 c36 2017 | ddc 201/.763325–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017008345
isbn 978-1-107-14014-1 Hardback
isbn 978-1-316-50562-5 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 t h e c a m b r i d g e c o m pa n i o n to
RELIGION AND TERRORISM

There is currently much discussion regarding the causes of terrorist

acts, as well as the connection between terrorism and religion. Terror-
ism is attributed either to religious “fanaticism” or, alternately, to
political and economic factors, with religion more or less dismissed as
a secondary factor. The Cambridge Companion to Religion and Terror-
ism examines this complex relationship between religion and terrorism
through a collection of essays freshly written for this volume. Bringing
varying approaches, from the theoretical to the empirical to the topical,
the Companion includes an array of subjects such as radicalization,
suicide bombing, and rational choice, as well as specific case studies.
The result is a richly textured collection that prompts readers to critic-
ally consider the cluster of phenomena that we have come to refer to as
“terrorism” and terrorism’s relationship with the similarly problematic
set of phenomena that we call “religion.”

James R. Lewis is Professor of Religious Studies at the University

of Tromsø (Norway). A scholar of New Religious Movements, he
currently edits or coedits three book series and is the general editor
for the Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review. Recent publica-
tions include Violence and New Religious Movements (2011), Sacred
Suicide (2014), Cults: A Reference and Guide (2014), The Oxford
Handbook of New Religious Movements (2015), and The Invention
of Satanism (2016).

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 cambrid ge c ompa nio ns to religion
This is a series of companions to major topics and key figures in theology and
religious studies. Each volume contains specially commissioned chapters by
international scholars, which provide an accessible and stimulating introduction
to the subject for new readers and nonspecialists.

Other Titles in the Series

american islam Edited by Juliane Hammer and Omid Safi
american judaism Edited by Dana Evan Kaplan
american methodism Edited by Jason E. Vickers
ancient mediterranean religions Edited by Barbette Stanley Spaeth
karl barth Edited by John Webster
the bible 2nd edition Edited by Bruce Chilton
biblical interpretation Edited by John Barton
dietrich bonhoeffer Edited by John de Gruchy
john calvin Edited by Donald K. McKim
christian doctrine Edited by Colin Gunton
christian ethics Edited by Robin Gill
christian mysticism Edited by Amy Hollywood and Patricia Z. Beckman
christian philosophical theology Edited by Charles Taliaferro
and Chad Meister
classical islamic theology Edited by Tim Winter
jonathan edwards Edited by Stephen J. Stein
feminist theology Edited by Susan Frank Parsons
the jesuits Edited by Thomas Worcester
jesus Edited by Markus Bockmuehl
c. s. lewis Edited by Robert MacSwain and Michael Ward
liberation theology Edited by Chris Rowland
martin luther Edited by Donald K. McKim
medieval jewish philosophy Edited by Daniel H. Frank and Oliver Leaman
modern jewish philosophy Edited by Michael L. Morgan and
Peter Eli Gordon
mohammed Edited by Jonathan E. Brockup
pentecostalism Edited by Cecil M. Robeck, Jr and Amos Yong
political theology Edited by Craig Hovey and Elizabeth Phillips
postmodern theology Edited by Kevin J. Vanhoozer
power of evil Edited by Chad Meister and Paul Moser
puritanism Edited by John Coffey and Paul C. H. Lim
the qur’an Edited by Jane Dammen McAuliffe
(continued after index)

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 the cambridge companion to

RELIGION AND TERRORISM

Edited by

James R. Lewis
University of Tromsø

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, USA

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316505625
doi: 10.1017/9781316492536

© Cambridge University Press 2017

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2017

Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc.

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

names: Lewis, James, 1949– editor.
title: The Cambridge companion to religion and terrorism / [edited by] James Lewis,
University of Tromsø.
description: 1 [edition]. | New York : Cambridge University Press, 2017. |
series: Cambridge companions to religion | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
identifiers: lccn 2017008345| isbn 9781107140141 (Hardback : alk. paper) |
isbn 9781316505625 (pbk. : alk. paper)
subjects: lcsh: Terrorism–Religious aspects.
classification: lcc bl65.t47 c36 2017 | ddc 201/.763325–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017008345
isbn 978-1-107-14014-1 Hardback
isbn 978-1-316-50562-5 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 t h e c a m b r i d g e c o m pa n i o n to
RELIGION AND TERRORISM

There is currently much discussion regarding the causes of terrorist

acts, as well as the connection between terrorism and religion. Terror-
ism is attributed either to religious “fanaticism” or, alternately, to
political and economic factors, with religion more or less dismissed as
a secondary factor. The Cambridge Companion to Religion and Terror-
ism examines this complex relationship between religion and terrorism
through a collection of essays freshly written for this volume. Bringing
varying approaches, from the theoretical to the empirical to the topical,
the Companion includes an array of subjects such as radicalization,
suicide bombing, and rational choice, as well as specific case studies.
The result is a richly textured collection that prompts readers to critic-
ally consider the cluster of phenomena that we have come to refer to as
“terrorism” and terrorism’s relationship with the similarly problematic
set of phenomena that we call “religion.”

James R. Lewis is Professor of Religious Studies at the University

of Tromsø (Norway). A scholar of New Religious Movements, he
currently edits or coedits three book series and is the general editor
for the Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review. Recent publica-
tions include Violence and New Religious Movements (2011), Sacred
Suicide (2014), Cults: A Reference and Guide (2014), The Oxford
Handbook of New Religious Movements (2015), and The Invention
of Satanism (2016).

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 cambrid ge c ompa nio ns to religion
This is a series of companions to major topics and key figures in theology and
religious studies. Each volume contains specially commissioned chapters by
international scholars, which provide an accessible and stimulating introduction
to the subject for new readers and nonspecialists.

Other Titles in the Series

american islam Edited by Juliane Hammer and Omid Safi
american judaism Edited by Dana Evan Kaplan
american methodism Edited by Jason E. Vickers
ancient mediterranean religions Edited by Barbette Stanley Spaeth
karl barth Edited by John Webster
the bible 2nd edition Edited by Bruce Chilton
biblical interpretation Edited by John Barton
dietrich bonhoeffer Edited by John de Gruchy
john calvin Edited by Donald K. McKim
christian doctrine Edited by Colin Gunton
christian ethics Edited by Robin Gill
christian mysticism Edited by Amy Hollywood and Patricia Z. Beckman
christian philosophical theology Edited by Charles Taliaferro
and Chad Meister
classical islamic theology Edited by Tim Winter
jonathan edwards Edited by Stephen J. Stein
feminist theology Edited by Susan Frank Parsons
the jesuits Edited by Thomas Worcester
jesus Edited by Markus Bockmuehl
c. s. lewis Edited by Robert MacSwain and Michael Ward
liberation theology Edited by Chris Rowland
martin luther Edited by Donald K. McKim
medieval jewish philosophy Edited by Daniel H. Frank and Oliver Leaman
modern jewish philosophy Edited by Michael L. Morgan and
Peter Eli Gordon
mohammed Edited by Jonathan E. Brockup
pentecostalism Edited by Cecil M. Robeck, Jr and Amos Yong
political theology Edited by Craig Hovey and Elizabeth Phillips
postmodern theology Edited by Kevin J. Vanhoozer
power of evil Edited by Chad Meister and Paul Moser
puritanism Edited by John Coffey and Paul C. H. Lim
the qur’an Edited by Jane Dammen McAuliffe
(continued after index)

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 the cambridge companion to

RELIGION AND TERRORISM

Edited by

James R. Lewis
University of Tromsø

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, USA

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316505625
doi: 10.1017/9781316492536

© Cambridge University Press 2017

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2017

Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc.

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

names: Lewis, James, 1949– editor.
title: The Cambridge companion to religion and terrorism / [edited by] James Lewis,
University of Tromsø.
description: 1 [edition]. | New York : Cambridge University Press, 2017. |
series: Cambridge companions to religion | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
identifiers: lccn 2017008345| isbn 9781107140141 (Hardback : alk. paper) |
isbn 9781316505625 (pbk. : alk. paper)
subjects: lcsh: Terrorism–Religious aspects.
classification: lcc bl65.t47 c36 2017 | ddc 201/.763325–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017008345
isbn 978-1-107-14014-1 Hardback
isbn 978-1-316-50562-5 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 t h e c a m b r i d g e c o m pa n i o n to
RELIGION AND TERRORISM

There is currently much discussion regarding the causes of terrorist

acts, as well as the connection between terrorism and religion. Terror-
ism is attributed either to religious “fanaticism” or, alternately, to
political and economic factors, with religion more or less dismissed as
a secondary factor. The Cambridge Companion to Religion and Terror-
ism examines this complex relationship between religion and terrorism
through a collection of essays freshly written for this volume. Bringing
varying approaches, from the theoretical to the empirical to the topical,
the Companion includes an array of subjects such as radicalization,
suicide bombing, and rational choice, as well as specific case studies.
The result is a richly textured collection that prompts readers to critic-
ally consider the cluster of phenomena that we have come to refer to as
“terrorism” and terrorism’s relationship with the similarly problematic
set of phenomena that we call “religion.”

James R. Lewis is Professor of Religious Studies at the University

of Tromsø (Norway). A scholar of New Religious Movements, he
currently edits or coedits three book series and is the general editor
for the Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review. Recent publica-
tions include Violence and New Religious Movements (2011), Sacred
Suicide (2014), Cults: A Reference and Guide (2014), The Oxford
Handbook of New Religious Movements (2015), and The Invention
of Satanism (2016).

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 cambrid ge c ompa nio ns to religion
This is a series of companions to major topics and key figures in theology and
religious studies. Each volume contains specially commissioned chapters by
international scholars, which provide an accessible and stimulating introduction
to the subject for new readers and nonspecialists.

Other Titles in the Series

american islam Edited by Juliane Hammer and Omid Safi
american judaism Edited by Dana Evan Kaplan
american methodism Edited by Jason E. Vickers
ancient mediterranean religions Edited by Barbette Stanley Spaeth
karl barth Edited by John Webster
the bible 2nd edition Edited by Bruce Chilton
biblical interpretation Edited by John Barton
dietrich bonhoeffer Edited by John de Gruchy
john calvin Edited by Donald K. McKim
christian doctrine Edited by Colin Gunton
christian ethics Edited by Robin Gill
christian mysticism Edited by Amy Hollywood and Patricia Z. Beckman
christian philosophical theology Edited by Charles Taliaferro
and Chad Meister
classical islamic theology Edited by Tim Winter
jonathan edwards Edited by Stephen J. Stein
feminist theology Edited by Susan Frank Parsons
the jesuits Edited by Thomas Worcester
jesus Edited by Markus Bockmuehl
c. s. lewis Edited by Robert MacSwain and Michael Ward
liberation theology Edited by Chris Rowland
martin luther Edited by Donald K. McKim
medieval jewish philosophy Edited by Daniel H. Frank and Oliver Leaman
modern jewish philosophy Edited by Michael L. Morgan and
Peter Eli Gordon
mohammed Edited by Jonathan E. Brockup
pentecostalism Edited by Cecil M. Robeck, Jr and Amos Yong
political theology Edited by Craig Hovey and Elizabeth Phillips
postmodern theology Edited by Kevin J. Vanhoozer
power of evil Edited by Chad Meister and Paul Moser
puritanism Edited by John Coffey and Paul C. H. Lim
the qur’an Edited by Jane Dammen McAuliffe
(continued after index)

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 the cambridge companion to

RELIGION AND TERRORISM

Edited by

James R. Lewis
University of Tromsø

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
 One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, USA

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316505625
doi: 10.1017/9781316492536

© Cambridge University Press 2017

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2017

Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc.

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

names: Lewis, James, 1949– editor.
title: The Cambridge companion to religion and terrorism / [edited by] James Lewis,
University of Tromsø.
description: 1 [edition]. | New York : Cambridge University Press, 2017. |
series: Cambridge companions to religion | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
identifiers: lccn 2017008345| isbn 9781107140141 (Hardback : alk. paper) |
isbn 9781316505625 (pbk. : alk. paper)
subjects: lcsh: Terrorism–Religious aspects.
classification: lcc bl65.t47 c36 2017 | ddc 201/.763325–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017008345
isbn 978-1-107-14014-1 Hardback
isbn 978-1-316-50562-5 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

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 Contents

Contributors page vii

Acknowledgments x

Introduction 1
james r. lewis
1 Does Religion Cause Terrorism? 11
mark juergensmeyer
2 Religion, Violence, Nonsense,
and Power 23
william t. cavanaugh
3 Discounting Religion in the Explanation of
Homegrown Terrorism: A Critique 32
lorne l. dawson
4 Religion, Radicalization and the Causes of
Terrorism 46
tom mills and david miller
5 The Role of the Devoted Actor in War,
Revolution, and Terrorism 69
scott atran
6 Girard on Apocalypse and Terrorism 89
espen dahl
7 Rational Choice and Religious Terrorism: Its
Bases, Applications, and Future
Directions 102
stephen nemeth
8 Terror as Sacrificial Ritual? A Discussion of
(Neo-)Durkheimian Approaches to Suicide
Bombing 116
lorenz graitl

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 vi Contents

9 Imitations of Terror: Applying a Retro Style

of Analysis to the Religion-
Terrorism Nexus 132
james r. lewis
10 The LTTE: A Nonreligious, Political,
Martial Movement for Establishing the
Right of Self-Determination of
Īlattamils 146
peter schalk
11 The Role of Religion in al-Qaeda’s
Violence 158
pieter nanninga
12 Meanings of Savagery: Terror, Religion and
the Islamic State 172
pieter nanninga
13 Where’s Charlie? The Discourse of Religious
Violence in France Post-7/1/2015 191
per-erik nilsson
14 Understanding the Threat of the Islamic
State in Contemporary Kyrgyzstan 203
meerim aitkulova
15 Terror and the Screen: Keeping the
Relationship of Good and Bad Virtual 216
christopher hartney
16 Understanding Falun Gong’s Martyrdom
Strategy as Spiritual Terrorism 235
james r. lewis and nicole s. d’amico

Index 255

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 Contributors

Meerim Aitkulova holds an MA from the Peace and Conflict Transformation

Program, University of Tromsø – the Arctic University of Norway. Her areas of
interest include new Islamic movements in Kyrgyzstan and security processes in
that country.
Scott Atran is Directeur de Recherche, CNRS, Institut Jean Nicod – Ecole
Normale Supérieure and Research Professor, Gerald Ford School of Public Policy
and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan; Research Professor,
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York; Senior
Fellow, Harris Manchester College and School of Social Anthropology, Univer-
sity of Oxford, and the author of numerous books, including Talking to the
Enemy (2010) and In Gods We Trust (2002)

William T. Cavanaugh is Senior Research Professor at the Center for World

Catholicism and Intercultural Theology, DePaul University in Chicago. His
degrees are from the Universities of Notre Dame, Cambridge, and Duke. He is
the author of five books and many articles. His books have been translated into
French, Spanish, and Polish.

Nicole S. D’Amico is Editorial Director of Academic Publishing. She received

her MA in Journalism Studies at the University of Sheffield and is also a media
officer for the Italian Politics Specialist Group for the Political Studies Associa-
tion. She is the coauthor of “Cult Journalism” in the Oxford Handbook of New
Religious Movements, Vol. II, and “News Media, the Internet and the Church of
Scientology” in The Brill Handbook of Scientology (2017).
Espen Dahl is Professor of Systematic Theology at the University of Tromsø.
He is the author of Phenomenology and the Holy: Religious Experience after
Husserl (2010), In Between: The Holy Beyond Modern Dichotomies (2011) and
Stanley Cavell, Religion, and Continental Philosophy (2014).

Lorne L. Dawson is Chair of the Department of Sociology and Legal Studies at

the University of Waterloo. Most of his research is in the sociology of religion,
particularly the study of new religious movements. His work on why some new
religions become violent led to research on the process of radicalization in
homegrown terrorist groups. He has written three books, edited four, and pub-
lished over sixty academic articles and book chapters.

vii

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 viii Contributors

Ellen Dobrowolski is currently a graduate student at University in Tromsø – the

Arctic University of Norway. She is the author of The Prophet of the New
World: Religious Insanity and the New Religion of Louis Riel, forthcoming in
the Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review.

Lorenz Graitl is Lecturer at the Department of Asian and African Studies at

Humboldt University Berlin. He received his PhD in sociology from Freie Uni-
versität Berlin. His first book, Sterben als Spektakel: Zur kommunikativen
Dimension des politisch motivierten Suizids (2012), discusses the historical
genesis and communicative aspects of different forms of political suicide, as
well as corresponding discourses of legitimization.

Christopher Hartney is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Studies in Reli-

gion at the University of Sydney where he teaches courses in religion and
violence, and religion and film. He specializes in the study of new religions in
East Asia and Vietnam, and has published extensively on Caodaism, Vietnam’s
largest indigenous religion. He is a past editor of the Journal of Religious History
and Literature and Aesthetics.
Mark Juergensmeyer is Professor of Sociology at the University of California,
Santa Barbara. He is an expert on religious violence, conflict resolution, and
South Asian religion and politics, and has published more than two hundred
articles and twenty books, including Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to
the Secular State (2008) and his widely read Terror in the Mind of God: The
Global Rise of Religious Violence (2003).

James R. Lewis is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Tromsø –

the Arctic University of Norway. He currently edits or coedits four book series.
He is the general editor for the Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review
and former editor of the Journal of Religion and Violence. Lewis is also the
author of over a hundred articles and book chapters, and the author, editor, or
coeditor of two dozen monographs and anthologies.

David Miller is Professor of Sociology at the University of Bath and RCUK

Global Uncertainties Leadership Fellow (2013–2016). Recent publications
include: The Henry Jackson Society and the Degeneration of British Neoconser-
vatism (2015, coauthor); Stretching the Sociological Imagination: Essays in
Honour of John Eldridge (2015, coeditor); The Web of Influence: The Role of
Addictive Industries in Shaping Policy and Undermining Public Health (forth-
coming, coauthor).
Tom Mills is a sociologist and researcher at the University of Bath and Lecturer
in Sociology at Aston University. His 2015 doctoral research examined how the
end of social democracy and the rise of neoliberalism impacted the BBC, and is
the basis of his forthcoming book, The BBC: The Myth of a Public Service (2016).
He is the coauthor of What Is Islamophobia?: Racism, Social Movements and
the State (2017); The Cold War on British Muslims (2011) and The Britain Israel
Communications and Research Centre: Giving Peace a Chance? (2013).

Pieter Nanninga studied History and Religious Studies and completed his PhD
on the representations of suicide attacks in al-Qaeda’s martyrdom videos

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 Contributors ix

(2014). Currently, he is Assistant Professor of Middle Eastern Studies at the

University of Groningen. His research focuses on global jihadism (especially
al-Qaeda and the Islamic State) and he is particularly interested in the rela-
tionship between culture, religion, and violence.

Stephen Nemeth is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Oklahoma State

University. He received his PhD from the University of Iowa in 2010. His
primary interests are in the organizational and spatial attributes of terrorist
violence. He has authored or coauthored several articles on terrorism and con-
flict management.

Per-Erik Nilsson is a postdoctoral scholar financed by the Swedish Research

Council (Vetenskapsrådet). He is working within the Impact of Religion
Research Program, Uppsala University, and the CHERPA research center at
Sciences-Po, Aix-en-Provence. In his current research Nilsson focuses on secu-
larism, nationalism, and populism in France.

Peter Schalk is Professor Emeritus from Uppsala University. His main areas of
research was in Buddhism-Hinduism and religious expressions of social-economic
conflicts in present South Asia, especially on the concepts of martyrdom in a
cross-cultural perspective. His focus was on non-religious concepts as promoted
by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam (LTTE).

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 Acknowledgments

As anyone who has written a book or edited an anthology knows, one

typically acquires too many debts to be able to adequately acknowledge
everyone. So at the risk of offending some individuals I will fail to
mention, let me thank a few people to whom I owe the greatest debts.
Above all, let me first thank my wife, Evelyn Oliver, who has
patiently borne with me and tolerated the often excessive amount of
time I have spent on the computer during this and other projects.
Then let me thank the contributors, some of whom have waited for
years to see this collection emerge into the light of day. Among these
contributors, let me especially thank Mark Juergensmeyer, who was an
early supporter of this project.
I would also like to acknowledge the more general support of the
University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, the Depart-
ment of History and Religious Studies, and my Religion-Theology
colleagues.
Finally, William T. Cavanaugh’s chapter originally appeared as
“Religion, Violence, Nonsense, and Power,” Patterns of Violence,
Christian Reflection: A Series in Faith and Ethics, 59 (Waco, TX: The
Institute for Faith and Learning at Baylor University, 2016), pp. 11–18. It
is reprinted here by permission of the publisher.

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